Portable Emissions Measurement System
Encyclopedia
a portable emissions measurement system (PEMS) is essentially a lightweight ‘laboratory’ that is used to test and/or assess mobile source emissions (i.e. cars, trucks, buses, construction equipment, generators, trains, cranes, etc.) for the purposes of compliance, regulation, or decision-making. Governmental entities like United States Environmental Protection Agency
(USEPA), European Union
, as well as various states and private sector entities have begun to utilize PEMS in order to reduce both the costs and time involved in making mobile emissions decisions. Various state, federal, and international agencies began referring to this shorthand term in early 2000, and the nickname became part of industry parlance.
s (or "dyno" for short) has been used to measure torque
and rotational speed
(measured in rpm) from which power
produced by an engine
, motor
or other rotating prime mover can then be calculated. A chassis
dynamometer measures power from the engine through the wheels
. The vehicle is parked on rollers which the car then turns and the output is measured. These dynos can be fixed or portable. Because of frictional and mechanical losses in the various drivetrain components, the measured horsepower is generally 15–20 percent less than the brake horsepower measured at the crankshaft or flywheel on an engine dynamometer. Historically though, dynamometer emission tests are very expensive, and have usually involved removing fleet vehicles from service for a long period of time. Also, the data derived from such testing is not representative of “real world” driving conditions, and cannot be deemed as quantifiable, especially due to the relatively low amount of repeatable tests at such a facility.
Many governmental entities (such as the USEPA and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
or UNFCCC) have identified target mobile-source pollutants in various mobile standards as CO2, NOx
, Particulate Matter (PM), Carbon Monoxide
(CO), Hydrocarbons(HC), to ensure that emissions standards are being met. Further, these governing bodies have begun adopting in-use testing program for non-road diesel engines, as well as other types of internal combustion engines, and are requiring the use of PEMS testing. It is important to delineate the various classifications of the latest ‘transferable’ emissions testing equipment from PEMS equipment, in order to best understand the desire of portability in field-testing of emissions.
Therefore, the subtle difference between ‘portable’ and ‘mobile’ is that a portable system is a lightweight device able to be carried, whereas a mobile system can be readily moved, and ‘instrumented’ means that the testing equipment has been incorporated into the host system. These distinctions are critical, especially considering additional guidelines from various US and International standards.
(NIOSH) defines these terms based on an equation known as the “NIOSH Lifting Equation” (http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/94-110/pdfs/94-110-b.pdf) and the “NIOSH Procedures for Analyzing Lifting Jobs (http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/94-110/pdfs/94-110-c.pdf). These clearly outline safety procedures and equipment.
(these are also specified in the “Occupational Safety Hazard Act 29 CFR parts 1903, 1904, and 1910)
Based upon the NIOSH lifting equation and assuming that this diagram is analgous to the lifting of a PEMS into the cab of a heavy-duty truck the upper threshold of the total weight of a PEMS device typically should not exceed 45 lb (20.4 kg)., in order to be congruent with national and international safety standards. This not only allows for much more safe maneuverability and ease of use, but it also reduces the amount of workers required to safely perform such tasks.
will create a convergence of results, it means that repeatability, predictability, and accuracy are enhanced, while simultaneously reducing the overall cost of the testing.
These findings are consistent with published literature, and with the data from a myriad of subsequent studies. They are more applicable to spark-ignition engines and considerably less to diesels, but with the regulation-driven advances in diesel engine technology (comparable to the advances in spark-ignition
engines since 1970’s) it can be expected that these findings are likely to be applicable to the new generation diesel engines. Since 2000, multiple entities have utilized PEMS data to measured in-use, on-road emissions on hundreds of diesel engines installed in school buses, transit buses, delivery trucks, plow trucks, over-the-road trucks, pickups, vans, forklifts, excavators, generators, loaders, compressors, locomotives, passenger ferries, and other on-road, off-road and non-road applications. All the previously listed findings were demonstrated; in addition, it was noticed that extended idling of engines can have a significant impact on the emissions during subsequent operation.
