Mosquito laser
Encyclopedia
The mosquito laser is a device invented by astrophysicist Lowell Wood
to kill large numbers of mosquitoes to reduce the chance of people being infected with malaria
. Mosquitoes can carry the blood parasite of the genus plasmodium
, which causes malaria. According to the World Health Organization
, an estimated 300 million cases of malaria occur each year, causing over a million deaths per year. Although originally introduced in the early 1980s, the idea was not substantially researched until decades later. In 2007, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
requested Intellectual Ventures LLC to find a way to fight and eventually end malaria. Intellectual Ventures resurrected the idea of using lasers to kill mosquitoes and now has a working prototype. The idea has been criticized because most areas where malaria runs rampant do not have reliable electrical power.
Reducing mosquito populations may also prevent other harmful diseases carried by mosquitoes. In addition to malaria, mosquitoes are also known carriers of West Nile encephalitis and West Nile meningitis, a viral disease which affects the nervous system and the brain. In 2009, 663 people in the United States were infected with West Nile Virus resulting in 30 fatalities.
(SDI), also known as “Star Wars,” suggested designing a system to kill mosquitoes with lasers. Soon after, the idea was followed up by many scientists at Intellectual Ventures and mosquitoes were being shot down within a year.
The original Idea incorporates laser technology that stems from the SDI, scaled down to insects. Although the malaria-causing parasite is gone from most developed nations, it is getting worse in undeveloped countries, and it is also becoming more resistant to drugs. Rather than continue with drugs or other pesticides, the mosquito laser takes a more direct approach by instantly killing mosquitoes or burning off their wings and rendering them harmless. One of the design goals was to minimize collateral damage to other species and the environment.
The laser, referred to by some as a WMD (Weapon of Mosquito Destruction), works effectively at a range of 100 feet (approx. 30 meters). Although the team at Intellectual Ventures is confident in the effectiveness of the laser, they do not expect it to eliminate malaria altogether. They believe several technologies must be combined for maximum eradication and minimal cost.
. Dr. Lowell Wood worked with Edward Teller
, the father of the hydrogen bomb, and architect of the SDI anti-missile Laser program. Currently there are several scientists involved with the project, including scientist Jordin Kare
, PhD, and principal investigator Eric (3ric) Johanson. These scientists’ knowledge spans several fields; the scientists include engineers, an insect physiologist, an optical specialist, a computational modeling scientist, and an epidemiologist.
The information gathered by the non-lethal laser can be used to determine the type of insect, and even its gender because wing beat patterns are unique to each species and gender. This is important in preventing malaria because only female mosquitoes bite humans. Also, only mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles
carry the malaria causing-parasite of the genus plasmodium. All of these determining calculations are done using a custom image processing board using software written specifically for this application. Once the software confirms that the insect is of the targeted species and gender, a safety check makes sure that nothing is in the way of the laser and the mosquito. Once this safety check is completed, the lethal laser is given permission to shoot.
The lethal laser could be one of several low-power consumer lasers, but blue laser
s, similar to the ones found in Blu-ray players, are thought to have great potential. Blue lasers are used in preference to other color lasers, such as green and red because they have higher energy, and they also minimize the amount of power used. The lethal laser is fired at the mosquito and is able to kill it mid-flight. The exact reason for the mosquito’s death is unknown, but it is likely that the mosquito simply overheats and dies. In a video published by Intellectual Ventures, the mosquito's wings appear to be sliced off and the body drops to the floor, often motionless. Jordin Kare has published instructions on how to build a DIY
photonic fence.. Eric Johanson published information about the history of the device and how the system works in Make Magazine Issue 23.
, co-founder of Intellectual Ventures, the Photonic Fence can kill up to 50 to 100 mosquitoes a second, at a maximum range of 100 ft. Myhrvold claims that the laser would be able to shoot down billions of mosquitoes a night., though a single laser running at 100 kills per second for 12 hours would kill only 12*60*60*100=4,320,000 mosquitoes. At that rate, 230 lasers are needed for each billion-per-night killed.
Lowell Wood
Lowell Wood is an American astrophysicist who has been involved with the Strategic Defense Initiative and with geoengineering studies. He has been affiliated with Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and the Hoover Institution, and chaired the EMP Commission. Wood invented the Mosquito laser.-...
to kill large numbers of mosquitoes to reduce the chance of people being infected with malaria
Malaria
Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease of humans and other animals caused by eukaryotic protists of the genus Plasmodium. The disease results from the multiplication of Plasmodium parasites within red blood cells, causing symptoms that typically include fever and headache, in severe cases...
. Mosquitoes can carry the blood parasite of the genus plasmodium
Plasmodium
Plasmodium is a genus of parasitic protists. Infection by these organisms is known as malaria. The genus Plasmodium was described in 1885 by Ettore Marchiafava and Angelo Celli. Currently over 200 species of this genus are recognized and new species continue to be described.Of the over 200 known...
