Pakistani community of London
Encyclopedia
The Pakistani community of London (also called London Pakistanis) consist of Pakistan
i emigrants and their descendants who have settled in London
, the capital city of England
and the United Kingdom
. Pakistanis in London are the largest concentrated community of British Pakistanis; people from regions which are now part of Pakistan began to settle in London even before the country's independence
. Whilst British Pakistanis who live in other parts of the UK such as Birmingham
, Bradford
, Oldham
and the surrounding towns originate predominantly from the Mirpur area of the Kashmir
region, Pakistanis in London represent a more diverse mixture of South Asian subgroups including Balochis
, Punjabis
, Kashmiris
, Pashtuns
, Muhajirs and smaller numbers of Sindhis
among others. A substantial number of British Pakistanis who arrived to London in the 1960s were qualified Teachers, Doctors and Engineers.
Pakistanis in London are mostly Muslim
s who speak Urdu and Punjabi
amongst other languages.
The main concentrations of Pakistani settlement in London are, North East, West and South West London. Newham is home to 15% of all London Pakistanis.
Note: (Est) - Estimated
Source: 2001
is living other parts of the UK, 92% of Pakistanis in London
are Muslim
s. The other 6% are made up of people who did not declare their religion, Christian
s make up 2% and those with no religion made up 1%. Pakistanis make up only 22% of London
's Muslim population, in contrast to 43% for British Pakistanis living throughout the UK.
and retail
(including self-owned grocery stores or newsagents). In 2001, 0.6% of businesses in London were owned by British Pakistanis. 20% of London's Pakistani population are self-employed.
The percentage of London Pakistanis employed in managerial, senior official or professional occupations is 33%, which is slightly higher than the London average of 32%. It is also higher than the percentage of London Bangladeshis (22%) and similar to the percentage of Indians (34%) and Other Asians (31%).
The unemployment rate for Pakistani males and females in London is lower than the national average British Pakistanis living in other regions of Britain. Pakistanis are the only ethnic group (along with White Britions) who have a lower worklessness rate in London than in other areas of Britain.
.
Source:
Between 1991 and 2001, out of the total growth in the London Pakistani population, 52.7% of the growth was in the middle classes.
Source:
Growth in managers and professionals as a proportion was 22.8% between 1991 and 2001.
Source:
There are stark social differences in Pakistanis living in different boroughs of London. Whilst in Brent
and Harrow London Pakistanis are fairly prosperous and mostly Middle Class. The opposite is true in Newham
, where they are mostly working class and more likely to suffer from deprivation.
Several upper class
Pakistanis also live in London, sometimes only for part of the year. The former presidents of Pakistan Nawaz Sharif
and Pervez Musharraf
currently reside in London.
Pakistani children in London have higher attainment rates in both English and Maths, when compared with the British Pakistani average.
Latest figures available, regarding London Pakistanis, by local authority, dated: year 2004.
The achievement of Pakistanis in London at GCSE level is 10 percentage points higher than that of Pakistanis throughout England.
Pakistani applicants to universities are over-represented by 7.5% from Greater London. In education, Pakistanis in London performed the highest out of all British Pakistanis in the 2001 census. This is not just reflected in above average GCSE pass rates but also in degree level qualifications, with 32% of London Pakistanis having degree level or higher qualifications. This is marginally higher than the London average of 31% and is more than twice as high as the figure for London Bangladeshis (15%), equal to the figure for "Other Asians" and comparable to the figure of 34% for London Indians. Pakistanis in Inner London do slightly better than those in Outer London, with 33% reaching the benchmark compared to 32% in Outer London. The figure is higher than the national average of 20% and almost twice as high as the figure for Pakistanis throughout the UK (18%). Pakistani men are better qualified than the average Londoner, with 37% possessing a degree level or higher qualification, although Pakistani women have fewer educational qualifications, with 27% having the same qualifications. The figure for Pakistani women in London is still higher than the national or British Pakistani national average.
Pakistan
Pakistan , officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan is a sovereign state in South Asia. It has a coastline along the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman in the south and is bordered by Afghanistan and Iran in the west, India in the east and China in the far northeast. In the north, Tajikistan...
i emigrants and their descendants who have settled in London
London
London is the capital city of :England and the :United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom, and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. Located on the River Thames, London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its...