Also, PEMS testing identified several engine “anomalies” where fuel-specific NOx emissions were two to three times higher than expected during some modes of operation, suggesting deliberate alterations of the engine control unit
(ECU
) settings. Such data set can be readily used for developing emissions inventories, as well as to evaluate various improvements in engines, fuels, exhaust after-treatment and other areas. (Data collected on “conventional” fleets then serves as “baseline” data to which various improvements are compared.) This data set can also be examined for compliance with not-to-exceed (NTE) and in-use emissions standards, which are ‘US-based’ emission standards that require on-road testing.
On the other hand, fleet emissions deduced from laboratory measurements can be subject to significant inaccuracies if the selected engines and operating conditions were not representative of the fleet, or if deliberate anomalies (i.e., dual mapping of the ECU
) were not demonstrated during laboratory testing.
The question of how accurate a monitoring system needs to be therefore cannot be objectively answered, neither can a monitoring system be easily designed, without first considering the intended application of the system and the errors associated with different approaches.
It is expected that a variety of on-board systems will be designed, ranging from suitcase-sized PEMS to instrumented trailers towed behind the tested truck. The benefits of each approach need to be considered in light of other sources of errors associated with emissions monitoring, notably vehicle-to-vehicle differences, and the emissions variability within the vehicle itself. In other words, one needs to consider the total of:
For example, when evaluating a benefit of cleaner fuels on a fleet of city buses, one needs to compare taking a bus out of service, installing a laboratory-grade monitoring system, loading it with sandbags and driving it on a simulated route against testing several buses on their regular routes, with passengers on board, using a simpler (and possibly less accurate) monitoring system.
The source of power for PEMS is a concern, as only a limited amount of power can be extracted from the vehicle electrical system. Sealed lead-acid batteries, fuel cells and generators have been used as external power sources, each with a potential significant hazard when driven on the road.
A PEMS also has to be practical. Installation time and the expertise level required to perform installation and to operate the PEMS will have a significant impact on the cost of the test, and on the number of vehicles tested. Versatility (ability to test different vehicles) may be important if testing dissimilar engines or vehicles. Total size, weight and transportability of the PEMS needs to be considered when testing at different locations, including any consumables such as calibration gases. Any restrictions on transport of hazardous materials (I.E.Flame ionization detector
(FID) fuel or calibration gases) need to be taken into the account. The ability of the test crew to repair PEMS in the field using locally available resources can also be essential when testing away from the base.
Thus, PEMS evaluation protocol should be expanded. In addition to the laboratory comparison testing, which is a measure of how accurately PEMS measures when operated in a laboratory, the accuracy and repeatability of PEMS should also be examined on the road, possibly while driving along a well-defined, repeatable route, or while driving chassis dynamometer cycles on a test track.
Once a particular portable emissions system has been identified and pronounced as accurate, the next step is to ensure that the worker(s) are properly protected from work hazards associated with the task(s) being performed in the use of the testing equipment. For example, typical functions for a worker may be to transport the equipment to the jobsite (i.e. car, truck, train, or plane), carry the equipment to the jobsite, and lift the equipment into position.
On-road emissions testing therefore requires a different mindset than the traditional approach of testing in the laboratory and using models to predict real-world performance. In the absence of established methods, use of PEMS requires careful, thoughtful, broad approach. This should be considered when designing, evaluating and selecting PEMS for the desired application.
United States Environmental Protection Agency
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is an agency of the federal government of the United States charged with protecting human health and the environment, by writing and enforcing regulations based on laws passed by Congress...
(USEPA), European Union
European Union
The European Union is an economic and political union of 27 independent member states which are located primarily in Europe. The EU traces its origins from the European Coal and Steel Community and the European Economic Community , formed by six countries in 1958...
, as well as various states and private sector entities have begun to utilize PEMS in order to reduce both the costs and time involved in making mobile emissions decisions. Various state, federal, and international agencies began referring to this shorthand term in early 2000, and the nickname became part of industry parlance.
Background
Since the mid-19th century, dynamometerDynamometer
A dynamometer or "dyno" for short, is a device for measuring force, moment of force , or power. For example, the power produced by an engine, motor or other rotating prime mover can be calculated by simultaneously measuring torque and rotational speed .A dynamometer can also be used to determine...
s (or "dyno" for short) has been used to measure torque
Torque
Torque, moment or moment of force , is the tendency of a force to rotate an object about an axis, fulcrum, or pivot. Just as a force is a push or a pull, a torque can be thought of as a twist....
and rotational speed
Rotational speed
Rotational speed tells how many complete rotations there are per time unit. It is therefore a cyclic frequency, measured in hertz in the SI System...