, which causes malaria. According to the World Health Organization
World Health Organization
The World Health Organization is a specialized agency of the United Nations that acts as a coordinating authority on international public health. Established on 7 April 1948, with headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland, the agency inherited the mandate and resources of its predecessor, the Health...
, an estimated 300 million cases of malaria occur each year, causing over a million deaths per year. Although originally introduced in the early 1980s, the idea was not substantially researched until decades later. In 2007, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation is the largest transparently operated private foundation in the world, founded by Bill and Melinda Gates. It is "driven by the interests and passions of the Gates family"...
requested Intellectual Ventures LLC to find a way to fight and eventually end malaria. Intellectual Ventures resurrected the idea of using lasers to kill mosquitoes and now has a working prototype. The idea has been criticized because most areas where malaria runs rampant do not have reliable electrical power.
Reducing mosquito populations may also prevent other harmful diseases carried by mosquitoes. In addition to malaria, mosquitoes are also known carriers of West Nile encephalitis and West Nile meningitis, a viral disease which affects the nervous system and the brain. In 2009, 663 people in the United States were infected with West Nile Virus resulting in 30 fatalities.
Initial vision
At a brainstorming session in 2007, to think of solutions for malaria, Dr. Wood, one of the architects of the Strategic Defense InitiativeStrategic Defense Initiative
The Strategic Defense Initiative was proposed by U.S. President Ronald Reagan on March 23, 1983 to use ground and space-based systems to protect the United States from attack by strategic nuclear ballistic missiles. The initiative focused on strategic defense rather than the prior strategic...
(SDI), also known as “Star Wars,” suggested designing a system to kill mosquitoes with lasers. Soon after, the idea was followed up by many scientists at Intellectual Ventures and mosquitoes were being shot down within a year.
The original Idea incorporates laser technology that stems from the SDI, scaled down to insects. Although the malaria-causing parasite is gone from most developed nations, it is getting worse in undeveloped countries, and it is also becoming more resistant to drugs. Rather than continue with drugs or other pesticides, the mosquito laser takes a more direct approach by instantly killing mosquitoes or burning off their wings and rendering them harmless. One of the design goals was to minimize collateral damage to other species and the environment.
The laser, referred to by some as a WMD (Weapon of Mosquito Destruction), works effectively at a range of 100 feet (approx. 30 meters). Although the team at Intellectual Ventures is confident in the effectiveness of the laser, they do not expect it to eliminate malaria altogether. They believe several technologies must be combined for maximum eradication and minimal cost.
Scientists involved
The team includes several scientists that previously worked at Lawrence Livermore National LaboratoryLawrence Livermore National Laboratory
The Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , just outside Livermore, California, is a Federally Funded Research and Development Center founded by the University of California in 1952...
. Dr. Lowell Wood worked with Edward Teller
Edward Teller
Edward Teller was a Hungarian-American theoretical physicist, known colloquially as "the father of the hydrogen bomb," even though he did not care for the title. Teller made numerous contributions to nuclear and molecular physics, spectroscopy , and surface physics...
, the father of the hydrogen bomb, and architect of the SDI anti-missile Laser program. Currently there are several scientists involved with the project, including scientist Jordin Kare
Jordin Kare
Jordin Kare is a physicist and aerospace engineer known for his research on laser propulsion. In particular, he was responsible for Mockingbird, a conceptual design for an extremely small reusable launch vehicle, and was involved in the Clementine lunar mapping mission.Kare is also known as...
, PhD, and principal investigator Eric (3ric) Johanson. These scientists’ knowledge spans several fields; the scientists include engineers, an insect physiologist, an optical specialist, a computational modeling scientist, and an epidemiologist.
Implementations
Several concepts were explored, considering cost and efficiency. Devised implementations included a hand-held model, flying drones, and the current prototype, the Photonic Fence. As of early 2008, Intellectual Venture's prototype consisted of a hand-held laser, capable of shooting down mosquitoes in limited amounts. The Intellectual Ventures scientists once suggested attaching a mosquito laser system to a small flying drone so that it could patrol the air. The current prototype idea being pursued is a perimeter based implementation known as the Photonic Fence.Photonic fence
The device works by using infra-red Light Emitting Diode (LED) lamps on a fence post to create a field of light. This field of light reflects from retroreflective material on another fence post, much like that used on roads and highway signs, and bounces back to its source. This field of light is monitored by charge-coupled devices (CCDs) similar to the ones used in consumer digital cameras. These cameras are situated on both fence posts and detect shadows in the light between the posts. Once an insect is detected, a non-lethal laser is fired at it. This non-lethal laser is used to determine the size of the insect, and the frequency at which its wings are beating.The information gathered by the non-lethal laser can be used to determine the type of insect, and even its gender because wing beat patterns are unique to each species and gender. This is important in preventing malaria because only female mosquitoes bite humans. Also, only mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles
Anopheles
Anopheles is a genus of mosquito. There are approximately 460 recognized species: while over 100 can transmit human malaria, only 30–40 commonly transmit parasites of the genus Plasmodium, which cause malaria in humans in endemic areas...
carry the malaria causing-parasite of the genus plasmodium. All of these determining calculations are done using a custom image processing board using software written specifically for this application. Once the software confirms that the insect is of the targeted species and gender, a safety check makes sure that nothing is in the way of the laser and the mosquito. Once this safety check is completed, the lethal laser is given permission to shoot.
