Marion Mushkat
Encyclopedia
Prof
Marion Mushkat was a Polish
lawyer
, colonel
, judge
, specialist of international public law, military law
and international affairs
.
), there he spent his childhood and graduated from primary and then secondary school. In 1927 he started studies at the University of Warsaw
. In Warsaw
Muszkat studied law
, simultaneously worked as a clerk in factories and as a school teacher. As a student he supported and belonged to socialist academic organizations. Muskat was a distinctive student, thereby Law Faculty Warsaw University directed him to France
to study at University of Nancy. During his stay in Nancy, Muszkat created new ideas about public international law, peremptory norm
and international problems (especially to concern of Third World
). In 1931 Muszkat gained degree Master of Law, in 1936 at the same University he gained degree Doctor of Law
.
During World War II
, Muszkat at first stayed in Vilnius
, there worked in Prawda Wileńska magazine, and lectured at the Vilnius University
. In June 1941 he evacuated to the Soviet Union
. In the years 1941–1943 was a clerk in kolkhoz
and academic in Gzy – Orda Pedagogic Institute. In May 1943 Muszkat to join the Polish Army (Ludowe Wojsko Polskie). Having completed officers course, served as lieutenant on Polish 1st Tadeusz Kościuszko Infantry Division
. In October 1943 he became a judge of The Martial Court at Polish First Army
. In 1945 he got promoted to the judge of Supreme Court Martial. In SCM Muszkat was a vice-chairman and chief War Crimes Commission. Since 1945 was a member of Polish Workers' Party
(PPR). 5 December 1946 doctor Marian Muszkat was demobilized from army as a colonel.
After war he began work in Polish Ministry of Justice as chief Polish Military Mission to Investigation German War Crimes. Mushkat was a famous specialist to field international public law, therefore Ministry of Justice dispatched his to Nuremberg
, as chairperson of Polish delegation. On the Nuremberg Trials
Mushkat directed Polish delegation which also included Prof Tadeusz Cyprian and prosecutors: Prof Jerzy Sawicki and Dr Stanisław Piotrowski. They prepared “Polish indictment” containing the list of proved Nazi war crimes committed in Polish territory.
Having returned to Poland he began scientific and didactic activity. At University of Warsaw he lectured military law and international public law in International Public and Private Law Department, directed by prof Cezary Berezowski. He also lectured at Central Law School, General Headquarters Academy and Polish International Affairs Institute (1950-1951 its director).
In 1950 Muszkat for dissertation “International criminal law, new domain development” got professor degree. He was co-founder and editor Law and Life magazine.
Mushkat has got socialist point of view, he propagate communist ideas, especially his mentor Andriej Wyszynski
. Amongst scientist Muszkat has got some opponents. For instance prof. Stefan Korboński claimed that vievs of Muszkat makes of judges politic institution, of prosecutors masters life and died all people (...) of barristers police helpers.
In 1957 Muszkat abandoned Poland and went to Israel
. At Tel Aviv University
he lectured international public law and international affairs. In 1961 Yad Vashem Institute
designated his as co-ordinator and adviser to Adolf Eichmann
trial. Muszkat at Israel's government request was a consultant in many strategic matters undertook by this country.
Professor Muszkat was a member of many international institutes, organizations, and associations, for example:
He participated in many congresses and symposiums on the whole world to field politic research, peace research and futurology. Muszkat is author of many publications edited in: Polish, English, French, Hebrew, German, Russian, Czech, Hungarian and Chinese, too. He wrote first Polish modern textbook to international public law “Outline of the International Public Law” Muszkat M. (edit.), Warsaw 1955 (two volumes).
He died September 30, 1995 in Haifa
.
Professor
A professor is a scholarly teacher; the precise meaning of the term varies by country. Literally, professor derives from Latin as a "person who professes" being usually an expert in arts or sciences; a teacher of high rank...
Marion Mushkat was a Polish
Poland
Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north...
lawyer
Lawyer
A lawyer, according to Black's Law Dictionary, is "a person learned in the law; as an attorney, counsel or solicitor; a person who is practicing law." Law is the system of rules of conduct established by the sovereign government of a society to correct wrongs, maintain the stability of political...
