Pavlovce nad Uhom
Encyclopedia
Pavlovce nad Uhom is a village
Village
A village is a clustered human settlement or community, larger than a hamlet with the population ranging from a few hundred to a few thousand , Though often located in rural areas, the term urban village is also applied to certain urban neighbourhoods, such as the West Village in Manhattan, New...

 and municipality
Municipality
A municipality is essentially an urban administrative division having corporate status and usually powers of self-government. It can also be used to mean the governing body of a municipality. A municipality is a general-purpose administrative subdivision, as opposed to a special-purpose district...

 in Michalovce District
Michalovce District
Michalovce District is a district inthe Košice Region of eastern Slovakia.Until 1918, the district was split between the Hungarian counties of Zemplín and Uh .-Municipalities:* Bajany...

 in the Kosice Region
Košice Region
The Košice Region is one of the eight Slovak administrative regions. It consists of 11 districts .-Geography:It is located in the southern part of eastern Slovakia and covers an area of 6,752 km²...

 of eastern Slovakia.

Geography

The village
Village
A village is a clustered human settlement or community, larger than a hamlet with the population ranging from a few hundred to a few thousand , Though often located in rural areas, the term urban village is also applied to certain urban neighbourhoods, such as the West Village in Manhattan, New...

 lies at an altitude
Altitude
Altitude or height is defined based on the context in which it is used . As a general definition, altitude is a distance measurement, usually in the vertical or "up" direction, between a reference datum and a point or object. The reference datum also often varies according to the context...

 of 108 metres and covers an area
Area
Area is a quantity that expresses the extent of a two-dimensional surface or shape in the plane. Area can be understood as the amount of material with a given thickness that would be necessary to fashion a model of the shape, or the amount of paint necessary to cover the surface with a single coat...

 of 33.420 km².
It has a population
Population
A population is all the organisms that both belong to the same group or species and live in the same geographical area. The area that is used to define a sexual population is such that inter-breeding is possible between any pair within the area and more probable than cross-breeding with individuals...

 of 4 439 people.

List of neighboring villages includes: North- Senné and Bežovce, South- Veškovce, Čierne pole and Krišovská Liesková, East- Vysoká nad Uhom and Bajany, West- Stretavka and Stretava. The municipality used to be part of Ung County during epoch of Kingdom of Hungary
Kingdom of Hungary
The Kingdom of Hungary comprised present-day Hungary, Slovakia and Croatia , Transylvania , Carpatho Ruthenia , Vojvodina , Burgenland , and other smaller territories surrounding present-day Hungary's borders...

. Pavlovce nad Uhom as we know it today was created in 1960 by merge of Pavlovce nad Uhom and Ťahyňa.

Geology and geomorphology

Geomorphologically
Geomorphology
Geomorphology is the scientific study of landforms and the processes that shape them...

, Pavlovce nad Uhom belongs to East Slovak Plain
Eastern Slovak Flat
The East Slovak Flat , also translated as Eastern Slovak Plain, is the lower, flat part of the Eastern Slovak Lowland.Important towns: Trebišov, Michalovce, Veľké Kapušany, Kráľovský Chlmec, SobranceDivision:...

 and its subgroups of Kapušany Flatlands and Senné Wet Ground. Countryside of planes and flood plains consists of holocene
Holocene
The Holocene is a geological epoch which began at the end of the Pleistocene and continues to the present. The Holocene is part of the Quaternary period. Its name comes from the Greek words and , meaning "entirely recent"...

 clay and loamy sand sediments, the remains of old river arms.

Geological structure consists of flood plain sediments, pleistocene
Pleistocene
The Pleistocene is the epoch from 2,588,000 to 11,700 years BP that spans the world's recent period of repeated glaciations. The name pleistocene is derived from the Greek and ....

 aeolian sands and sand dunes.

Waters and climate conditions

Area of Pavlovce nad Uhom is drained by river Uzh which originates in Ukrainian Uzh Pass and leads to river Laborec near municipality named Stretavka. Total catchment area of river Uzh is 2791km², including 792km² on Slovak territory and its total length is 127km, including 19,6km on Slovak territory. Average flow is 32,9m³/s and maximum recorded is 1420m³/s.