, the capital city of England
England
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west, with the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south separating it from continental...
and the United Kingdom
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandIn the United Kingdom and Dependencies, other languages have been officially recognised as legitimate autochthonous languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages...
. Pakistanis in London are the largest concentrated community of British Pakistanis; people from regions which are now part of Pakistan began to settle in London even before the country's independence
Pakistan Movement
The Pakistan Movement or Tehrik-e-Pakistan refers to the historical movement to have an independent Muslim state named Pakistan created from the separation of the north-western region of the Indian subcontinent, partitioned within or outside the British Indian Empire. It had its origins in the...
. Whilst British Pakistanis who live in other parts of the UK such as Birmingham
Birmingham
Birmingham is a city and metropolitan borough in the West Midlands of England. It is the most populous British city outside the capital London, with a population of 1,036,900 , and lies at the heart of the West Midlands conurbation, the second most populous urban area in the United Kingdom with a...
, Bradford
Bradford
Bradford lies at the heart of the City of Bradford, a metropolitan borough of West Yorkshire, in Northern England. It is situated in the foothills of the Pennines, west of Leeds, and northwest of Wakefield. Bradford became a municipal borough in 1847, and received its charter as a city in 1897...
, Oldham
Oldham
Oldham is a large town in Greater Manchester, England. It lies amid the Pennines on elevated ground between the rivers Irk and Medlock, south-southeast of Rochdale, and northeast of the city of Manchester...
and the surrounding towns originate predominantly from the Mirpur area of the Kashmir
Azad Kashmir
Azad Jammu and Kashmir or Azad Kashmir for short, is the southernmost political entity within the Pakistani-administered part of the former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir...
region, Pakistanis in London represent a more diverse mixture of South Asian subgroups including Balochis
Baloch people
The Baloch or Baluch are an ethnic group that belong to the larger Iranian peoples. Baluch people mainly inhabit the Balochistan region and Sistan and Baluchestan Province in the southeast corner of the Iranian plateau in Western Asia....
, Punjabis
Punjabi people
The Punjabi people , ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ), also Panjabi people, are an Indo-Aryan group from South Asia. They are the second largest of the many ethnic groups in South Asia. They originate in the Punjab region, which has been been the location of some of the oldest civilizations in the world including, the...
, Kashmiris
Kashmiri people
The Kashmiri people are a Dardic linguistic group living in Kashmir Valley in Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir and parts of the Pakistani territory of Azad Kashmir who speak the Kashmiri language...
, Pashtuns
Pashtun people
Pashtuns or Pathans , also known as ethnic Afghans , are an Eastern Iranic ethnic group with populations primarily between the Hindu Kush mountains in Afghanistan and the Indus River in Pakistan...
, Muhajirs and smaller numbers of Sindhis
Sindhi people
Sindhis are a Sindhi speaking socio-ethnic group of people originating from Sindh, a province Formerly of British India, now in Pakistan. Today Sindhis that live in Pakistan belong to various religious denominations including Islam, Zoroastrianism, Hinduism, Sikhism and Christianity...
among others. A substantial number of British Pakistanis who arrived to London in the 1960s were qualified Teachers, Doctors and Engineers.
Demographics
Muslim
A Muslim, also spelled Moslem, is an adherent of Islam, a monotheistic, Abrahamic religion based on the Quran, which Muslims consider the verbatim word of God as revealed to prophet Muhammad. "Muslim" is the Arabic term for "submitter" .Muslims believe that God is one and incomparable...
s who speak Urdu and Punjabi
Punjabi language
Punjabi is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by inhabitants of the historical Punjab region . For Sikhs, the Punjabi language stands as the official language in which all ceremonies take place. In Pakistan, Punjabi is the most widely spoken language...
amongst other languages.