(measured in rpm) from which power
Power (physics)
In physics, power is the rate at which energy is transferred, used, or transformed. For example, the rate at which a light bulb transforms electrical energy into heat and light is measured in watts—the more wattage, the more power, or equivalently the more electrical energy is used per unit...
produced by an engine
Engine
An engine or motor is a machine designed to convert energy into useful mechanical motion. Heat engines, including internal combustion engines and external combustion engines burn a fuel to create heat which is then used to create motion...
, motor
Electric motor
An electric motor converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.Most electric motors operate through the interaction of magnetic fields and current-carrying conductors to generate force...
or other rotating prime mover can then be calculated. A chassis
Chassis
A chassis consists of an internal framework that supports a man-made object. It is analogous to an animal's skeleton. An example of a chassis is the underpart of a motor vehicle, consisting of the frame with the wheels and machinery.- Vehicles :In the case of vehicles, the term chassis means the...
dynamometer measures power from the engine through the wheels
Wheel
A wheel is a device that allows heavy objects to be moved easily through rotating on an axle through its center, facilitating movement or transportation while supporting a load, or performing labor in machines. Common examples found in transport applications. A wheel, together with an axle,...
. The vehicle is parked on rollers which the car then turns and the output is measured. These dynos can be fixed or portable. Because of frictional and mechanical losses in the various drivetrain components, the measured horsepower is generally 15–20 percent less than the brake horsepower measured at the crankshaft or flywheel on an engine dynamometer. Historically though, dynamometer emission tests are very expensive, and have usually involved removing fleet vehicles from service for a long period of time. Also, the data derived from such testing is not representative of “real world” driving conditions, and cannot be deemed as quantifiable, especially due to the relatively low amount of repeatable tests at such a facility.
Introduction of PEMS
Portable systems began to be developed in the late 1990s in order to better identify actual in-use performance of vehicles. PEMS are designed to measure emissions during the actual use of an internal-combustion engine vehicle or equipment in its regular daily operation, in a manner similar to operation on a chassis Dynamometer. This methodology and approach has been recognized by the USEPAMany governmental entities (such as the USEPA and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is an international environmental treaty produced at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development , informally known as the Earth Summit, held in Rio de Janeiro from June 3 to 14, 1992...
or UNFCCC) have identified target mobile-source pollutants in various mobile standards as CO2, NOx
NOx
NOx is a generic term for the mono-nitrogen oxides NO and NO2 . They are produced from the reaction of nitrogen and oxygen gases in the air during combustion, especially at high temperatures...
, Particulate Matter (PM), Carbon Monoxide
Carbon monoxide
Carbon monoxide , also called carbonous oxide, is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas that is slightly lighter than air. It is highly toxic to humans and animals in higher quantities, although it is also produced in normal animal metabolism in low quantities, and is thought to have some normal...
(CO), Hydrocarbons(HC), to ensure that emissions standards are being met. Further, these governing bodies have begun adopting in-use testing program for non-road diesel engines, as well as other types of internal combustion engines, and are requiring the use of PEMS testing. It is important to delineate the various classifications of the latest ‘transferable’ emissions testing equipment from PEMS equipment, in order to best understand the desire of portability in field-testing of emissions.
Defining portability
An important step in the evaluation of a PEMS device is to define what a PEMS device is as well as to understand various classifications of ‘transferable vehicle testing equipment’:Definition of the term “portable”
The word portable typically conveys an object that is “Carried or moved with ease, such as a light or small typewriter.”Definition of the Term “Mobile”
The definition of mobile is essentially “…capable of moving or of being moved readily from place to place: a mobile organism; a mobile missile system.”Definition of “Instrumented”
Instrumented means to be “a device for recording, measuring, or controlling, especially such a device functioning as part of a control system.”Therefore, the subtle difference between ‘portable’ and ‘mobile’ is that a portable system is a lightweight device able to be carried, whereas a mobile system can be readily moved, and ‘instrumented’ means that the testing equipment has been incorporated into the host system. These distinctions are critical, especially considering additional guidelines from various US and International standards.