The lethal laser could be one of several low-power consumer lasers, but blue laser
Blue laser
A so-called blue laser is a laser that emits electromagnetic radiation at a wavelength of between 360 and 480 nanometres, which the human eye sees as blue or violet. Diode lasers which emit light at 445 nm are becoming popular as handheld lasers. Light of a shorter wavelength than 400 nm is...
s, similar to the ones found in Blu-ray players, are thought to have great potential. Blue lasers are used in preference to other color lasers, such as green and red because they have higher energy, and they also minimize the amount of power used. The lethal laser is fired at the mosquito and is able to kill it mid-flight. The exact reason for the mosquito’s death is unknown, but it is likely that the mosquito simply overheats and dies. In a video published by Intellectual Ventures, the mosquito's wings appear to be sliced off and the body drops to the floor, often motionless. Jordin Kare has published instructions on how to build a DIY
Do it yourself
Do it yourself is a term used to describe building, modifying, or repairing of something without the aid of experts or professionals...
photonic fence.. Eric Johanson published information about the history of the device and how the system works in Make Magazine Issue 23.
Effectiveness
The Photonic Fence is thought to be best deployed surrounding buildings, such as hospitals and schools, or even whole villages, in an effort to reduce the spread of malaria. According to Nathan MyhrvoldNathan Myhrvold
Nathan Paul Myhrvold , formerly Chief Technology Officer at Microsoft, is co-founder of Intellectual Ventures. Myhrvold, usually with coinventors, holds 17 U.S. patents assigned to Microsoft and has applied for more than 500 patents. In addition, Myhrvold and coinventors hold 115 U.S...
, co-founder of Intellectual Ventures, the Photonic Fence can kill up to 50 to 100 mosquitoes a second, at a maximum range of 100 ft. Myhrvold claims that the laser would be able to shoot down billions of mosquitoes a night., though a single laser running at 100 kills per second for 12 hours would kill only 12*60*60*100=4,320,000 mosquitoes. At that rate, 230 lasers are needed for each billion-per-night killed.
Cost
The Photonic Fence can be manufactured from parts used in current generation consumer technology and is projected to be relatively low cost. Myhrvold believes it can be made for around $50 per unit; however, Intellectual Ventures does not intend to manufacture the units, but rather to come up with a final design. The prototype of the fence was built with parts bought on eBay. All three stages of the photonic fence can be made from this consumer technology. When the device is looking for mosquitoes that pass its field of vision, it uses basic infra-red LEDs, and light sensors from modern digital cameras. To target and kill the mosquitoes it uses similar laser technology as what is in optical devices such as DVD, or Blu-Ray disc drives.Environmental and ecological concerns
The collateral damage to the non-malaria-carrying insect population from the Photonic Fence is thought to be low. Since the system can rapidly determine its target by wing beat frequency, it can be set to target only the female mosquitoes, who are the carriers of malaria in certain species of mosquitoes. Furthermore, this distinction allows it to avoid species of insects which don't spread disease, such as bees. The risk for collateral damage is minimized because the prototype checks the target and the kill-laser is barely strong enough to destroy mosquito tissue. The laser, as a replacement for pesticides, does not cause widespread environmental damage that pesticides do.Effectiveness
The Photonic Fence is thought to be best deployed surrounding buildings, such as hospitals and schools, or even whole villages, in an effort to reduce the spread of malaria. According to Nathan Myhrvold, co-founder of Intellectual Ventures, the Photonic Fence can kill up to 50 to 100 mosquitoes a second, at a maximum range of 100 ft. [23] Myhrvold claims that the laser would be able to shoot down billions of mosquitoes a night.Expert criticism
Although there has been positive public reaction, experts have expressed doubts as to the effectiveness of the Photonic Fence in the field. According to Dr. Bart Knols, a mosquito and malaria expert, the system would not work because of high cost and troubles with electrical power in Africa. The Photonic Fence has only been used in a lab setting.External links
- Laser pest control Overview article on physics.org May 2010
- Nathan Myhrvold: Could this laser zap malaria? TEDTED (conference)TED is a global set of conferences owned by the private non-profit Sapling Foundation, formed to disseminate "ideas worth spreading"....
lecture with demonstration Feb 2010