There is a lake near Pavlovce nad Uhom, called Ortov, connected with river Uzh via underground water system whose water level increases and decreases depending on the river flow. According to map from 1863, several meres, which were by locals called lakes, existed on the municipality's territory. The area is known to hold quality ground waters.

East Slovak Lowland
Eastern Slovak Flat
The East Slovak Flat , also translated as Eastern Slovak Plain, is the lower, flat part of the Eastern Slovak Lowland.Important towns: Trebišov, Michalovce, Veľké Kapušany, Kráľovský Chlmec, SobranceDivision:...

 has got subcontinental climate with annual rainfall of 530 to 650mm and winters above 3°C to -5°C. Average annual temperature in Pavlovce nad Uhom is 9°C.

History

After decay of Great Moravian Empire, Slovak territory including East Slovak Lowland
Eastern Slovak Lowland
The East Slovak Lowland is the name of the part of Great Hungarian Plain situated in Slovakia....

 became part of Kingdom of Hungary
Kingdom of Hungary
The Kingdom of Hungary comprised present-day Hungary, Slovakia and Croatia , Transylvania , Carpatho Ruthenia , Vojvodina , Burgenland , and other smaller territories surrounding present-day Hungary's borders...

 for next to near thousand years. Its territory became colonized by Hungarians, in three phases, who have sequentially mixed with native Slavic
Slavic peoples
The Slavic people are an Indo-European panethnicity living in Eastern Europe, Southeast Europe, North Asia and Central Asia. The term Slavic represents a broad ethno-linguistic group of people, who speak languages belonging to the Slavic language family and share, to varying degrees, certain...

 and Slovak population
Slovaks
The Slovaks, Slovak people, or Slovakians are a West Slavic people that primarily inhabit Slovakia and speak the Slovak language, which is closely related to the Czech language.Most Slovaks today live within the borders of the independent Slovakia...

. New guarding posts, settlements of strategical importance started to grow up on border lines of young Kingdom of Hungary
Kingdom of Hungary
The Kingdom of Hungary comprised present-day Hungary, Slovakia and Croatia , Transylvania , Carpatho Ruthenia , Vojvodina , Burgenland , and other smaller territories surrounding present-day Hungary's borders...

.

According to professor Ferdinant Uličný, Pavlovce nad Uhom was established by watch-keeping units of The Cumans (in russian: Половцы - Polovtsi,Polovci; in slovak: Plavci). Captured Cumans were forced to carry out watch-keeping military service. The name Pavlovce, Plavce was not given to early settlement by The Cumans themselves but Slovak inhabitants
Slovaks
The Slovaks, Slovak people, or Slovakians are a West Slavic people that primarily inhabit Slovakia and speak the Slovak language, which is closely related to the Czech language.Most Slovaks today live within the borders of the independent Slovakia...

 and Hungarian nobles during the following decades. On the other hand, others stand for different explanation, that the name was derived from popular Slavic
Slavic peoples
The Slavic people are an Indo-European panethnicity living in Eastern Europe, Southeast Europe, North Asia and Central Asia. The term Slavic represents a broad ethno-linguistic group of people, who speak languages belonging to the Slavic language family and share, to varying degrees, certain...

 name Pavol.

The first written record of the municipality dates to 1327 when Charles I of Hungary
Charles I of Hungary
Charles I , also known as Charles Robert , was the first King of Hungary and Croatia of the House of Anjou. He was also descended from the old Hungarian Árpád dynasty. His claim to the throne of Hungary was contested by several pretenders...

 in his donation agreement confirmed ownership of Pavlovce in favor of Peter called Túz.