, colonel
Colonel
Colonel , abbreviated Col or COL, is a military rank of a senior commissioned officer. It or a corresponding rank exists in most armies and in many air forces; the naval equivalent rank is generally "Captain". It is also used in some police forces and other paramilitary rank structures...
, judge
Judge
A judge is a person who presides over court proceedings, either alone or as part of a panel of judges. The powers, functions, method of appointment, discipline, and training of judges vary widely across different jurisdictions. The judge is supposed to conduct the trial impartially and in an open...
, specialist of international public law, military law
Military law
Military justice is the body of laws and procedures governing members of the armed forces. Many states have separate and distinct bodies of law that govern the conduct of members of their armed forces. Some states use special judicial and other arrangements to enforce those laws, while others use...
and international affairs
International relations
International relations is the study of relationships between countries, including the roles of states, inter-governmental organizations , international nongovernmental organizations , non-governmental organizations and multinational corporations...
.
Biography
Prof Muszkat was born in Suwałki (PolandPoland
Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north...
), there he spent his childhood and graduated from primary and then secondary school. In 1927 he started studies at the University of Warsaw
University of Warsaw
The University of Warsaw is the largest university in Poland and one of the most prestigious, ranked as best Polish university in 2010 and 2011...
. In Warsaw
Warsaw
Warsaw is the capital and largest city of Poland. It is located on the Vistula River, roughly from the Baltic Sea and from the Carpathian Mountains. Its population in 2010 was estimated at 1,716,855 residents with a greater metropolitan area of 2,631,902 residents, making Warsaw the 10th most...
Muszkat studied law
Law
Law is a system of rules and guidelines which are enforced through social institutions to govern behavior, wherever possible. It shapes politics, economics and society in numerous ways and serves as a social mediator of relations between people. Contract law regulates everything from buying a bus...
, simultaneously worked as a clerk in factories and as a school teacher. As a student he supported and belonged to socialist academic organizations. Muskat was a distinctive student, thereby Law Faculty Warsaw University directed him to France
France
The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...
to study at University of Nancy. During his stay in Nancy, Muszkat created new ideas about public international law, peremptory norm
Peremptory norm
A peremptory norm is a fundamental principle of international law which is accepted by the international community of states as a norm from which no derogation is ever permitted.There is no clear agreement regarding precisely which norms are jus cogens nor how a norm reaches that status, but...
and international problems (especially to concern of Third World
Third World
The term Third World arose during the Cold War to define countries that remained non-aligned with either capitalism and NATO , or communism and the Soviet Union...
). In 1931 Muszkat gained degree Master of Law, in 1936 at the same University he gained degree Doctor of Law
Doctor of law
Doctor of Law or Doctor of Laws is a doctoral degree in law. The application of the term varies from country to country, and includes degrees such as the LL.D., Ph.D., J.D., J.S.D., and Dr. iur.-Argentina:...
.
During World War II
World War II
World War II, or the Second World War , was a global conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945, involving most of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis...
, Muszkat at first stayed in Vilnius
Vilnius
Vilnius is the capital of Lithuania, and its largest city, with a population of 560,190 as of 2010. It is the seat of the Vilnius city municipality and of the Vilnius district municipality. It is also the capital of Vilnius County...
, there worked in Prawda Wileńska magazine, and lectured at the Vilnius University
Vilnius University
Vilnius University is the oldest university in the Baltic states and one of the oldest in Eastern Europe. It is also the largest university in Lithuania....
. In June 1941 he evacuated to the Soviet Union
Soviet Union
The Soviet Union , officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics , was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991....
. In the years 1941–1943 was a clerk in kolkhoz
Kolkhoz
A kolkhoz , plural kolkhozy, was a form of collective farming in the Soviet Union that existed along with state farms . The word is a contraction of коллекти́вное хозя́йство, or "collective farm", while sovkhoz is a contraction of советское хозяйство...
and academic in Gzy – Orda Pedagogic Institute. In May 1943 Muszkat to join the Polish Army (Ludowe Wojsko Polskie). Having completed officers course, served as lieutenant on Polish 1st Tadeusz Kościuszko Infantry Division
Polish 1st Tadeusz Kosciuszko Infantry Division
The Polish 1st Tadeusz Kościuszko Infantry Division was an infantry division in the Soviet-organized Polish armed forces formed in 1943 and named for the Polish and American revolutionary Tadeusz Kościuszko...
