Microdictyon
Encyclopedia
Microdictyon is an extinct "armored worm
" coated with dot-like
scleritic
scales, known from the Early Cambrian
Maotianshan shale of Yunnan China. Microdictyon is sometimes included
in a somewhat ill-defined Phylum – Lobopodia
– that includes several
other odd worm-like and segmented free-swimming animal
s that do not appear
to be arthropods or worms. The phylum includes Microdictyon, Onychodictyon, Cardiodictyon,
Luolishania, Paucipodia
, as well as the
Anomalocarids
. The isolated sclerites of Microdictyon
are known from other Lower Cambrian
deposits. (The famous
Hallucigenia
from the Cambrian-age Burgess Shales was once considered to belong to the family Lobopodia
, but is now recognized as an Onychophoran, a relative of the velvet worm
s.)
Microdictyon sinicum (Chen, Hou and Lu, 1989) is typical. The
wormlike animal has ten pairs of sclerite
s on the sides, matched to a pair
of tentacle
-like feet below. The head
and posterior are tubular and
featureless.
In addition to the type species, eleven species:
A picture can be found at http://paws.wcu.edu/dperlmutr/earlyfauna.html.
----
The name Microdictyon is also used for a genus of green algae
.
Worm
The term worm refers to an obsolete taxon used by Carolus Linnaeus and Jean-Baptiste Lamarck for all non-arthropod invertebrate animals, and stems from the Old English word wyrm. Currently it is used to describe many different distantly-related animals that typically have a long cylindrical...
" coated with dot-like
scleritic
Sclerite
A sclerite is a hardened body part. The term is used in various branches of biology for various structures including hardened portions of sponges, but it is most commonly used for the hardened portions of arthropod exoskeletons....
scales, known from the Early Cambrian
Cambrian
The Cambrian is the first geological period of the Paleozoic Era, lasting from Mya ; it is succeeded by the Ordovician. Its subdivisions, and indeed its base, are somewhat in flux. The period was established by Adam Sedgwick, who named it after Cambria, the Latin name for Wales, where Britain's...
Maotianshan shale of Yunnan China. Microdictyon is sometimes included
in a somewhat ill-defined Phylum – Lobopodia
Lobopodia
Lobopodia is a group of poorly understood animals, which mostly fall as a stem group of arthropods. Their fossil range dates back to the Early Cambrian. Lobopods are segmented and typically bear legs with hooked claws on their ends....
– that includes several
other odd worm-like and segmented free-swimming animal
Animal
Animals are a major group of multicellular, eukaryotic organisms of the kingdom Animalia or Metazoa. Their body plan eventually becomes fixed as they develop, although some undergo a process of metamorphosis later on in their life. Most animals are motile, meaning they can move spontaneously and...
s that do not appear
to be arthropods or worms. The phylum includes Microdictyon, Onychodictyon, Cardiodictyon,
Luolishania, Paucipodia
Paucipodia
Paucipodia inermis is a lobopod known from the Lower Cambrian Chengjiang lagerstätte. Its gut is puzzling; in some places, it is preserved in three dimensions, infilled with sediment; whereas in others it may be flat...
, as well as the
Anomalocarids
Anomalocaris
Anomalocaris is an extinct genus of anomalocaridid, which are, in turn, thought to be closely related to the arthropods. The first fossils of Anomalocaris were discovered in the Ogygopsis Shale by Joseph Frederick Whiteaves, with more examples found by Charles Doolittle Walcott in the famed...
. The isolated sclerites of Microdictyon
are known from other Lower Cambrian
Cambrian
The Cambrian is the first geological period of the Paleozoic Era, lasting from Mya ; it is succeeded by the Ordovician. Its subdivisions, and indeed its base, are somewhat in flux. The period was established by Adam Sedgwick, who named it after Cambria, the Latin name for Wales, where Britain's...
deposits. (The famous
Hallucigenia
Hallucigenia
Hallucigenia is an extinct genus of animal found as fossils in the Middle Cambrian-aged Burgess Shale formation of British Columbia, Canada, represented by the species H. sparsa, and in the Lower Cambrian Maotianshan shale of China, represented by the species H. fortis...
from the Cambrian-age Burgess Shales was once considered to belong to the family Lobopodia
Lobopodia
Lobopodia is a group of poorly understood animals, which mostly fall as a stem group of arthropods. Their fossil range dates back to the Early Cambrian. Lobopods are segmented and typically bear legs with hooked claws on their ends....
, but is now recognized as an Onychophoran, a relative of the velvet worm
Velvet worm
The velvet worms are a minor ecdysozoan phylum. These obscurely segmented organisms have tiny eyes, antennae, multiple pairs of legs and slime glands. They have variously been compared to worms with legs, caterpillars and slugs...
s.)
