Million Programme
Encyclopedia
The Million Programme is the common name for an ambitious housing programme implemented in Sweden
between 1965 and 1974 by the governing Swedish Social Democratic Party
to make sure everyone could have a home at a reasonable price. The aim of the programme was to build a million new dwellings in a 10-year period (hence the project's name). At the same time, a large proportion of the older unmodernised housing stock was demolished.
In the end, about 1,006,000 new dwellings were built. The net result was an increase in Sweden’s housing stock of 650,000 new apartments and houses, with a general rise in quality, arguably at the expense of aesthetics.
and Årsta
. One of the main aims behind the planning of these residential areas was to create "good democratic citizens". The means of achieving this were to build at high quality with a good range of services including schools, nurseries, churches, public spaces, libraries, and meeting places for different groups of households. A principal aim, although ultimately unsuccessful, was to mix and integrate different groups of households through the spatial mixing of tenures. Most of the apartments were of the "standard three room apartment" type (Swedish: normaltrea) of 75 m², planned for a model family of two adults and two children.
While the programme did succeed in creating one million dwellings, many have criticised its execution and aftermath.
The most common complaint is that it created too many "ugly concrete buildings" which ruined the cityscape. Only 16% of the buildings actually used concrete on the exterior, and almost half the development was constructed as single-family homes, but the program is now popularly associated with the so called "concrete suburbs", i.e. dull, grey, low-status suburbs made mainly out of concrete slabs. The architecture
in these areas is criticised for being sterile and some have even compared the buildings to those found in former Eastern Bloc
countries called Panelák
especially East Germany (Plattenbau
). The three well-known suburbs Rinkeby
(in Stockholm
), Hammarkullen
(in Gothenburg
) and Rosengård
(in Malmö
) were all created as a part of the programme and have become symbols of the era. Many have complained about the fact that the Million Programme suburbs have been "taken over" by immigrants. In nearly all of the Million Programme suburbs the concentration of immigrants is very high. The most common complaints are about the high crime rate and the high racial
and social segregation in the suburbs.
Well known Million Programme districts include:
constructs created by the swedish community, as a basis for reshaping of some of their projects.
Sweden
Sweden , officially the Kingdom of Sweden , is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden borders with Norway and Finland and is connected to Denmark by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund....
between 1965 and 1974 by the governing Swedish Social Democratic Party
Swedish Social Democratic Party
The Swedish Social Democratic Workers' Party, , contesting elections as 'the Workers' Party – the Social Democrats' , or sometimes referred to just as 'the Social Democrats' and most commonly as Sossarna ; is the oldest and largest political party in Sweden. The party was founded in 1889...
to make sure everyone could have a home at a reasonable price. The aim of the programme was to build a million new dwellings in a 10-year period (hence the project's name). At the same time, a large proportion of the older unmodernised housing stock was demolished.
In the end, about 1,006,000 new dwellings were built. The net result was an increase in Sweden’s housing stock of 650,000 new apartments and houses, with a general rise in quality, arguably at the expense of aesthetics.
Design
The new Million Programme residential areas were greatly inspired by early suburban neighbourhoods such as VällingbyVällingby
Vällingby is a suburban district in Västerort in the north-western part of Stockholm Municipality, Sweden.Vällingby was planned in the early 1950s as a new town...
and Årsta
Årsta
Årsta may refer to:* a Stockholm district, west of Hammarby and south of Södermalm, across the Årstaviken gulf of Lake Mälaren, see Enskede-Årsta borough* Årsta Castle, a castle in the municipality of Haninge, Stockholm County...
. One of the main aims behind the planning of these residential areas was to create "good democratic citizens". The means of achieving this were to build at high quality with a good range of services including schools, nurseries, churches, public spaces, libraries, and meeting places for different groups of households. A principal aim, although ultimately unsuccessful, was to mix and integrate different groups of households through the spatial mixing of tenures. Most of the apartments were of the "standard three room apartment" type (Swedish: normaltrea) of 75 m², planned for a model family of two adults and two children.