. In October 1943 he became a judge of The Martial Court at Polish First Army
First Polish Army (1944-1945)
The Polish First Army was a Polish Army unit formed in the Soviet Union in 1944, from the previously existing Polish I Corps as part of the People's Army of Poland . The First Army fought westward, subordinated to the Soviet 1st Belorussian Front, during the offensive against Germany that led to...
. In 1945 he got promoted to the judge of Supreme Court Martial. In SCM Muszkat was a vice-chairman and chief War Crimes Commission. Since 1945 was a member of Polish Workers' Party
Polish Workers' Party
The Polish Workers' Party was a communist party in Poland from 1942 to 1948. It was founded as a reconstitution of the Communist Party of Poland, and merged with the Polish Socialist Party in 1948 to form the Polish United Workers' Party.-History:...
(PPR). 5 December 1946 doctor Marian Muszkat was demobilized from army as a colonel.
After war he began work in Polish Ministry of Justice as chief Polish Military Mission to Investigation German War Crimes. Mushkat was a famous specialist to field international public law, therefore Ministry of Justice dispatched his to Nuremberg
Nuremberg
Nuremberg[p] is a city in the German state of Bavaria, in the administrative region of Middle Franconia. Situated on the Pegnitz river and the Rhine–Main–Danube Canal, it is located about north of Munich and is Franconia's largest city. The population is 505,664...
, as chairperson of Polish delegation. On the Nuremberg Trials
Nuremberg Trials
The Nuremberg Trials were a series of military tribunals, held by the victorious Allied forces of World War II, most notable for the prosecution of prominent members of the political, military, and economic leadership of the defeated Nazi Germany....
Mushkat directed Polish delegation which also included Prof Tadeusz Cyprian and prosecutors: Prof Jerzy Sawicki and Dr Stanisław Piotrowski. They prepared “Polish indictment” containing the list of proved Nazi war crimes committed in Polish territory.
Having returned to Poland he began scientific and didactic activity. At University of Warsaw he lectured military law and international public law in International Public and Private Law Department, directed by prof Cezary Berezowski. He also lectured at Central Law School, General Headquarters Academy and Polish International Affairs Institute (1950-1951 its director).
In 1950 Muszkat for dissertation “International criminal law, new domain development” got professor degree. He was co-founder and editor Law and Life magazine.
Mushkat has got socialist point of view, he propagate communist ideas, especially his mentor Andriej Wyszynski
Andrey Vyshinsky
Andrey Januaryevich Vyshinsky – 22 November 1954) was a Soviet politician, jurist and diplomat.He is known as a state prosecutor of Joseph Stalin's Moscow trials and in the Nuremberg trials. He was the Soviet Foreign Minister from 1949 to 1953, after having served as Deputy Foreign...
. Amongst scientist Muszkat has got some opponents. For instance prof. Stefan Korboński claimed that vievs of Muszkat makes of judges politic institution, of prosecutors masters life and died all people (...) of barristers police helpers.
In 1957 Muszkat abandoned Poland and went to Israel
Israel
The State of Israel is a parliamentary republic located in the Middle East, along the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea...
. At Tel Aviv University
Tel Aviv University
Tel Aviv University is a public university located in Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel. With nearly 30,000 students, TAU is Israel's largest university.-History:...
he lectured international public law and international affairs. In 1961 Yad Vashem Institute
Yad Vashem
Yad Vashem is Israel's official memorial to the Jewish victims of the Holocaust, established in 1953 through the Yad Vashem Law passed by the Knesset, Israel's parliament....
designated his as co-ordinator and adviser to Adolf Eichmann
Adolf Eichmann
Adolf Otto Eichmann was a German Nazi and SS-Obersturmbannführer and one of the major organizers of the Holocaust...
trial. Muszkat at Israel's government request was a consultant in many strategic matters undertook by this country.
Professor Muszkat was a member of many international institutes, organizations, and associations, for example:
- International Peace InstituteInternational Peace InstituteThe International Peace Institute is an independent non-profit research and policy development institution based in New York. IPI specializes in multilateral approaches to peace and security issues, working closely with the Secretariat and membership of the United Nations...