Microdictyon sinicum (Chen, Hou and Lu, 1989) is typical. The
wormlike animal has ten pairs of sclerite
Sclerite
A sclerite is a hardened body part. The term is used in various branches of biology for various structures including hardened portions of sponges, but it is most commonly used for the hardened portions of arthropod exoskeletons....
s on the sides, matched to a pair
of tentacle
Tentacle
A tentacle or bothrium is one of usually two or more elongated flexible organs present in animals, especially invertebrates. The term may also refer to the hairs of the leaves of some insectivorous plants. Usually, tentacles are used for feeding, feeling and grasping. Anatomically, they work like...
-like feet below. The head
Head
In anatomy, the head of an animal is the rostral part that usually comprises the brain, eyes, ears, nose and mouth . Some very simple animals may not have a head, but many bilaterally symmetric forms do....
and posterior are tubular and
featureless.
Species composition
- Type speciesType speciesIn biological nomenclature, a type species is both a concept and a practical system which is used in the classification and nomenclature of animals and plants. The value of a "type species" lies in the fact that it makes clear what is meant by a particular genus name. A type species is the species...
. Microdictyon effusum Bengtson, Matthews et Missarzhevsky, 1981; Lower Cambrian, Atdabanian Stage, KazakhstanKazakhstanKazakhstan , officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a transcontinental country in Central Asia and Eastern Europe. Ranked as the ninth largest country in the world, it is also the world's largest landlocked country; its territory of is greater than Western Europe...
; Atdabanian and Botomian Stages, RussiaRussiaRussia or , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
(Siberian Platform) and England; Lower Cambrian, SwedenSwedenSweden , officially the Kingdom of Sweden , is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden borders with Norway and Finland and is connected to Denmark by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund....
.
In addition to the type species, eleven species:
- M. anus Tong, 1989, Lower Cambrian, upper Meishucunian Stage (= Atdabanian Stage), ChinaChinaChinese civilization may refer to:* China for more general discussion of the country.* Chinese culture* Greater China, the transnational community of ethnic Chinese.* History of China* Sinosphere, the area historically affected by Chinese culture...
(ShaanxiShaanxi' is a province in the central part of Mainland China, and it includes portions of the Loess Plateau on the middle reaches of the Yellow River in addition to the Qinling Mountains across the southern part of this province...
). - M. chinense Hao et Shu, 1987, Lower Cambrian, Qiongzhusi Stage (= upper Atdabanian-lowermost Botomian Stages), China (Shaanxi); Atdabanian through Botomian stages, Siberian Platform.
- M. depressum Bengtson, 1990, Lower Cambrian, Atdabanian through Botomian Stages, South AustraliaAustraliaAustralia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the Southern Hemisphere comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is the world's sixth-largest country by total area...
. - M. fuchengense Li et Zhu, 2001, Lower Cambrian, upper Meishucunian Stage (Atdabanian Stage), China (Shaanxi).
- M. jinshaense Zhang et Aldridge, 2007, Lower Cambrian, Qiongzhusi Stage (= upper Atdabanian Stage-lowermost Botomian), China(Shaanxi).
- M. rhomboidale Bengtson, Matthews et Missarzhevsky, 1986, Lower Cambrian, upper parts of the Atdabanian Stage, Kazakhstan; Atdabanian Stage, CanadaCanadaCanada is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, and northward into the Arctic Ocean...
, the United States (M. cf. rhomboidale). - M. robisoni Bengtson, Matthews et Missarzhevsky, 1986, Middle Cambrian, Amgan Stage, the United States;
- M. rozanovi Demidenko, 2006, Lower Cambrian, Toyonian Stage, Siberian Platform.
- M. sinicum Chen, Hou et Lu, 1989, Lower Cambrian, upper Meishucunian Stage (= Atdabanian Stage) Stage, China (YunnanYunnanYunnan is a province of the People's Republic of China, located in the far southwest of the country spanning approximately and with a population of 45.7 million . The capital of the province is Kunming. The province borders Burma, Laos, and Vietnam.Yunnan is situated in a mountainous area, with...
. - M. sphaeroides Hinz, 1987, Lower Cambrian, Atdabanian Stage, Great Britain.
- M. tenuiporatum Bengtson, Matthews et Missarzhevsky, 1986, Lower Cambrian, Atdabanian Stage, Siberian Platform.
A picture can be found at http://paws.wcu.edu/dperlmutr/earlyfauna.html.
----
The name Microdictyon is also used for a genus of green algae
Algae
Algae are a large and diverse group of simple, typically autotrophic organisms, ranging from unicellular to multicellular forms, such as the giant kelps that grow to 65 meters in length. They are photosynthetic like plants, and "simple" because their tissues are not organized into the many...
.