Common misconception
A common misconception of the Million Programme is that most (or all) of the residentials are tower blocks of concrete. In fact, the majority of the housing stock consists of apartment buildings with three or fewer floors, terraced houses and one-family houses.Criticisms
The most common complaint is that it created too many "ugly concrete buildings" which ruined the cityscape. Only 16% of the buildings actually used concrete on the exterior, and almost half the development was constructed as single-family homes, but the program is now popularly associated with the so called "concrete suburbs", i.e. dull, grey, low-status suburbs made mainly out of concrete slabs. The architecture
Architecture
Architecture is both the process and product of planning, designing and construction. Architectural works, in the material form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural and political symbols and as works of art...
in these areas is criticised for being sterile and some have even compared the buildings to those found in former Eastern Bloc
Eastern bloc
The term Eastern Bloc or Communist Bloc refers to the former communist states of Eastern and Central Europe, generally the Soviet Union and the countries of the Warsaw Pact...
countries called Panelák
Panelák
is a colloquial term in Czech and Slovak for a panel building constructed of pre-fabricated, pre-stressed concrete, such as those extant in Czech Republic and elsewhere in the former Soviet bloc...
especially East Germany (Plattenbau
Plattenbau
Plattenbau is the German word for a building whose structure is constructed of large, prefabricated concrete slabs. The word is a compound of Platte and Bau...
). The three well-known suburbs Rinkeby
Rinkeby
Rinkeby is a district in Rinkeby-Kista borough, Stockholm, Sweden. Rinkeby had 15,051 inhabitants as at December 31, 2007.Rinkeby is noted for its high concentration of immigrants and people with immigrant ancestry...
(in Stockholm
Stockholm
Stockholm is the capital and the largest city of Sweden and constitutes the most populated urban area in Scandinavia. Stockholm is the most populous city in Sweden, with a population of 851,155 in the municipality , 1.37 million in the urban area , and around 2.1 million in the metropolitan area...
), Hammarkullen
Angered
Angered is a suburb in Gothenburg Municipality, Sweden. Angered is the biggest Million Programme area in Gothenburg, and one of the biggest in the country with 40 000 inhabitants....
(in Gothenburg
Gothenburg
Gothenburg is the second-largest city in Sweden and the fifth-largest in the Nordic countries. Situated on the west coast of Sweden, the city proper has a population of 519,399, with 549,839 in the urban area and total of 937,015 inhabitants in the metropolitan area...
) and Rosengård
Rosengård
Rosengård, literally "Rose court", is a city district in Malmö, Sweden. As of 1 January 2007, the population was 21,955, of which 60 percent were born outside of Sweden. In 2008 a total 86% of the population in the city district was of foreign background...
(in Malmö
Malmö
Malmö , in the southernmost province of Scania, is the third most populous city in Sweden, after Stockholm and Gothenburg.Malmö is the seat of Malmö Municipality and the capital of Skåne County...
) were all created as a part of the programme and have become symbols of the era. Many have complained about the fact that the Million Programme suburbs have been "taken over" by immigrants. In nearly all of the Million Programme suburbs the concentration of immigrants is very high. The most common complaints are about the high crime rate and the high racial
Racial segregation
Racial segregation is the separation of humans into racial groups in daily life. It may apply to activities such as eating in a restaurant, drinking from a water fountain, using a public toilet, attending school, going to the movies, or in the rental or purchase of a home...
and social segregation in the suburbs.
Million Programme districts
- RinkebyRinkebyRinkeby is a district in Rinkeby-Kista borough, Stockholm, Sweden. Rinkeby had 15,051 inhabitants as at December 31, 2007.Rinkeby is noted for its high concentration of immigrants and people with immigrant ancestry...
, TenstaTenstaTensta is a district in Spånga-Tensta borough, Stockholm, Sweden. There are about 6,000 apartments in Tensta and a population of 17,083 as of December 31, 2007....
and HusbyHusbyHusby is the name of many Swedish farms and villages. Originally, they formed a network of royal estates, called Uppsala öd, that were the property of the Swedish king....
in StockholmStockholmStockholm is the capital and the largest city of Sweden and constitutes the most populated urban area in Scandinavia. Stockholm is the most populous city in Sweden, with a population of 851,155 in the municipality , 1.37 million in the urban area , and around 2.1 million in the metropolitan area... - BredängBredängBredäng is a suburb in south-west Stockholm, Sweden. It is a part of Skärholmen borough and is named after a former farm in the area. Bredäng has an 18th century mansion, Jakobsbergs Gård, named after its first owner, Jakob Graver. Bredäng consists predominantly of 1960s apartment blocks and has a...