Definition determined by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and HealthNational Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health is the United States’ federal agency responsible for conducting research and making recommendations for the prevention of work-related injury and illness. NIOSH is part of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention within the U.S...
(NIOSH) defines these terms based on an equation known as the “NIOSH Lifting Equation” (http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/94-110/pdfs/94-110-b.pdf) and the “NIOSH Procedures for Analyzing Lifting Jobs (http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/94-110/pdfs/94-110-c.pdf). These clearly outline safety procedures and equipment.
(these are also specified in the “Occupational Safety Hazard Act 29 CFR parts 1903, 1904, and 1910)
Safety Guidelines and Standards (the NIOSH lifting equation)
It is imperative to refer to existing federal standards and guidelines when determining a proper ergonomically safe and correct procedure. Not only is this important to ensure the safety of the worker(s), but also to ensure the reduction in potential future liability. Therefore, the revised NIOSH Lifting Equation is an excellent source of information to determine what a single worker should or shouldn’t perform.Based upon the NIOSH lifting equation and assuming that this diagram is analgous to the lifting of a PEMS into the cab of a heavy-duty truck the upper threshold of the total weight of a PEMS device typically should not exceed 45 lb (20.4 kg)., in order to be congruent with national and international safety standards. This not only allows for much more safe maneuverability and ease of use, but it also reduces the amount of workers required to safely perform such tasks.
Economic advantage of PEMS equipment
Because a PEMS unit is able to be carried easily by one person from jobsite to jobsite, and can be used without the requirement of ‘team lifting’, the required emissions testing projects are economically viable. Simply put, more testing can be done more quickly, by less workers, dramatically increasing the amount of testing done in a certain time period. This in turn, significantly reduces the ‘cost per test’, yet at the same time increases the overall accuracy required in a ‘real-world’ environment. Because the law of large numbersLaw of large numbers
In probability theory, the law of large numbers is a theorem that describes the result of performing the same experiment a large number of times...
will create a convergence of results, it means that repeatability, predictability, and accuracy are enhanced, while simultaneously reducing the overall cost of the testing.
On-road emissions patterns identified by PEMS
Nearly all modern engines, when tested new and according to the accepted testing protocols in a laboratory, produce relatively low emissions well within the set standards. As all individual engines of the same series are supposed to be identical, only one or several engines of each series get tested. The tests have shown that:- The bulk of the total emissions can come from relatively short high-emissions episodes
- Emissions characteristics can be different even among otherwise identical engines
- Emissions outside of the bounds of the laboratory test procedures are often higher than under the operating and ambient conditions comparable to those during laboratory testing
- Emissions deteriorate significantly over the useful life of the vehicles
- There are large variances among the deterioration rates, with the high emissions rates often attributable to various mechanical malfunctions
These findings are consistent with published literature, and with the data from a myriad of subsequent studies. They are more applicable to spark-ignition engines and considerably less to diesels, but with the regulation-driven advances in diesel engine technology (comparable to the advances in spark-ignition
Spark-ignition
The term spark-ignition engine refers to internal combustion engines, usually petrol engines, where the combustion process of the air-fuel mixture is ignited by a spark from a spark plug...
engines since 1970’s) it can be expected that these findings are likely to be applicable to the new generation diesel engines. Since 2000, multiple entities have utilized PEMS data to measured in-use, on-road emissions on hundreds of diesel engines installed in school buses, transit buses, delivery trucks, plow trucks, over-the-road trucks, pickups, vans, forklifts, excavators, generators, loaders, compressors, locomotives, passenger ferries, and other on-road, off-road and non-road applications. All the previously listed findings were demonstrated; in addition, it was noticed that extended idling of engines can have a significant impact on the emissions during subsequent operation.
Also, PEMS testing identified several engine “anomalies” where fuel-specific NOx emissions were two to three times higher than expected during some modes of operation, suggesting deliberate alterations of the engine control unit
Engine control unit
An engine control unit is a type of electronic control unit that determines the amount of fuel, ignition timing and other parameters an internal combustion engine needs to keep running...
