Photographic emulsion
Encyclopedia
Photographic emulsion is a light-sensitive colloid
, such as gelatin
, coated onto a substrate. In silver-gelatin
photography
, the emulsion consists of silver halide
crystals suspended in gelatin
, and the substrate may be glass, plastic film, paper or fabric.
Photographic emulsion is not a true emulsion
, but is a suspension
of solid particles in a fluid. The word emulsion is established usage in photography and photographic science. Sensitizing solutions for non-silver gelatin processes, such as dichromated colloid
processes, cyanotype
and kallitype
are sometimes called emulsions.
, usually containing gelatin. The light-sensitive component is one or a mixture of silver halide
s: silver bromide, chloride and iodide. The gelatin is used as a binder since it acts as a semi-permeable membrane, allowing processing agents (e.g., developer, fixer, toners, etc.) in aqueous solution to enter the colloid without dislodging the crystals. Other polymer macromolecules are often blended, but gelatin has not been entirely replaced. The light-exposed crystals are reduced by the developer
to black metallic silver particles that form the image. Colour films and papers usually have multiple layers of emulsion, with dye couplers
added. Layers of dye are coated between emulsion layers to act as optical filters.
is mixed into a warm gelatin solution containing potassium bromide, sodium chloride or other alkali metal halides. A reaction precipitates fine crystals of insoluble silver halides that are the light-sensitive. The silver halide is actually being 'peptized' by the gelatin. The type and quantity of gelatin used influences the final emulsion's properties. A pH
buffer
, crystal habit modifier, metal dopants, ripener, ripening restrainer, surfactant
s, defoamer, emulsion stabilizer and biocide
are also used in emulsion making.
Most modern emulsions are "washed" to remove some of the reaction byproducts (potassium nitrate
and excess salts). The "washing" or desalting step can be performed by ultrafiltration
, dialysis
, coagulation
(using acylated
gelatin), or a classic noodle washing method.
Emulsion making also incorporates steps to increase sensitivity by using chemical sensitizing agents and sensitizing dye.
Colloid
A colloid is a substance microscopically dispersed evenly throughout another substance.A colloidal system consists of two separate phases: a dispersed phase and a continuous phase . A colloidal system may be solid, liquid, or gaseous.Many familiar substances are colloids, as shown in the chart below...
, such as gelatin
Gelatin
Gelatin is a translucent, colorless, brittle , flavorless solid substance, derived from the collagen inside animals' skin and bones. It is commonly used as a gelling agent in food, pharmaceuticals, photography, and cosmetic manufacturing. Substances containing gelatin or functioning in a similar...
, coated onto a substrate. In silver-gelatin
Gelatin-silver process
The gelatin silver process is the photographic process used with currently available black-and-white films and printing papers. A suspension of silver salts in gelatin is coated onto a support such as glass, flexible plastic or film, baryta paper, or resin-coated paper...
photography
Photography
Photography is the art, science and practice of creating durable images by recording light or other electromagnetic radiation, either electronically by means of an image sensor or chemically by means of a light-sensitive material such as photographic film...
, the emulsion consists of silver halide
Silver halide
A silver halide is one of the compounds formed between silver and one of the halogens — silver bromide , chloride , iodide , and three forms of silver fluorides. As a group, they are often referred to as the silver halides, and are often given the pseudo-chemical notation AgX...
crystals suspended in gelatin
Gelatin
Gelatin is a translucent, colorless, brittle , flavorless solid substance, derived from the collagen inside animals' skin and bones. It is commonly used as a gelling agent in food, pharmaceuticals, photography, and cosmetic manufacturing. Substances containing gelatin or functioning in a similar...
, and the substrate may be glass, plastic film, paper or fabric.
Photographic emulsion is not a true emulsion
Emulsion
An emulsion is a mixture of two or more liquids that are normally immiscible . Emulsions are part of a more general class of two-phase systems of matter called colloids. Although the terms colloid and emulsion are sometimes used interchangeably, emulsion is used when both the dispersed and the...
, but is a suspension
Suspension (chemistry)
In chemistry, a suspension is a heterogeneous fluid containing solid particles that are sufficiently large for sedimentation. Usually they must be larger than 1 micrometer. The internal phase is dispersed throughout the external phase through mechanical agitation, with the use of certain...
of solid particles in a fluid. The word emulsion is established usage in photography and photographic science. Sensitizing solutions for non-silver gelatin processes, such as dichromated colloid
Colloid
A colloid is a substance microscopically dispersed evenly throughout another substance.A colloidal system consists of two separate phases: a dispersed phase and a continuous phase . A colloidal system may be solid, liquid, or gaseous.Many familiar substances are colloids, as shown in the chart below...
processes, cyanotype
Cyanotype
Cyanotype is a photographic printing process that gives a cyan-blue print. The process was popular in engineering circles well into the 20th century. The simple and low-cost process enabled them to produce large-scale copies of their work, referred to as blueprints...
and kallitype
Kallitype
Kallitype is a process for making photographic prints.Patented in 1889 by W. W. J. Nicol, the Kallitype print is an iron-silver process. A chemical process similar to the Van dyke brown based on the use of a combination of ferric and silver salts. Many developing solutions can be used to give a...
are sometimes called emulsions.