, Skärholmen and VårbergVårbergVårberg is a suburb of Stockholm, in Skärholmen borough in the South Stockholm region. It borders Skärholmen, Vårby gård, Huddinge, Estbröte, Kungshatt, and Ekerö. It has an area of 197 hectares of land and 65 hectares of water. Its population is 8,454 as of 31 December 2007...
in StockholmStockholmStockholm is the capital and the largest city of Sweden and constitutes the most populated urban area in Scandinavia. Stockholm is the most populous city in Sweden, with a population of 851,155 in the municipality , 1.37 million in the urban area , and around 2.1 million in the metropolitan area... - Vårby gårdVårby gård metro stationVårby gård is a station in the Stockholm Metro in the Vårby district of Stockholm. The station was opened in 1972.As part of Art in the Stockholm Metro project, the station features a Flora mural, created by Rolf Bergström 1999....
, MasmoMasmoMasmo is a suburban district south of Stockholm and part of Huddinge Municipality. The metro station was opened in 1972....
, AlbyAlby, BotkyrkaAlby is a suburb in Botkyrka Municipality within the Stockholm urban area.Alby has one of the 100 stations of the Stockholm metro system.Alby, a municipal area in Botkyrka, with a population of approximately 10,000, has a very high concentration of immigrants...
, FittjaFittjaFittja is a part of Botkyrka Municipality and the name of the Stockholm Metro station in the area. It was settled during the 1970s and consists mostly of rental apartments. As of 2008, there were 7,458 people living in Fittja; 64.7% of them were of non-Swedish origin, of which 25.1% non-Swedish...
and HallundaHallundaHallunda is a part of Botkyrka Municipality, Stockholm County, Sweden. Hallunda and Norsborg are continuous suburbs....
in Botkyrka outside StockholmStockholmStockholm is the capital and the largest city of Sweden and constitutes the most populated urban area in Scandinavia. Stockholm is the most populous city in Sweden, with a population of 851,155 in the municipality , 1.37 million in the urban area , and around 2.1 million in the metropolitan area... - JordbroJordbroJordbro is a suburban locality situated in Haninge Municipality, Stockholm County, Sweden with 9,316 inhabitants in 2005.The suburb is separated in two by the Stockholm commuter rail. Route 73 , passes just east of Jordbro and connects Stockholm and Nynäshamn.East of the railway lies a housing area...
and BrandbergenBrandbergenBrandbergen, is a suburb in Haninge Municipality, Stockholm County, Sweden. It is located 20 km south of Stockholm, and is a residential area built in late 1960s to early 1970s, consisting of more than 6 000 flats, most of them are rental flats, some of them are society-owned...
in Haninge outside StockholmStockholmStockholm is the capital and the largest city of Sweden and constitutes the most populated urban area in Scandinavia. Stockholm is the most populous city in Sweden, with a population of 851,155 in the municipality , 1.37 million in the urban area , and around 2.1 million in the metropolitan area... - HallonbergenHallonbergenHallonbergen is a suburb of Stockholm, Sweden.Hallonbergen, which has about 4,750 inhabitants, located in Sundbyberg Municipality in the north west of Stockholm, is a fairly typical 1960-1970s area of dense Million Programme housing in the style of multi-level concrete apartment buildings...
in Sundbyberg - HagalundHagalundHagalund is a residential area and railway yard in Solna Municipality, 5km north of central Stockholm. It is known for the blue skyscrapers "Blåkulla" which, against a rather strong and long-lasting opinion, in the beginning of the 1970s replaced a picturesque working-class and craftsman...
in SolnaSolna MunicipalitySolna Municipality is a municipality in Stockholm County in east central Sweden, located just north of the capital Stockholm. Its seat is located in the 'city' of Solna.... - Malmvägen in Sollentuna
- Hjällbo, HammarkullenAngeredAngered is a suburb in Gothenburg Municipality, Sweden. Angered is the biggest Million Programme area in Gothenburg, and one of the biggest in the country with 40 000 inhabitants....
and several others in AngeredAngeredAngered is a suburb in Gothenburg Municipality, Sweden. Angered is the biggest Million Programme area in Gothenburg, and one of the biggest in the country with 40 000 inhabitants....