In 1417, for the merits of Matthew II of Pavlovce (?-1437) and George of Pavlovce (?-10.4.1439, Esztergom), members of noble family from Pavlovce (de Palócz), emperor Sigismund, Sigismund of Luxembourg
Holy Roman Emperor
The Holy Roman Emperor is a term used by historians to denote a medieval ruler who, as German King, had also received the title of "Emperor of the Romans" from the Pope...

 rewarded the two brothers with confirmation of their ownership. In 15th and 16th century, Pavlovce became the center of manor consisting of surrounding municipalities such as: Bežovce, Blatná Polianka, Čabraď (pri Bežovciach), Chyzzer (pri Bajanoch), Kapušianske Kľačany, Iňačovce, Rebrín, Senné, Tašuľa a Záhor. Later, in 1670, manor of Blatný potok (Sárospatak) was attached. Noble family of Pavlovce vanished in mail tail by the death of Anton of Pavlovce (?-29.8.1526) in Battle of Mohács
Battle of Mohács
The Battle of Mohács was fought on August 29, 1526 near Mohács, Hungary. In the battle, forces of the Kingdom of Hungary led by King Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia were defeated by forces of the Ottoman Empire led by Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent....

 in 1526. Noble family Dobó de Ruzska became new legitimate owner of Pavlovce manor.

In 17th century, reformation movement
Protestant Reformation
The Protestant Reformation was a 16th-century split within Western Christianity initiated by Martin Luther, John Calvin and other early Protestants. The efforts of the self-described "reformers", who objected to the doctrines, rituals and ecclesiastical structure of the Roman Catholic Church, led...

 was spreading through Kingdom of Hungary
Kingdom of Hungary
The Kingdom of Hungary comprised present-day Hungary, Slovakia and Croatia , Transylvania , Carpatho Ruthenia , Vojvodina , Burgenland , and other smaller territories surrounding present-day Hungary's borders...

, anti-Turkish and anti-Habsburg wars took place negatively affecting local population with camping armies and heavy taxes. In 1670, the municipality lost its owner Mikuláš Forgáč and was consequently divided among few nobles such as George and Imrich Horváth of Pavlovce.

In 1711, after Treaty of Szatmár
Treaty of Szatmár
The Treaty of Szatmár was signed at Szatmár on April 30, 1711 between Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI, Hungarian Commander-in-Chief Sándor Károlyi and Imperial Field Marshal János Pálffy. Based on the terms of the accord, Charles promised to maintain the integrity of both Transylvanian and...

, the followers of Francis II Rákóczi
Francis II Rákóczi
Francis II Rákóczi Hungarian aristocrat, he was the leader of the Hungarian uprising against the Habsburgs in 1703-11 as the prince of the Estates Confederated for Liberty of the Kingdom of Hungary. He was also Prince of Transylvania, an Imperial Prince, and a member of the Order of the Golden...

 (1676-1735) were forced, under the threat of loosing wealth or exile, to swear allegiance to the king. This was the case of two nobles to whom Pavlovce belonged, Francis Barkóci and George Horváth.

Defunct architectural and historical monuments

Unfortunately, several buildings associated with life of local nobility do not exist anymore.

Medieval church

Medieval church, known to exist in 13th century already, had unknown consecration. We know, from letters of George and Matthew of Pavlovce, that the church contained family tomb. Nowadays, the exact location of the church is not confirmed.

Medieval mansion

Peter Túz or his sons established medieval family mansion in Pavlovce which later evolved into fortified manor-house mentioned as "castellorum Palocz". As far as we know, its remains are probably located in western part of local park.

Baroque-classicist manor house

Manor house was located in the center of municipality circa 100 meters south of church and 40 meters west of main road. Rectangle alike ground plan with dimensions of 40x50 meters with rhomboid alike ground plan towers in corners surrounded a courtyard with dimensions of 25x35 meters within. Locals say that the manor house's 4 wings and 4 towers symbolized 4 seasons, 12 chimneys 12 months, 53 rooms 53 weeks and 365 doors and windows 365 days in a year.

The manor house was severely damaged after WWII and thus, in fifties, pulled down by locals afterwards. Many photographs of the manor house still exist in private or state-owned archives.

Garden pavilion

The pavilion was located in northern part of the park separating park from a garden. The building was built in Empire style with rectangle alike ground plan with dimensions of 40x14 meters.

