Marie Severin
Encyclopedia
Marie Severin is an American
comic book
artist
and colorist
best known for her work for Marvel Comics
and the 1950s' EC Comics
.
She was inducted into the Will Eisner Comics Hall of Fame in 2001. Her brother John Severin
is also an artist who has worked for EC and Marvel.
veteran, eventually became a designer for the fashion company Elizabeth Arden
during the 1930s. In her teens, Severin took "a couple of months" of cartooning and illustration classes, and attended Pratt Institute
in Brooklyn, New York "for one day and said, 'This is a college', and I wanted to draw and make money".
Severin was working on Wall Street
when her comics-artist brother, John Severin
, needed a colorist for his work at EC Comics
. Marie Severin's earliest recorded comic-book work is coloring EC Comics
' A Moon, a Girl...Romance #9 (Oct. 1949). She would contribute across the company's line, including its war comics
and its celebrated but notoriously graphic horror
comics. She has repeatedly refuted the often told tale that she colored especially gruesome panels a dark blue as a sign of protest.
At EC, Severin worked on the comics' production end, as well as "doing little touch ups and stuff" on the art. When EC ceased publication in the wake of the U.S. Senate hearings on the effects of comic books on children and the establishment of the Comics Code, Severin worked briefly for Marvel Comics
' 1950s predecessor, Atlas Comics
, until an industry downturn circa 1957 prompted her to seek work with the Federal Reserve Bank of New York
. She recalled in 2001, "I did a little bit of everything for them — I did television graphics on economics [and] I did a lot of drawing. I did a[n educational] comic book that my brother did the finished art on ... about checks
".
In 1959, when the industry had picked up again to during the period fans and historians call the Silver Age of comic books
, Severin again worked for Marvel Comics
in production. Severin recalled in 2001 that when Esquire
magazine requested an artist to illustrate a story "on the college drug culture", Marvel production manager Sol Brodsky
offered Severin rather than one of the regular artists, all on deadline. Her illustration for the magazine led to Marvel editor-in-chief Stan Lee
assigning her to replace Bill Everett, who had succeeded character co-creator Steve Ditko
on the feature "Doctor Strange
" in Strange Tales
.
Severin continued to expand from colorist
to do penciling and inking
, and occasionally also lettering
, on various titles. She drew stories of the Sub-Mariner and the Hulk
, and the covers or interiors of titles including Iron Man
, Conan the Barbarian
, Kull the Conqueror
, The Cat
, and Daredevil
. Additionally, she worked on Marvel's satiric humor magazine Crazy
, as well as the company's self-lampooning comic book, Not Brand Echh
.
and television
tie-ins, and the short-lived children's book imprint, Marvel Books.
During the 1990s, Severin penciled the "Impossible Tale" of the "Li'l Soulsearchers" in issue #31 (Aug. 1998) of Claypool Comics
' superhero
-humor comic Soulsearchers and Company, inked by fellow Silver Age
veteran Jim Mooney
; and she inked Dave Cockrum
's penciling in issue #43 (July 2000). She also inked Richard Howell's pencils on the story "Favor of the Month" in Elvira #144 (April 2005).
Severin retired sometime afterward, but continued into the mid-2000s to make occasional contributions, such as recoloring many of the comics stories reprinted in the EC-era retrospective books B. Krigstein
and B. Krigstein Comics. The former won both the Harvey
and Eisner
comic-industry awards in 2003.
On October 11, 2007, Severin suffered a stroke, and was taken to Huntington Hospital in Huntington, New York
, on Long Island
, to recover and recuperate.
Severin spoke at a 1974 New York
Comic Art Convention
panel on the role of women in comics, alongside Flo Steinberg
, Jean Thomas (sometime-collaborator with husband Roy Thomas
), Linda Fite (writer of "The Claws of the Cat" and a few other Marvel titles) and fan representative Irene Vartanoff She also participated in the Women of Comics Symposium at the 2006 Paradise Comics
Toronto Comicon
.
Severin won an Inkpot Award
at the San Diego Comic Con in 1988.
Severin's work was among that included in the Museum of Comic and Cartoon Art
exhibition of women comic-book artists, "She Draws Comics", July to November 2006.
: "Marie Severin is one of the sweetest people I've ever known in comics. She's outgoing, warm and funny as can be. She treats her peers and fans with humor and respect".
Stan Lee
: "Calling Marie the best woman artist in the business is an injustice. Marie was one of the best artists in the business, period".
Roy Thomas
: "Marie Severin is a triple threat. She can color, she can draw superheroes, and she's all but incomparable at humor. She is, quite possibly, one of the most underrated people in the history of comics...."
Artist Mark Sparacio: "I met Marie Severin up at the Marvel offices when I was 15. I had sent some drawings of some characters that I had worked up to the art editor and asked for an interview. I received a letter saying that they weren't interested in my characters but I could come up to the offices and speak with someone about my work. It was Marie Severin and she gave me about 40 minutes of her time, discussing my artwork, explaining to me how I could improve and showing me around the offices. She was great and that left an indelible mark on me".
, other family members in publishing and entertainment fields include her niece, Ruth Larenas, a producer for Bubblehead Publishing.