(ECU
ECU
ECU may refer to:Automotive terms* Electronic control unit, a generic term for any embedded system that controls one or more of the electrical systems or subsystems in a motor vehicle...
) settings. Such data set can be readily used for developing emissions inventories, as well as to evaluate various improvements in engines, fuels, exhaust after-treatment and other areas. (Data collected on “conventional” fleets then serves as “baseline” data to which various improvements are compared.) This data set can also be examined for compliance with not-to-exceed (NTE) and in-use emissions standards, which are ‘US-based’ emission standards that require on-road testing.
Accuracy of PEMS
The question often arises as to the target accuracy of PEMS. As PEMS are typically limited in size, weight and power consumption, it is often difficult for PEMS to offer the same accuracy and variety of species measured as is possible with top of the line laboratory instrumentation. For this reason, objections were raised against using PEMS for compliance verification.On the other hand, fleet emissions deduced from laboratory measurements can be subject to significant inaccuracies if the selected engines and operating conditions were not representative of the fleet, or if deliberate anomalies (i.e., dual mapping of the ECU
ECU
ECU may refer to:Automotive terms* Electronic control unit, a generic term for any embedded system that controls one or more of the electrical systems or subsystems in a motor vehicle...
) were not demonstrated during laboratory testing.
The question of how accurate a monitoring system needs to be therefore cannot be objectively answered, neither can a monitoring system be easily designed, without first considering the intended application of the system and the errors associated with different approaches.
It is expected that a variety of on-board systems will be designed, ranging from suitcase-sized PEMS to instrumented trailers towed behind the tested truck. The benefits of each approach need to be considered in light of other sources of errors associated with emissions monitoring, notably vehicle-to-vehicle differences, and the emissions variability within the vehicle itself. In other words, one needs to consider the total of:
- The difference between what is measured and what is actually emitted during a test
- The difference between what is emitted during the test and what the vehicle emits during its everyday duties
- The difference between the emissions characteristics of the tested vehicle and the overall emissions levels of the entire fleet.
For example, when evaluating a benefit of cleaner fuels on a fleet of city buses, one needs to compare taking a bus out of service, installing a laboratory-grade monitoring system, loading it with sandbags and driving it on a simulated route against testing several buses on their regular routes, with passengers on board, using a simpler (and possibly less accurate) monitoring system.
Additional PEMS Criteria
Another important aspect that needs to be evaluated is the safety of using PEMS on public roadways. Extensions of the tailpipe, lines and cables extending far beyond the vehicle sides, lead-acid batteries located in the passenger compartment of a bus, sharp objects, hot components accessible to bystanders, equipment blocking emergency exits or interfering with the driver, loose components likely to be caught on moving parts, and other potential hazards need to be examined. Also, any modifications to or disassembly of the tested vehicle (i.e., drilling into the exhaust, removing intake air system) need to be examined for their acceptance by both fleet managers and drivers, especially on passenger-carrying vehicles.The source of power for PEMS is a concern, as only a limited amount of power can be extracted from the vehicle electrical system. Sealed lead-acid batteries, fuel cells and generators have been used as external power sources, each with a potential significant hazard when driven on the road.
A PEMS also has to be practical. Installation time and the expertise level required to perform installation and to operate the PEMS will have a significant impact on the cost of the test, and on the number of vehicles tested. Versatility (ability to test different vehicles) may be important if testing dissimilar engines or vehicles. Total size, weight and transportability of the PEMS needs to be considered when testing at different locations, including any consumables such as calibration gases. Any restrictions on transport of hazardous materials (I.E.Flame ionization detector
Flame ionization detector
A flame ionization detector is a type of gas detector used in gas chromatography. The first flame ionization detector was developed in 1957 by scientists working for the CSIRO in Melbourne, Australia....
(FID) fuel or calibration gases) need to be taken into the account. The ability of the test crew to repair PEMS in the field using locally available resources can also be essential when testing away from the base.
Thus, PEMS evaluation protocol should be expanded. In addition to the laboratory comparison testing, which is a measure of how accurately PEMS measures when operated in a laboratory, the accuracy and repeatability of PEMS should also be examined on the road, possibly while driving along a well-defined, repeatable route, or while driving chassis dynamometer cycles on a test track.