The main concentrations of Pakistani settlement in London are, North East, West and South West London. Newham is home to 15% of all London Pakistanis.
| Region | Population | Pakistani population | Pakistanis as a % | Main Boroughs (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Greater London Greater London Greater London is the top-level administrative division of England covering London. It was created in 1965 and spans the City of London, including Middle Temple and Inner Temple, and the 32 London boroughs. This territory is coterminate with the London Government Office Region and the London... |
7,456,100 | 200,000 | 2.2% | Newham London Borough of Newham The London Borough of Newham is a London borough formed from the towns of West Ham and East Ham, within East London.It is situated east of the City of London, and is north of the River Thames. According to 2006 estimates, Newham has one of the highest ethnic minority populations of all the... (8.7%) Waltham Forest (7.7%) Redbridge London Borough of Redbridge The London Borough of Redbridge is a London borough in outer north-east London. Its administrative headquarters is at Redbridge Town Hall in Ilford. The local authority is Redbridge London Borough Council.-Etymology:... (6.6%) Hounslow Hounslow Hounslow is the principal town in the London Borough of Hounslow. It is a suburban development situated 10.6 miles west south-west of Charing Cross. It forms a post town in the TW postcode area.-Etymology:... (4.4%) Brent London Borough of Brent In 1801, the civil parishes that form the modern borough had a total population of 2,022. This rose slowly throughout the 19th century, as the district became built up; reaching 5,646 in the middle of the century. When the railways arrived the rate of population growth increased... (4.3%) Ealing Ealing Ealing is a suburban area of west London, England and the administrative centre of the London Borough of Ealing. It is located west of Charing Cross and around from the City of London. It is one of the major metropolitan centres identified in the London Plan. It was historically a rural village... (3.9%) Croydon Croydon Croydon is a town in South London, England, located within the London Borough of Croydon to which it gives its name. It is situated south of Charing Cross... (2.6%) Harrow London Borough of Harrow The London Borough of Harrow is a London borough of north-west London. It borders Hertfordshire to the north and other London boroughs: Hillingdon to the west, Ealing to the south, Brent to the south-east and Barnet to the east.-History:... (2.5%) Barking & Dagenham (2.2%) Wandsworth Wandsworth Wandsworth is a district of south London, England, in the London Borough of Wandsworth. It is situated southwest of Charing Cross. The area is identified in the London Plan as one of 35 major centres in Greater London.-Toponymy:... (1.9%) Hillingdon Hillingdon Hillingdon is a suburban area within the London Borough of Hillingdon, situated 14.2 miles west of Charing Cross.Much of Hillingdon is represented as the Hillingdon East ward within the local authority, Hillingdon Council... (1.8%) Barnet Barnet High Barnet or Chipping Barnet is a place in the London Borough of Barnet, North London, England. It is a suburban development built around a twelfth-century settlement and is located north north-west of Charing Cross. Its name is often abbreviated to Barnet, which is also the name of the London... (1.6%) |
Number and percentage of Pakistani population by Borough
| London Borough of London borough The administrative area of Greater London contains thirty-two London boroughs. Inner London comprises twelve of these boroughs plus the City of London. Outer London comprises the twenty remaining boroughs of Greater London.-Functions:... |
All people, 2001 | (Est) All people, 2008 | Pakistani pop, 2001 | (Est) Pakistani pop, 2006 | Pakistanis as %, 2001 | (Est) Pakistanis as %, 2005 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| City of London City of London The City of London is a small area within Greater London, England. It is the historic core of London around which the modern conurbation grew and has held city status since time immemorial. The City’s boundaries have remained almost unchanged since the Middle Ages, and it is now only a tiny part of... |
7,185 | 7,900 | 23 | 100 | 0.3 | 1.3 |
| Barking and Dagenham London Borough of Barking and Dagenham In 1801, the civil parishes that form the modern borough had a total population of 1,937; and the area was characterised by farming, woodland and the fishing fleet at Barking. This last industry employed 1,370 men and boys by 1850, but by the end of the century had ceased to exist; replaced by... |
163,944 | 168,900 | 3,055 | 4,300 | 1.9 | 2.2 |