outside GothenburgGothenburgGothenburg is the second-largest city in Sweden and the fifth-largest in the Nordic countries. Situated on the west coast of Sweden, the city proper has a population of 519,399, with 549,839 in the urban area and total of 937,015 inhabitants in the metropolitan area... - BergsjönBergsjönBergsjön is a district in eastern Gothenburg, Sweden. On January 1, 2011, Bergsjön and Kortedala together became the Eastern District of Gothenburg, as a part of a larger reorganization of the City of Gothenburg where the number of district councils has been halved to ten. Bergsjön, as part of...
and KortedalaKortedalaKortedala is a district, mainly residential , in the north-eastern part of Gothenburg in western Sweden. The area houses a population of around 10,000 inhabitants and is one of the typical 1950s suburbs of Gothenburg. The area is very lush and green with many trees and parks...
outside GothenburgGothenburgGothenburg is the second-largest city in Sweden and the fifth-largest in the Nordic countries. Situated on the west coast of Sweden, the city proper has a population of 519,399, with 549,839 in the urban area and total of 937,015 inhabitants in the metropolitan area... - BiskopsgårdenBiskopsgårdenBiskopsgården is a district in Gothenburg Municipality, Sweden.- History :Today you can find the first trace of humans by the hillsides that was once beaches in an archipelago....
outside GothenburgGothenburgGothenburg is the second-largest city in Sweden and the fifth-largest in the Nordic countries. Situated on the west coast of Sweden, the city proper has a population of 519,399, with 549,839 in the urban area and total of 937,015 inhabitants in the metropolitan area... - Hisings-Backa in GothenburgGothenburgGothenburg is the second-largest city in Sweden and the fifth-largest in the Nordic countries. Situated on the west coast of Sweden, the city proper has a population of 519,399, with 549,839 in the urban area and total of 937,015 inhabitants in the metropolitan area...
- RosengårdRosengårdRosengård, literally "Rose court", is a city district in Malmö, Sweden. As of 1 January 2007, the population was 21,955, of which 60 percent were born outside of Sweden. In 2008 a total 86% of the population in the city district was of foreign background...
, HermodsdalHermodsdalHermodsdal is a neighbourhood of Malmö, situated in the Borough of Fosie, Malmö Municipality, Skåne County, Sweden....
, KroksbäckKroksbäckKroksbäck is a neighbourhood of Malmö, situated in the Borough of Hyllie, Malmö Municipality, Skåne County, Sweden....
, BellevuegårdenBellevuegårdenBellevuegården is a neighbourhood of Malmö, situated in the Borough of Hyllie, Malmö Municipality, Skåne County, Sweden....
, LorensborgLorensborgLorensborg is a neighbourhood of Malmö, situated in the Borough of Hyllie, Malmö Municipality, Skåne County, Sweden....
, LindängenLindängenLindängen is a residential area in Malmö, Sweden, with 5,958 inhabitants ....
, HöjaHöjaHöja is a locality situated in Ängelholm Municipality, Skåne County, Sweden with 200 inhabitants in 2005....
and Holma in MalmöMalmöMalmö , in the southernmost province of Scania, is the third most populous city in Sweden, after Stockholm and Gothenburg.Malmö is the seat of Malmö Municipality and the capital of Skåne County... - Kronogården in TrollhättanTrollhättanTrollhättan is a city and the seat of Trollhättan Municipality, Västra Götaland County, Sweden with 44,498 inhabitants in 2005. It is located 75 km north of Sweden's second-largest city, Gothenburg....
- Kronoparken in KarlstadKarlstadKarlstad is a city, the seat of Karlstad Municipality, the capital of Värmland County, and the largest city in the province Värmland in Sweden. The city had 61,685 inhabitants in 2010 out of a municipal total that during the first quarter 2010 was 84,885 inhabitants...