PEMS suitability to application
Ultimately, it should be demonstrated to show that a PEMS is suitable to the desired application. If the ultimate goal is to verify the compliance with in-use emissions requirements, a fleet of vehicles with known characteristics – including engines with dual-mapping and otherwise non-compliant engines – should be made available for testing. It should be then up to the PEMS manufacturers to practically demonstrate how these non-compliant vehicles can be identified using their system.Testing volume and safe repeatability
In order to achieve the required amount of ‘testing volume’ needed to validate real-world testing, three points must be considered:- System accuracy
- Federal and/or state health and safety guidelines and/or standards
- Economic viability based on the first two points.
Once a particular portable emissions system has been identified and pronounced as accurate, the next step is to ensure that the worker(s) are properly protected from work hazards associated with the task(s) being performed in the use of the testing equipment. For example, typical functions for a worker may be to transport the equipment to the jobsite (i.e. car, truck, train, or plane), carry the equipment to the jobsite, and lift the equipment into position.
Advantages of PEMS
On-road vehicle emissions testing is very different from the laboratory testing, bringing both considerable benefits and challenges: As the testing can take place during the regular operation of the tested vehicles, a large number of vehicles can be tested within a relatively short period of time and at relatively low cost. Engines than cannot be easily tested otherwise (i.e., ferry boat propulsion engines) can be tested. True real-world emissions data can be obtained. The instruments have to be small, lightweight, withstand difficult environment, and must not pose a safety hazard. Emissions data is subject to considerable variances, as real-world conditions are often neither well defined nor repeatable, and significant variances in emissions can exist even among otherwise identical engines.On-road emissions testing therefore requires a different mindset than the traditional approach of testing in the laboratory and using models to predict real-world performance. In the absence of established methods, use of PEMS requires careful, thoughtful, broad approach. This should be considered when designing, evaluating and selecting PEMS for the desired application.
See also
- Automobile emissions controlAutomobile emissions controlVehicle emissions control is the study and practice of reducing the motor vehicle emissions -- emissions produced by motor vehicles, especially internal combustion engines....
- National Ambient Air Quality StandardsNational Ambient Air Quality StandardsThe National Ambient Air Quality Standards are standards established by the United States Environmental Protection Agency under authority of the Clean Air Act that apply for outdoor air throughout the country...
(USA EPA)
External links
- Example of a request for grant application by Texas Commission on Environmental Quality for a project that required the use of a PEMS
- A study of snowmobile emissions by University of DenverUniversity of DenverThe University of Denver is currently ranked 82nd among all public and private "National Universities" by U.S. News & World Report in the 2012 rankings....
uses PEMS to detect emissions Winter Motor-Vehicle Emissions in Yellowstone National Park - M. J. Bradley & Associates, Inc. monitored emissions from off-road vehicles at the World Trade center reconstruction site Investigation of Diesel Emission Control Technologies on Off-Road Construction Equipment at the World Trade Center and PATH Re-Development Site
- Report Prepared by North Carolina State UniversityNorth Carolina State UniversityNorth Carolina State University at Raleigh is a public, coeducational, extensive research university located in Raleigh, North Carolina, United States. Commonly known as NC State, the university is part of the University of North Carolina system and is a land, sea, and space grant institution...
for the USEPA with recommendations for the next generation of PEMS devices to be developed Recommended Strategy For On-Board Emission Data Analysis and Collection For the New Generation Model - A Biodiesel study for the North Carolina Department of Transportation performed by North Carolina State University uses a PEMS device to gather emissions comparison data Operational Evaluation of Emissions and Fuel Use of B20 Versus Diesel Fueled Dump Trucks
- An Environmental Protection AgencyUnited States Environmental Protection AgencyThe U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is an agency of the federal government of the United States charged with protecting human health and the environment, by writing and enforcing regulations based on laws passed by Congress...
information page on PEMS Science for the 21st Century - Example of a PEMS company Clean Air Technologies International, Inc.
- The Imperial College LondonImperial College LondonImperial College London is a public research university located in London, United Kingdom, specialising in science, engineering, business and medicine...
(UK) Centre for Transport Studies conducted a vehicle performance study and gathered emissions data along the M42 Motorway using a PEMS device Instantaneous Vehicle Emission Monitoring