| Barnet London Borough of Barnet The London Borough of Barnet is a London borough in North London and forms part of Outer London. It has a population of 331,500 and covers . It borders Hertfordshire to the north and five other London boroughs: Harrow and Brent to the west, Camden and Haringey to the south-east and Enfield to the... |
314,564 | 331,500 | 3,965 | 4,900 | 1.3 | 1.6 |
| Bexley London Borough of Bexley The London Borough of Bexley lies in south east Greater London, and is a borough referred to as part of Outer London. It has common borders with the London Borough of Bromley to the south, the London Borough of Greenwich to the west, across the River Thames to the north it borders the London... |
218,307 | 223,300 | 334 | 400 | 0.2 | 0.3 |
| Brent London Borough of Brent In 1801, the civil parishes that form the modern borough had a total population of 2,022. This rose slowly throughout the 19th century, as the district became built up; reaching 5,646 in the middle of the century. When the railways arrived the rate of population growth increased... |
263,464 | 270,600 | 10,626 | 11,700 | 4.0 | 4.3 |
| Bromley London Borough of Bromley The London Borough of Bromley is a London borough of south east London, England and forms part of Outer London. The principal town in the borough is Bromley.-Geography:... |
295,532 | 302,600 | 691 | 800 | 0.2 | 0.4 |
| Camden London Borough of Camden In 1801, the civil parishes that form the modern borough were already developed and had a total population of 96,795. This continued to rise swiftly throughout the 19th century, as the district became built up; reaching 270,197 in the middle of the century... |
198,020 | 235,700 | 1,250 | 1,300 | 0.6 | 0.9 |
| Croydon London Borough of Croydon The London Borough of Croydon is a London borough in South London, England and is part of Outer London. It covers an area of and is the largest London borough by population. It is the southernmost borough of London. At its centre is the historic town of Croydon from which the borough takes its name... |
330,587 | 341,800 | 7,429 | 9,500 | 2.3 | 2.6 |
| Ealing London Borough of Ealing The London Borough of Ealing is a borough in west London.-Location:The London Borough of Ealing borders the London Borough of Hillingdon to the west, the London Borough of Harrow and the London Borough of Brent to the north, the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham to the east and the London... |
300,948 | 309,000 | 11,271 | 12,500 | 3.8 | 3.9 |
| Enfield London Borough of Enfield The London Borough of Enfield is the most northerly London borough and forms part of Outer London. It borders the London Boroughs of Barnet, Haringey and Waltham Forest... |
273,559 | 287,600 | 1,717 | 2,200 | 0.6 | 0.9 |
| Greenwich London Borough of Greenwich The London Borough of Greenwich is an Inner London borough in south-east London, England. Taking its name from the historic town of Greenwich, the present borough was formed in 1965 by the amalgamation of the former area of the Metropolitan Borough of Greenwich with part of the Metropolitan... |
214,403 | 222,900 | 1,902 | 2,700 | 0.9 | 1.1 |
| Hackney London Borough of Hackney The London Borough of Hackney is a London borough of North/North East London, and forms part of inner London. The local authority is Hackney London Borough Council.... |
202,824 | 212,200 | 2,165 | 1,800 | 1.1 | 1.0 |
| Hammersmith and Fulham London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham The London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham is a London borough in West London, and forms part of Inner London. Traversed by the east-west main roads of the A4 Great West Road and the A40 Westway, many international corporations have offices in the borough.... |
165,242 | 172,200 | 1,711 | 1,900 | 1.0 | 1.2 |
| Haringey London Borough of Haringey The London Borough of Haringey is a London borough, in North London, classified by some definitions as part of Inner London, and by others as part of Outer London. It was created in 1965 by the amalgamation of three former boroughs. It shares borders with six other London boroughs... |
216,507 | 226,200 | 2,046 | 2,400 | 1.0 | 1.3 |
| Harrow London Borough of Harrow The London Borough of Harrow is a London borough of north-west London. It borders Hertfordshire to the north and other London boroughs: Hillingdon to the west, Ealing to the south, Brent to the south-east and Barnet to the east.-History:... |
206,814 | 216,200 | 4,317 | 5,500 | 2.1 | 2.5 |
| Havering London Borough of Havering The London Borough of Havering is a London borough in North East London, England and forms part of Outer London. The principal town in Havering is Romford and the other main communities are Hornchurch, Upminster and Rainham. The borough is mainly characterised by suburban development with large... |