- RydRyd, LinköpingRyd is a residential area in Linköping, Sweden, best known for housing the bulk of the Linköping University student body. They live in houses specifically assigned to LiU's students. Many of these homes are in the form of corridor rooms, where students have their own bedroom with an en-suite...
in LinköpingLinköpingLinköping is a city in southern middle Sweden, with 104 232 inhabitants in 2010. It is the seat of Linköping Municipality with 146 736 inhabitants and the capital of Östergötland County... - JohannelundJohannelundJohannelund is a residential suburb with more than 5000 inhabitants in the south of Linköping. Johannelund is adjoining the districts Tannefors, Hackefors, Hjulsbro, Berga, Ekholmen, Vimanshäll and Hejdegården...
in LinköpingLinköpingLinköping is a city in southern middle Sweden, with 104 232 inhabitants in 2010. It is the seat of Linköping Municipality with 146 736 inhabitants and the capital of Östergötland County... - EkholmenEkholmenEkholmen is a residential area in the south of Linköping, Sweden. The area was built in the early 1970s, on land belonging mainly to the farming estates Blästad and Ekholmen, and is locted in Landeryd Parish....
in LinköpingLinköpingLinköping is a city in southern middle Sweden, with 104 232 inhabitants in 2010. It is the seat of Linköping Municipality with 146 736 inhabitants and the capital of Östergötland County... - BergaBerga, LinköpingBerga is a residential area in Linköping located in the southern part of the city. The river Tinnerbäcken runs through Berga. Berga has a center with a grocery, hairdresser, cafe, pizzeria, betting shop, clinic, dental services and pharmacy. There is also Berga church that has a circular...
in LinköpingLinköpingLinköping is a city in southern middle Sweden, with 104 232 inhabitants in 2010. It is the seat of Linköping Municipality with 146 736 inhabitants and the capital of Östergötland County... - SkäggetorpSkäggetorpSkäggetorp is a district in Linköping, located northwest of downtown. The buildings are mostly two-story and three-story buildings, both condominiums and apartment buildings, which are built around a large center with office buildings, shops, bank, pharmacy and other services...
in LinköpingLinköpingLinköping is a city in southern middle Sweden, with 104 232 inhabitants in 2010. It is the seat of Linköping Municipality with 146 736 inhabitants and the capital of Östergötland County... - GottsundaGottsundaGottsunda, is a suburb of Uppsala, Sweden. In 2007, it had 9 474 inhabitants of whom 4 610 had a foreign background. The name is derived form the farm Gottsunda, and Gutasund or Guttasund is mentioned in sources as far back as 1304...
and Eriksberg in UppsalaUppsala- Economy :Today Uppsala is well established in medical research and recognized for its leading position in biotechnology.*Abbott Medical Optics *GE Healthcare*Pfizer *Phadia, an offshoot of Pharmacia*Fresenius*Q-Med... - HertsönHertsön (district)-External links:* at Luleå Municipality...
in LuleåLuleå- Transportation :Local buses are run by .A passenger train service is available from Luleå Centralstation on Sweden's national SJ railway service northbound to Narvik on the Norwegian coast, or southbound to Stockholm. See Rail transport in Sweden.... - ArabyArabyAraby may refer to:* Araby , a historic home listed on the NRHP* "Araby" , from James Joyce's 1914 Dubliners* Araby , a country in the Warhammer Fantasy setting by Games Workshop* Araby, LA, USA...
in VäxjöVäxjöVäxjö is a city and the seat of Växjö Municipality, Kronoberg County, Sweden with 64 200 inhabitants in 2010. It is the administrative, cultural and industrial centre of Kronoberg County. Furthermore it is the episcopal see of the Diocese of Växjö. It has a population of about 64 200, out of a... - ÅlidhemÅlidhem-External links:* at Umeå Municipality...
in UmeåUmeå- Transport :The road infrastructure in Umeå is well-developed, with two European highways passing through the city. About 4 km from the city centre is the Umeå City Airport... - MariehemMariehem-External links:* at Umeå Municipality...
in UmeåUmeå- Transport :The road infrastructure in Umeå is well-developed, with two European highways passing through the city. About 4 km from the city centre is the Umeå City Airport... - ÅrbyÅrbyÅrby or Årby housing projects is one of the public housing and private owned developments in Eskilstuna, Sweden. The housing opened in the 1960s as a result of the Million Programme by the Swedish government.- Location :...
in EskilstunaEskilstunaEskilstuna is a city and the seat of Eskilstuna Municipality, Södermanland County, Sweden with 60,185 inhabitants in 2005. Eskilstuna has a large Sweden Finn population.... - Hässleholmen and NorrbyNorrbyNorrby is a village in Vormsi Parish, Lääne County, in western Estonia....
in BoråsBoråsBorås is a locality and the seat of Borås Municipality, Västra Götaland County, Sweden. It had 63,441 inhabitants in 2005.- Geography :Borås is located at the point of two crossing railways, among them the railway between Gothenburg and Kalmar, and is often considered the Swedish city gaining the... - Råslätt in JönköpingJönköping-Notable people:*Lillian Asplund, RMS Titanic survivor*John Bauer, illustrator, painter*Amy Diamond, singer*Agnetha Fältskog, ABBA*Carl Henrik Fredriksson, editor-in-chief and co-founder of Eurozine*Anders Gustafsson, kayaker, Olympian...