Components
Photographic emulsion is fine suspension of insoluble light-sensitive crystals in a colloid solSol (colloid)
A sol is a colloidal suspension of very small solid particles in a continuous liquid medium. They are quite stable and show the Tyndall effect. Examples include blood, pigmented ink, and paint....
, usually containing gelatin. The light-sensitive component is one or a mixture of silver halide
Silver halide
A silver halide is one of the compounds formed between silver and one of the halogens — silver bromide , chloride , iodide , and three forms of silver fluorides. As a group, they are often referred to as the silver halides, and are often given the pseudo-chemical notation AgX...
s: silver bromide, chloride and iodide. The gelatin is used as a binder since it acts as a semi-permeable membrane, allowing processing agents (e.g., developer, fixer, toners, etc.) in aqueous solution to enter the colloid without dislodging the crystals. Other polymer macromolecules are often blended, but gelatin has not been entirely replaced. The light-exposed crystals are reduced by the developer
Photographic developer
In the processing of photographic films, plates or papers, the photographic developer is a chemical that makes the latent image on the film or print visible. It does this by reducing the silver halides that have been exposed to light to elemental silver in the gelatine matrix...
to black metallic silver particles that form the image. Colour films and papers usually have multiple layers of emulsion, with dye couplers
Dye couplers
Dye coupler is present in chromogenic film and paper used in photography, primarily color photography. When color developer develops exposed silver-halide crystals, the developing agent molecules become oxidized, and the oxidized developer molecules react with dye coupler molecules to form dye in...
added. Layers of dye are coated between emulsion layers to act as optical filters.
Manufacture
A solution of silver nitrateSilver nitrate
Silver nitrate is an inorganic compound with chemical formula . This compound is a versatile precursor to many other silver compounds, such as those used in photography. It is far less sensitive to light than the halides...
is mixed into a warm gelatin solution containing potassium bromide, sodium chloride or other alkali metal halides. A reaction precipitates fine crystals of insoluble silver halides that are the light-sensitive. The silver halide is actually being 'peptized' by the gelatin. The type and quantity of gelatin used influences the final emulsion's properties. A pH
PH
In chemistry, pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution. Pure water is said to be neutral, with a pH close to 7.0 at . Solutions with a pH less than 7 are said to be acidic and solutions with a pH greater than 7 are basic or alkaline...
buffer
Buffer solution
A buffer solution is an aqueous solution consisting of a mixture of a weak acid and its conjugate base or a weak base and its conjugate acid. It has the property that the pH of the solution changes very little when a small amount of strong acid or base is added to it. Buffer solutions are used as a...
, crystal habit modifier, metal dopants, ripener, ripening restrainer, surfactant
Surfactant
Surfactants are compounds that lower the surface tension of a liquid, the interfacial tension between two liquids, or that between a liquid and a solid...
s, defoamer, emulsion stabilizer and biocide
Biocide
A biocide is a chemical substance or microorganism which can deter, render harmless, or exert a controlling effect on any harmful organism by chemical or biological means. Biocides are commonly used in medicine, agriculture, forestry, and industry...
are also used in emulsion making.
Most modern emulsions are "washed" to remove some of the reaction byproducts (potassium nitrate
Potassium nitrate
Potassium nitrate is a chemical compound with the formula KNO3. It is an ionic salt of potassium ions K+ and nitrate ions NO3−.It occurs as a mineral niter and is a natural solid source of nitrogen. Its common names include saltpetre , from medieval Latin sal petræ: "stone salt" or possibly "Salt...
and excess salts). The "washing" or desalting step can be performed by ultrafiltration
Ultrafiltration
Ultrafiltration is a variety of membrane filtration in which hydrostatic pressure forces a liquid against a semipermeable membrane. Suspended solids and solutes of high molecular weight are retained, while water and low molecular weight solutes pass through the membrane...
, dialysis
Dialysis
In medicine, dialysis is a process for removing waste and excess water from the blood, and is primarily used to provide an artificial replacement for lost kidney function in people with renal failure...
, coagulation
Coagulation (disambiguation)
Coagulation may refer to:* Coagulation, in colloid chemistry, a process in which dispersed colloidal particles agglomerate. See flocculation* Coagulation of blood* Coagulation , the coagulation of milk into curd by rennet or acid...
(using acylated
Acylation
In chemistry, acylation is the process of adding an acyl group to a compound. The compound providing the acyl group is called the acylating agent....
gelatin), or a classic noodle washing method.
Emulsion making also incorporates steps to increase sensitivity by using chemical sensitizing agents and sensitizing dye.