224,248 | 230,100 | 457 | 500 | 0.2 | 0.6 |
| Hillingdon London Borough of Hillingdon The London Borough of Hillingdon is the westernmost borough in Greater London, England. The borough's population was recorded as 243,006 in the 2001 Census. The borough incorporates the former districts of Ruislip-Northwood, Uxbridge, Hayes and Harlington and Yiewsley and West Drayton in the... |
243,006 | 253,200 | 3,816 | 5,000 | 1.6 | 1.8 |
| Hounslow London Borough of Hounslow -Political composition:Since the borough was formed it has been controlled by the Labour Party on all but two occasions. In 1968 the Conservatives formed a majority for the first and last time to date until they lost control to Labour in 1971. Labour subsequently lost control of the council in the... |
212,341 | 222,600 | 9,127 | 10,700 | 4.3 | 4.4 |
| Islington London Borough of Islington The London Borough of Islington is a London borough in Inner London. It was formed in 1965 by merging the former metropolitan boroughs of Islington and Finsbury. The borough contains two Westminster parliamentary constituencies, Islington North and Islington South & Finsbury... |
175,797 | 190,100 | 912 | 1,100 | 0.5 | 0.8 |
 Kensington and ChelseaRoyal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea The Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea is a central London borough of Royal borough status. After the City of Westminster, it is the wealthiest borough in England.... |
158,919 | 180,300 | 1,203 | 1,300 | 0.8 | 1.1 |
| Kingston-upon-Thames | 147,273 | 160,100 | 1,916 | 2,400 | 1.3 | 1.6 |
| Lambeth London Borough of Lambeth The London Borough of Lambeth is a London borough in south London, England and forms part of Inner London. The local authority is Lambeth London Borough Council.-Origins:... |
266,169 | 274,500 | 2,634 | 2,700 | 1.0 | 1.1 |
| Lewisham London Borough of Lewisham The London Borough of Lewisham is a London borough in south-east London, England and forms part of Inner London. The principal settlement of the borough is Lewisham... |
248,922 | 261,600 | 1,090 | 1,300 | 0.4 | 0.7 |
| Merton London Borough of Merton The London Borough of Merton is a borough in southwest London, England.The borough was formed under the London Government Act in 1965 by the merger of the Municipal Borough of Mitcham, the Municipal Borough of Wimbledon and the Merton and Morden Urban District, all formerly within Surrey... |
187,908 | 201,400 | 4,504 | 4,900 | 2.4 | 2.6 |
| Newham London Borough of Newham The London Borough of Newham is a London borough formed from the towns of West Ham and East Ham, within East London.It is situated east of the City of London, and is north of the River Thames. According to 2006 estimates, Newham has one of the highest ethnic minority populations of all the... |
243,891 | 249,500 | 20,644 | 25,900 | 8.5 | 8.7 |
| Redbridge London Borough of Redbridge The London Borough of Redbridge is a London borough in outer north-east London. Its administrative headquarters is at Redbridge Town Hall in Ilford. The local authority is Redbridge London Borough Council.-Etymology:... |
238,635 | 257,600 | 14,888 | 19,700 | 6.2 | 6.6 |
| Richmond-upon-Thames | 172,335 | 180,100 | 664 | 1,000 | 0.4 | 0.8 |
| Southwark London Borough of Southwark The London Borough of Southwark is a London borough in south east London, England. It is directly south of the River Thames and the City of London, and forms part of Inner London.-History:... |
244,866 | 278,000 | 1,118 | 1,200 | 0.5 | 0.6 |
| Sutton London Borough of Sutton The London Borough of Sutton is a London borough in South London, England and forms part of Outer London. It covers an area of and is the 80th largest local authority in England by population. It is one of the southernmost boroughs of London... |
179,768 | 187,600 | 1,216 | 2,000 | 0.5 | 0.9 |
| Tower Hamlets London Borough of Tower Hamlets The London Borough of Tower Hamlets is a London borough to the east of the City of London and north of the River Thames. It is in the eastern part of London and covers much of the traditional East End. It also includes much of the redeveloped Docklands region of London, including West India Docks... |
196,106 | 220,500 | 1,486 | 1,400 | 0.8 | 0.8 |
| Waltham Forest London Borough of Waltham Forest The London Borough of Waltham Forest is in northeast London, England. Officially, it forms part of Outer London as it borders Essex. However, it can be seen that the NE London boundary does not extend far compared to elsewhere in the city... |
218,341 | 223,300 | 17,295 | 19,700 | 7.9 | 7.8 |