Farmstead in Ortov

This agricultural building, built in Classicist style
Classicism
Classicism, in the arts, refers generally to a high regard for classical antiquity, as setting standards for taste which the classicists seek to emulate. The art of classicism typically seeks to be formal and restrained: of the Discobolus Sir Kenneth Clark observed, "if we object to his restraint...

, was situated south of floodplain forest near river arm Ortov. Central part of the building served as granary, side wings as sty and the rest for various agricultural purposes.

Preserved architectural and historical monuments

The following monuments can be seen in the municipality.

Roman Catholic Church of st. John the Baptist

The church was completed in the nineties of 18th century. Wall paintings, including pictures of the church itself and Esztergom Basilica
Esztergom Basilica
The Primatial Basilica of the Blessed Virgin Mary Assumed Into Heaven and St Adalbert is an ecclesiastic basilica in Esztergom, Hungary, the mother church of the Archdiocese of Esztergom-Budapest, and the seat of the Catholic Church in Hungary...

 on each side of triumphal arch, come from 1843. Single-aisle body of the church is vaulted with two fields of Prussian vaults. Rotating stairs in southern part of the church lead to three-axis matroneum
Matroneum
A matroneum in architecture is a gallery on the interior of a building, originally intended to accommodate women ....

 above, containing an organ. Communion-table, sanctuary and seats for celebrants are located in the northern part of the church. Room above sacristy
Sacristy
A sacristy is a room for keeping vestments and other church furnishings, sacred vessels, and parish records.The sacristy is usually located inside the church, but in some cases it is an annex or separate building...

 holds seats, reserved in the past for patrons, nobles. There is wooden Classicist
Classicism
Classicism, in the arts, refers generally to a high regard for classical antiquity, as setting standards for taste which the classicists seek to emulate. The art of classicism typically seeks to be formal and restrained: of the Discobolus Sir Kenneth Clark observed, "if we object to his restraint...

 altar from year 1800 with modern Statue of the Sacred Heart
Sacred Heart
The Sacred Heart is one of the most famous religious devotions to Jesus' physical heart as the representation of His divine love for Humanity....

 located in the right part of triumphal arch and preserved original Classicist
Classicism
Classicism, in the arts, refers generally to a high regard for classical antiquity, as setting standards for taste which the classicists seek to emulate. The art of classicism typically seeks to be formal and restrained: of the Discobolus Sir Kenneth Clark observed, "if we object to his restraint...

 pulpit with conic tribune and canopy on the left. The Statue of Immaculate Heart of Mary
Immaculate Heart of Mary
The Immaculate Heart of Mary originally The Sacred Heart of Mary is a devotional name used to refer to the interior life of Mary, her joys and sorrows, her virtues and hidden perfections, and, above all, her virginal love for God, her maternal love for her Son, Jesus, and her compassionate love for...

 on the left and Statue of the Sacred Heart
Sacred Heart
The Sacred Heart is one of the most famous religious devotions to Jesus' physical heart as the representation of His divine love for Humanity....

 on the right decorate the facade of the yellow-white building. Church tower holds bell-fry and mechanism of functional tower clock.

Riding hall

Neo-Classical
Neoclassical architecture
Neoclassical architecture was an architectural style produced by the neoclassical movement that began in the mid-18th century, manifested both in its details as a reaction against the Rococo style of naturalistic ornament, and in its architectural formulas as an outgrowth of some classicizing...

 building, among locals called "rajčuľňa", was probably built at the end of the 19th century.

The Holy Shrine of John of Nepomuk

The Holy Shrine of John of Nepomuk
John of Nepomuk
John of Nepomuk is a national saint of the Czech Republic, who was drowned in the Vltava river at the behest of Wenceslaus, King of the Romans and King of Bohemia. Later accounts state that he was the confessor of the queen of Bohemia and refused to divulge the secrets of the confessional...

, built in 1899 in Neoclassical style
Neoclassical architecture
Neoclassical architecture was an architectural style produced by the neoclassical movement that began in the mid-18th century, manifested both in its details as a reaction against the Rococo style of naturalistic ornament, and in its architectural formulas as an outgrowth of some classicizing...