- Ryd, Skövde in SkövdeSkövdeSkövde is a locality and the seat of Skövde Municipality, Västra Götaland County, Sweden with 34 446 inhabitants .Skövde is situated some 150 km northeast of Gothenburg, between Sweden's two largest lakes, Vänern and Vättern. It sits on the eastern slope of a low mountain ridge Billingen ,...
- HagebyHagebyHageby is a miljonprogrammet area in southern Norrköping, Sweden mostly made up of multi-family residential buildings built between the years of 1950 and 1960.One of the biggest shopping malls in Sweden is also located in Hageby.-Sources:...
in NorrköpingNorrköpingNorrköping is a city in the province of Östergötland in eastern Sweden and the seat of Norrköping Municipality, Östergötland County. The city has a population of 87,247 inhabitants in 2010, out of a municipal total of 130,050, making it Sweden's tenth largest city and eighth largest... - Navestad in NorrköpingNorrköpingNorrköping is a city in the province of Östergötland in eastern Sweden and the seat of Norrköping Municipality, Östergötland County. The city has a population of 87,247 inhabitants in 2010, out of a municipal total of 130,050, making it Sweden's tenth largest city and eighth largest...
- Ekön in MotalaMotalaMotala is a locality and the seat of Motala Municipality, Östergötland County, Sweden with 29,798 inhabitants in 2005. It is the third largest city of Östergötland, following Linköping and Norrköping...
- Norrliden in KalmarKalmarKalmar is a city in Småland in the south-east of Sweden, situated by the Baltic Sea. It had 62,767 inhabitants in 2010 and is the seat of Kalmar Municipality. It is also the capital of Kalmar County, which comprises 12 municipalities with a total of 233,776 inhabitants .From the thirteenth to the...
- Norra FäladenNorra FäladenNorra Fäladen is a city district in Lund, Sweden. Most parts of Norra Fäladen was built during the 60's and 70's, when there was an extensive program for building new apartments throughout Sweden ....
and Klostergården in LundLund-Main sights:During the 12th and 13th centuries, when the town was the seat of the archbishop, many churches and monasteries were built. At its peak, Lund had 27 churches, but most of them were demolished as result of the Reformation in 1536. Several medieval buildings remain, including Lund... - Korsbacka in KävlingeKävlingeKävlinge is a locality and the seat of Kävlinge Municipality, Skåne County, Sweden with 8,550 inhabitants in 2005.In 1996, a train containing large amounts of ammonia derailed and around 9,000 people had to be evacuated from the area...
- Skogslyckan and Dalaberg in UddevallaUddevallaUddevalla is a city and the seat of Uddevalla Municipality, Västra Götaland County, Sweden with 30,513 inhabitants in 2005.It is located at the bay Byfjorden, of the south-eastern part of the sea known as Skagerrak...
- RostaRostaRosta or Rustah was the name of a district in Isfahan area in Iran attested in historical sources. The Persian explorer Ibn Rustah was a native of Rosta....
in ÖrebroÖrebro-Sites of interest:Örebro's old town Wadköping is located on the banks of Svartån . It contains many 18th and 19th century wooden houses, along with museums and exhibitions.... - Andersberg in GävleGävleGävle is a city in Sweden, the seat of Gävle Municipality and the capital of Gävleborg County. It had 71,033 inhabitants in 12/31 2010. It is the oldest city in the historical Norrland , having received its charter in 1446 from Christopher of Bavaria.-History:It is believed that the name Gävle...
Trivia
Several property owners and construction companies have committed to use virtual MinecraftMinecraft
Minecraft is a sandbox-building independent video game written in Java originally by Swedish creator Markus "Notch" Persson and now by his company, Mojang, formed from the proceeds of the game. It was released as an alpha on May 17, 2009, with a beta version on December 20, 2010...
constructs created by the swedish community, as a basis for reshaping of some of their projects.