| Wandsworth London Borough of Wandsworth The London Borough of Wandsworth is a London borough in southwest London, England, and forms part of Inner London.-History:The borough was formed in 1965 from the former area of the Metropolitan Borough of Battersea and much of the former area of the Metropolitan Borough of Wandsworth, but... |
260,380 | 284,000 | 5,449 | 5,500 | 2.1 | 1.9 |
| City of Westminster City of Westminster The City of Westminster is a London borough occupying much of the central area of London, England, including most of the West End. It is located to the west of and adjoining the ancient City of London, directly to the east of the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea, and its southern boundary... |
181,286 | 236,000 | 1,828 | 2,200 | 1.0 | 1.4 |
| Inner London Inner London Inner London is the name for the group of London boroughs which form the interior part of Greater London and are surrounded by Outer London. The area was first officially defined in 1965 and for purposes such as statistics, the definition has changed over time. The terms Inner London and Central... |
2,766,114 | 43,559 | 1.6 | |||
| Outer London Outer London Outer London is the name for the group of London Boroughs that form a ring around Inner London.These were areas that were not part of the County of London and became formally part of Greater London in 1965... |
4,405,977 | 99,190 | 2.3 | |||
| London London London is the capital city of :England and the :United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom, and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. Located on the River Thames, London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its... |
7,172,091 | 7,560,000 | 142,749 | 170,500 | 2.0 | 2.3 |
  England and WalesEngland and Wales England and Wales is a jurisdiction within the United Kingdom. It consists of England and Wales, two of the four countries of the United Kingdom... |
52,041,916 | 54,450,000 | 714,828 | 916,700 | 1.4 | 1.8 |
 United KingdomUnited Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandIn the United Kingdom and Dependencies, other languages have been officially recognised as legitimate autochthonous languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages... |
58,789,194 | 61,400,000 | 747,285 | 977,285 | 1.3 | 1.7 |
Note: (Est) - Estimated
Source: 2001
Religion
In similarity to PakistanPakistan
Pakistan , officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan is a sovereign state in South Asia. It has a coastline along the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman in the south and is bordered by Afghanistan and Iran in the west, India in the east and China in the far northeast. In the north, Tajikistan...
is living other parts of the UK, 92% of Pakistanis in London
London
London is the capital city of :England and the :United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom, and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. Located on the River Thames, London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its...
are Muslim
Muslim
A Muslim, also spelled Moslem, is an adherent of Islam, a monotheistic, Abrahamic religion based on the Quran, which Muslims consider the verbatim word of God as revealed to prophet Muhammad. "Muslim" is the Arabic term for "submitter" .Muslims believe that God is one and incomparable...
s. The other 6% are made up of people who did not declare their religion, Christian
Christian
A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, an Abrahamic, monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth as recorded in the Canonical gospels and the letters of the New Testament...
s make up 2% and those with no religion made up 1%. Pakistanis make up only 22% of London
London
London is the capital city of :England and the :United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom, and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. Located on the River Thames, London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its...
's Muslim population, in contrast to 43% for British Pakistanis living throughout the UK.
Economics
The main industries which the Pakistani community of London are employed in include wholesaleWholesale
Wholesaling, jobbing, or distributing is defined as the sale of goods or merchandise to retailers, to industrial, commercial, institutional, or other professional business users, or to other wholesalers and related subordinated services...
and retail
Retail
Retail consists of the sale of physical goods or merchandise from a fixed location, such as a department store, boutique or kiosk, or by mail, in small or individual lots for direct consumption by the purchaser. Retailing may include subordinated services, such as delivery. Purchasers may be...