- World Academy of Art and ScienceWorld Academy of Art and ScienceThe World Academy of Art and Science is an international non-governmental scientific organization, an informal and non-official world network of individual fellows elected for distinguished accomplishments in the fields of natural and social sciences, arts and the humanities...
- American Academy of Political and Social ScienceAmerican Academy of Political and Social ScienceThe American Academy of Political and Social Science was founded in 1889 to promote progress in the social sciences. Sparked by Professor Edmund J. James and drawing from members of the faculty of the University of Pennsylvania, Swarthmore College, and Bryn Mawr College, the Academy sought to...
- International Bar AssociationInternational Bar AssociationThe International Bar Association is an international association of lawyers and lawyers' associations. The IBA's stated purpose is to promote an exchange of information between legal associations worldwide, support the independence of the judiciary and the right of lawyers to practice their...
- World Federalist MovementWorld Federalist MovementThe World Federalist Movement is a global citizens movement with member and associate organizations around the world. The WFM International Secretariat is based in New York City across from the United Nations headquarters...
- National Institute of JusticeNational Institute of JusticeThe National Institute of Justice is the research, development and evaluation agency of the United States Department of Justice. NIJ, along with the Bureau of Justice Statistics , Bureau of Justice Assistance , Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention , Office for Victims of Crime ,...
He participated in many congresses and symposiums on the whole world to field politic research, peace research and futurology. Muszkat is author of many publications edited in: Polish, English, French, Hebrew, German, Russian, Czech, Hungarian and Chinese, too. He wrote first Polish modern textbook to international public law “Outline of the International Public Law” Muszkat M. (edit.), Warsaw 1955 (two volumes).
He died September 30, 1995 in Haifa
Haifa
Haifa is the largest city in northern Israel, and the third-largest city in the country, with a population of over 268,000. Another 300,000 people live in towns directly adjacent to the city including the cities of the Krayot, as well as, Tirat Carmel, Daliyat al-Karmel and Nesher...
.
Distinctions
- Medal for ValorMedal for ValorThe Medal "For Courage" was the highest military medal that could be awarded to a soldier of the Soviet Union for bravery on the field of battle...
- For Merits in Field of Glory
- Polonia RestitutaPolonia RestitutaThe Order of Polonia Restituta is one of Poland's highest Orders. The Order can be conferred for outstanding achievements in the fields of education, science, sport, culture, art, economics, defense of the country, social work, civil service, or for furthering good relations between countries...
- Cross of GrunwaldCross of GrunwaldOrder Krzyża Grunwaldu 1943-1960, Krzyż Grunwaldu 1960-1992 was a military decoration created in November 1943 by the High Command of Gwardia Ludowa, a World War II Polish resistance movement in Poland organised by the Polish Workers Party...
(third class) - Medal 10 Years Polish Democratic Republic
Some publications
- Polish Charges against German War Criminals submitted to the UN War Crimes Commission, Warsaw 1948;
- The Protection of Human Rights, Warsaw 1948;
- Some Problems of Israel's Development: An Outline, Hamburg 1971;
- The Evolution of the Situation in Poland in 1980, Koln 1981;
- The Third World and Peace: Some Aspects of the Interrelationship of Underdevelopment and International Security, New York-Hampshire 1982;
- Philo-Semitic and Anti-Jews Attitudes in Post-Holocaust Poland, Lewiston-Queenstown-Lampeter 1992.
See also
- Commission for the Examination of German Crimes in Poland
- Institute of National RemembranceInstitute of National RemembranceInstitute of National Remembrance — Commission for the Prosecution of Crimes against the Polish Nation is a Polish government-affiliated research institute with lustration prerogatives and prosecution powers founded by specific legislation. It specialises in the legal and historical sciences and...
- Supreme National TribunalSupreme National TribunalThe Supreme National Tribunal was a war crime tribunal active in Poland from 1946 to 1948, with jurisdiction over fascist-hitlerite criminals and traitors to the Polish nation.The tribunal presided over seven high-profile cases ....
- Philo-SemitismPhilo-SemitismPhilo-Semitism or Judeophilia is an interest in, respect for, and appreciation of the Jewish people, their historical significance and the positive impacts of Judaism in the history of the western world, in particular, generally on the part of a gentile...