, covers late Baroque
Baroque
The Baroque is a period and the style that used exaggerated motion and clear, easily interpreted detail to produce drama, tension, exuberance, and grandeur in sculpture, painting, literature, dance, and music...

 statue of the saint from the second half of the 18th century originally located south of the park (according to historical map from 1863). Image of the sandstone
Sandstone
Sandstone is a sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-sized minerals or rock grains.Most sandstone is composed of quartz and/or feldspar because these are the most common minerals in the Earth's crust. Like sand, sandstone may be any colour, but the most common colours are tan, brown, yellow,...

 statue follows an artwork made by John Brokoff
Jan Brokoff
Jan Brokoff, also known as Johann Brokoff, was a baroque-era sculptor and carver.Brokoff was of German origin, born in Spišská Sobota, today in Slovakia, then in Royal Hungary, and later working and living in Bohemia...

 being exposed on Charles bridge
Charles Bridge
The Charles Bridge is a famous historic bridge that crosses the Vltava river in Prague, Czech Republic. Its construction started in 1357 under the auspices of King Charles IV, and finished in the beginning of the 15th century...

. Depicted clothing consists of surplice
Surplice
A surplice is a liturgical vestment of the Western Christian Church...

 and biretta
Biretta
The biretta is a square cap with three or four peaks or horns, sometimes surmounted by a tuft. Traditionally the three peaked biretta is worn by Roman Catholic clergy and some Anglican and Lutheran clergy. The four peaked biretta is worn as academic dress by those holding a doctoral degree from a...

, pointing to John of Nepomuk's
John of Nepomuk
John of Nepomuk is a national saint of the Czech Republic, who was drowned in the Vltava river at the behest of Wenceslaus, King of the Romans and King of Bohemia. Later accounts state that he was the confessor of the queen of Bohemia and refused to divulge the secrets of the confessional...

 occupation as vicar
Vicar
In the broadest sense, a vicar is a representative, deputy or substitute; anyone acting "in the person of" or agent for a superior . In this sense, the title is comparable to lieutenant...

 and priest as well. The polychrome statue of the saint standing on pedestal holds a crucix with corpus resting on the chest in his right hand. The left hand, left alongside the body, carries a palm twig.

Defunct manor-house's park

The park, with an overall area of 19,89 ha, was established in the first half of the 19th century near defunct manor-house and is registered by The Monuments Board of the Slovak Republic as National Cultural Monument. The park's entrance is located at the center of the village. The park features two playgrounds, an amphitheater (serves as pub) with a stage and projecting masonry cab, Special Elementary School yard and dilapidated pub known as "Letná". A mound, among locals called "Hurka", is located in the western part.

The park is mostly flat except for the amphitheater's slope, the mound "Hurka" and excavation with adjacent embankment called "Filagróvia".

The following plant species can be found here: oak, linden, maple, hornbeam, ash, sycamore, horse chestnut, hawthorn, hazel, privet, mulberry, elderberry, elm, willow and ivy.

Greek Catholic Temple of the Holy Trinity of Ease

The sacral building dated to the early nineties of the 19th century, situated in the part Ťahyňa, is registered by The Monuments Board of the Slovak Republic as a National Cultural Monument.

Jewish cemetery

The Jewish cemetery is located 1,5 kilometers south of the municipality on a hill near floodplain forest surrounded by cultivated field. Most of the tombstones are made ​​of sandstone. The cemetery is not maintained, is overgrown with trees and is not registered as a National Cultural Monument. In the past, Jewish Salem and Mikvah existed in the municipality, as well.