(including self-owned grocery stores or newsagents). In 2001, 0.6% of businesses in London were owned by British Pakistanis. 20% of London's Pakistani population are self-employed.
The percentage of London Pakistanis employed in managerial, senior official or professional occupations is 33%, which is slightly higher than the London average of 32%. It is also higher than the percentage of London Bangladeshis (22%) and similar to the percentage of Indians (34%) and Other Asians (31%).
The unemployment rate for Pakistani males and females in London is lower than the national average British Pakistanis living in other regions of Britain. Pakistanis are the only ethnic group (along with White Britions) who have a lower worklessness rate in London than in other areas of Britain.
Social class
As of 2001, almost equal amounts of Pakistanis in Inner (45%) and Outer London (46%) were middle classMiddle class
The middle class is any class of people in the middle of a societal hierarchy. In Weberian socio-economic terms, the middle class is the broad group of people in contemporary society who fall socio-economically between the working class and upper class....
.
Middle class by Borough
| Borough | Pakistani middle class | Overall middle class |
|---|---|---|
| Waltham Forest | 44% | N/A |
| Haringey | 36% | N/A |
| Newham | 32% | 37% |
Source:
Between 1991 and 2001, out of the total growth in the London Pakistani population, 52.7% of the growth was in the middle classes.
Growth in the middle class as a proportion of all growth
| Region | Growth |
|---|---|
| England & Wales | 36.4% |
| South East | 39.6% |
| Greater London | 52.7% |
| Outer London | 52.6% |
| Inner London | 52.8% |
Source:
Growth in managers and professionals as a proportion was 22.8% between 1991 and 2001.
Growth in managers and professionals as a proportion of all growth
| Region | Growth |
|---|---|
| England & Wales | 15.8% |
| South East | 18% |
| Greater London | 22.8% |
| Outer London | 22.6% |
| Inner London | 23.5% |
Source:
There are stark social differences in Pakistanis living in different boroughs of London. Whilst in Brent
London Borough of Brent
In 1801, the civil parishes that form the modern borough had a total population of 2,022. This rose slowly throughout the 19th century, as the district became built up; reaching 5,646 in the middle of the century. When the railways arrived the rate of population growth increased...
and Harrow London Pakistanis are fairly prosperous and mostly Middle Class. The opposite is true in Newham
Newham
-Places:* London Borough of Newham, England* Newham, Lincolnshire, England* Newham, Northumberland, England* Newham, Victoria, Australia-People:* Billy Newham , English cricketer* Edgar Newham, Australian rugby league footballer...
, where they are mostly working class and more likely to suffer from deprivation.
Several upper class
Upper class
In social science, the "upper class" is the group of people at the top of a social hierarchy. Members of an upper class may have great power over the allocation of resources and governmental policy in their area.- Historical meaning :...
Pakistanis also live in London, sometimes only for part of the year. The former presidents of Pakistan Nawaz Sharif
Nawaz Sharif
Mian Mohammad Nawaz Sharif is a Pakistani conservative politician and steel magnate who served as 12th Prime Minister of Pakistan in two non-consecutive terms from November 1990 to July 1993, and from February 1997 to October 12, 1999...
and Pervez Musharraf
Pervez Musharraf
Pervez Musharraf , is a retired four-star general who served as the 13th Chief of Army Staff and tenth President of Pakistan as well as tenth Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee. Musharraf headed and led an administrative military government from October 1999 till August 2007. He ruled...
currently reside in London.
Key Stage 2
At Key Stage 2Key Stage 2
Key Stage 2 is the legal term for the four years of schooling in maintained schools in England and Wales normally known as Year 3, Year 4, Year 5 and Year 6, when pupils are aged between 7 and 11. The term is applied differently in Northern Ireland where it refers to pupils in Year 5, Year 6 and...
Pakistani children in London have higher attainment rates in both English and Maths, when compared with the British Pakistani average.
GCSEs
In contrast to Pakistanis from other regions of Britain. Pakistanis in London achieve above average GCSE Pass Rates. For example, in 2004, 50.2% of London Pakistani boys achieved five or more A*-C grades, compared with the national average of 46.8%. Furthermore, 63.3% of Pakistani girls in London reached that threshold compared to the national average of 57%.GCSE Pass Rates (5 A*-Cs) by London Borough
| Borough | Pass Rate |
|---|---|
| Redbridge | 64.9% |
| Ealing | 54.0% |
| Newham | 52.7% |
| England Average (All Ethnic Groups) (2004): 51.9% | |
| Waltham Forest | 49.9% |
| British Pakistani Average (2004): 45.2% | |
The achievement of Pakistanis in London at GCSE level is 10 percentage points higher than that of Pakistanis throughout England.
Degree Level Qualifications
Notable Londoners of Pakistani origin
- Sir Anwar Pervez - A Pakistan-born businessman who was estimated by The TimesThe TimesThe Times is a British daily national newspaper, first published in London in 1785 under the title The Daily Universal Register . The Times and its sister paper The Sunday Times are published by Times Newspapers Limited, a subsidiary since 1981 of News International...
to be Britain’s richest MuslimMuslimA Muslim, also spelled Moslem, is an adherent of Islam, a monotheistic, Abrahamic religion based on the Quran, which Muslims consider the verbatim word of God as revealed to prophet Muhammad. "Muslim" is the Arabic term for "submitter" .Muslims believe that God is one and incomparable...
in 2010. Founder of the Bestway GroupBestway-Background:Bestway Group is UK’s second largest Cash & Carry operator, and is the second largest cement producer in Pakistan; and joint owners of Pakistan’s third largest bank; they are the largest overseas Pakistani investor with investments in excess of US$1.0 billion.-History:In 1976 Sir Anwar...
. His company is based in BrentBrentBrent is Old English, place name and surname. The place name can be from Celtic words meaning "holy one" , or "high place," literally, "from a steep hill"...
though he now lives with his family in BeaconsfieldBeaconsfieldBeaconsfield is a market town and civil parish operating as a town council within the South Bucks district in Buckinghamshire, England. It lies northwest of Charing Cross in Central London, and south-east of the county town of Aylesbury...
, South Bucks. - Hanif KureishiHanif KureishiHanif Kureishi CBE is an English playwright, screenwriter and filmmaker, novelist and short story writer. The themes of his work have touched on topics of race, nationalism, immigration, and sexuality...
- Playwright, screenwriter and filmmaker, novelist and short story writer. - Owais ShahOwais ShahOwais Alam Shah is an English cricketer. A middle-order batsman, he played for Middlesex between 1996-2010, before joining Essex CCC in the winter of 2010. He has represented England in all forms of the games.Between 2001 and 2009, he played 71 ODIs and 17 Twenty20 Internationals...
- A KarachiKarachiKarachi is the largest city, main seaport and the main financial centre of Pakistan, as well as the capital of the province of Sindh. The city has an estimated population of 13 to 15 million, while the total metropolitan area has a population of over 18 million...
origin cricketer who plays for MiddlesexMiddlesex County Cricket ClubMiddlesex County Cricket Club is one of the 18 major county clubs which make up the English and Welsh domestic cricket structure, representing the historic county of Middlesex. It was announced in February 2009 that Middlesex changed their limited overs name from the Middlesex Crusaders, to the...
and has appeared for England in a number of One Day Internationals and test matches. - Riz LateefRiz LateefRizwana Lateef is a newsreader and main presenter of the BBC's regional television news service for London, BBC London.-Early life:After secondary school, Riz undertook a journalism course at the Polytechnic of Central London and then attended the Cranfield School of Management, in Bedfordshire,...
- A news reader for BBC London NewsBBC London NewsFor other uses of the BBC London brand, see BBC London .BBC London News is the BBC's regional television news programme for the English region encompassing London and surrounding suburbs...
and the BBC Deputy News Manager.
See also
- Pakistan – United Kingdom relations
- List of British Asian people
- British AsianBritish AsianBritish Asian is a term used to describe British citizens who descended from mainly South Asia, also known as South Asians in the United Kingdom...
- British Pakistani
- List of British people of Pakistani descent