Notable personalities

  • Paul (Pavol) Balla(17.4.1930, Pavlovce nad Uhom- )-Ukrainian visual artist
  • Francis (František) Barkóci (Barkóczy)(?-1709, Pavlovce nad Uhom)- He held office of Zemplén County head, Kuruc general, later promoted to the status of the count.
  • John (Ján) Bubán(19.1.1914, Pavlovce nad Uhom-24.11.1989, Pezinok)-Professor of theology, philosopher, persecuted by the Communist regime in 50s of the 20th century.
  • Stephen (Štefan) Bubán(29.7.1932, Pavlovce nad Uhom- )-Graphic artist devoted to drawings, paintings and monumental works.
  • Andrei (Andrej) Budiš (Bugyis, Bugyiš)(6.12.1824, Pavlovce nad Uhom-26.12.1890, Uzhgorod)-Satu Mare diocese priest, known for his social activities.
  • Andrei (Andrej) Budiš (Bugyis, Bugyiš)(5.12.1837, Pavlovce nad Uhom-23.4.1864, Satu Mare)-A writer, a priest and journalist.
  • George (Juraj) Čalfa (Csalfa)(1.4.1905,Ťahyňa-23.7.1962, Čeľovce)-Roman Catholic priest persecuted by the The Communist regime in the 50s of the 20th century.
  • John (Ján) Hadik (23.11.1863, Pavlovce nad Uhom-10.12.1933, Budapešť)-Member of The Diet of Hungary, Secretary of Ministry of Interior, Count, officer.
  • Adam Horvát (Horváth)(30.4.1691, Pavlovce nad Uhom-22.10.1746)-Noble, author of descriptive work on Ung County titled Descriptio Comitatus Unghvariensis.
  • John (Ján) Horvát (Horváth)(17th century)-Noble, George Rákóczi's secretary, author of historical study.
  • Joseph (Jozef) Jóna (7.11.1863, Irša-?)-Roman Catholic priest active in Pavlovce, the papal chamberlain (Mukachevo).
  • Adalbert Kazinci (Kazinczy)(1871, Pavlovce nad Uhom-3.11.1947, USA)-A priest and a journalist active in the U.S.A.
  • John (Ján) Kondor(5.6.1953, Pavlovce nad Uhom-)-Poet, journalist, Redactor of Radio Studio Of Slovak Radio in Košice.
  • Valentine (Valentín) Novajovský-A teacher, platoon commander of participants of Slovak National Uprising.
  • Anton Palóci (Palóczy)(?-29.8.1526, near Mohács)- Noble, county head of Zemplén County.
  • Dominic (Dominik) Palóci (Palóczy)(?-1403)-Abbot of Lelesz Abbey.
  • George (Juraj) Palóci (Palóczy)(?-10.5.1439, Esztergom)-Transylvanian bishop, archbishop of Esztergom, Hungarian chancellor and anti-Hussite movement organizer.
  • Ladislav Palóci (Palóczy)(?-1470)-Noble, County head of Zemplén County, Sigismund's of Luxembourg knight.
  • Matthew (Matúš) Palóci (Palóczy)(?-1437)-County head of various counties, Sigismund's of Luxembourg palatine.

Ethnicity

According to 2008 data, the majority of the population
Population
A population is all the organisms that both belong to the same group or species and live in the same geographical area. The area that is used to define a sexual population is such that inter-breeding is possible between any pair within the area and more probable than cross-breeding with individuals...

 of the city (about 57,7%) are ethnically Roma.

Government

Pavlovce has its own birth register office and police force but relies on the district and tax offices at Michalovce
Michalovce
Michalovce is a town on the Laborec river in eastern Slovakia, with a population around 40,000. It is the biggest town of the Michalovce District in the Košice Region.-Geography:...


Culture

The village has a small public library
Library
In a traditional sense, a library is a large collection of books, and can refer to the place in which the collection is housed. Today, the term can refer to any collection, including digital sources, resources, and services...

, a football pitch, and a gymnasium
Gym
The word γυμνάσιον was used in Ancient Greece, that mean a locality for both physical and intellectual education of young men...

.

Economy

The village has a number of food stores, a Slovakian bank
Bank
A bank is a financial institution that serves as a financial intermediary. The term "bank" may refer to one of several related types of entities:...

 and an insurance
Insurance
In law and economics, insurance is a form of risk management primarily used to hedge against the risk of a contingent, uncertain loss. Insurance is defined as the equitable transfer of the risk of a loss, from one entity to another, in exchange for payment. An insurer is a company selling the...

branch.

External links

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