United States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
comic book
Comic book
A comic book or comicbook is a magazine made up of comics, narrative artwork in the form of separate panels that represent individual scenes, often accompanied by dialog as well as including...
artist
Artist
An artist is a person engaged in one or more of any of a broad spectrum of activities related to creating art, practicing the arts and/or demonstrating an art. The common usage in both everyday speech and academic discourse is a practitioner in the visual arts only...
and colorist
Colorist
In comics, a colorist is responsible for adding color to black-and-white line art. For most of the 20th century this was done using brushes and dyes which were then used as guides to produce the printing plates...
best known for her work for Marvel Comics
Marvel Comics
Marvel Worldwide, Inc., commonly referred to as Marvel Comics and formerly Marvel Publishing, Inc. and Marvel Comics Group, is an American company that publishes comic books and related media...
and the 1950s' EC Comics
EC Comics
Entertaining Comics, more commonly known as EC Comics, was an American publisher of comic books specializing in horror fiction, crime fiction, satire, military fiction and science fiction from the 1940s through the mid-1950s, notably the Tales from the Crypt series...
.
She was inducted into the Will Eisner Comics Hall of Fame in 2001. Her brother John Severin
John Severin
John Powers Severin is an American comic book artist noted for his distinctive work with EC Comics, primarily on the war comics Two-Fisted Tales and Frontline Combat; for Marvel Comics, primarily on its war and Western comics; and for the satiric magazine Cracked...
is also an artist who has worked for EC and Marvel.
Early life and career
Marie Severin was born August 21, 1929. She grew up in an artistic household where her father, a World War IWorld War I
World War I , which was predominantly called the World War or the Great War from its occurrence until 1939, and the First World War or World War I thereafter, was a major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918...
veteran, eventually became a designer for the fashion company Elizabeth Arden
Elizabeth Arden
Florence Nightingale Graham , who went by the business name Elizabeth Arden, was a Canadian-American businesswoman who built a cosmetics empire in the United States. At the peak of her career, she was one of the wealthiest women in the world.-Biography:Arden was born in 1884 at Woodbridge, Ontario,...
during the 1930s. In her teens, Severin took "a couple of months" of cartooning and illustration classes, and attended Pratt Institute
Pratt Institute
Pratt Institute is a private art college in New York City located in Brooklyn, New York, with satellite campuses in Manhattan and Utica. Pratt is one of the leading undergraduate art schools in the United States and offers programs in Architecture, Graphic Design, History of Art and Design,...
in Brooklyn, New York "for one day and said, 'This is a college', and I wanted to draw and make money".
Severin was working on Wall Street
Wall Street
Wall Street refers to the financial district of New York City, named after and centered on the eight-block-long street running from Broadway to South Street on the East River in Lower Manhattan. Over time, the term has become a metonym for the financial markets of the United States as a whole, or...
when her comics-artist brother, John Severin
John Severin
John Powers Severin is an American comic book artist noted for his distinctive work with EC Comics, primarily on the war comics Two-Fisted Tales and Frontline Combat; for Marvel Comics, primarily on its war and Western comics; and for the satiric magazine Cracked...
, needed a colorist for his work at EC Comics
EC Comics
Entertaining Comics, more commonly known as EC Comics, was an American publisher of comic books specializing in horror fiction, crime fiction, satire, military fiction and science fiction from the 1940s through the mid-1950s, notably the Tales from the Crypt series...
. Marie Severin's earliest recorded comic-book work is coloring EC Comics
EC Comics
Entertaining Comics, more commonly known as EC Comics, was an American publisher of comic books specializing in horror fiction, crime fiction, satire, military fiction and science fiction from the 1940s through the mid-1950s, notably the Tales from the Crypt series...
' A Moon, a Girl...Romance #9 (Oct. 1949). She would contribute across the company's line, including its war comics
War comics
War comics is a genre of comic books that gained popularity in English-speaking countries following World War II.-American war comics:Shortly after the birth of the modern comic book in the mid- to late 1930s, comics publishers began including stories of wartime adventures in the multi-genre...
and its celebrated but notoriously graphic horror
Horror fiction
Horror fiction also Horror fantasy is a philosophy of literature, which is intended to, or has the capacity to frighten its readers, inducing feelings of horror and terror. It creates an eerie atmosphere. Horror can be either supernatural or non-supernatural...
comics. She has repeatedly refuted the often told tale that she colored especially gruesome panels a dark blue as a sign of protest.
At EC, Severin worked on the comics' production end, as well as "doing little touch ups and stuff" on the art. When EC ceased publication in the wake of the U.S. Senate hearings on the effects of comic books on children and the establishment of the Comics Code, Severin worked briefly for Marvel Comics
Marvel Comics
Marvel Worldwide, Inc., commonly referred to as Marvel Comics and formerly Marvel Publishing, Inc. and Marvel Comics Group, is an American company that publishes comic books and related media...
' 1950s predecessor, Atlas Comics
Atlas Comics (1950s)
Atlas Comics is the term used to describe the 1950s comic book publishing company that would evolve into Marvel Comics. Magazine and paperback novel publisher Martin Goodman, whose business strategy involved having a multitude of corporate entities, used Atlas as the umbrella name for his comic...
, until an industry downturn circa 1957 prompted her to seek work with the Federal Reserve Bank of New York
Federal Reserve Bank of New York
The Federal Reserve Bank of New York is one of the 12 Federal Reserve Banks of the United States. It is located at 33 Liberty Street, New York, NY. It is responsible for the Second District of the Federal Reserve System, which encompasses New York state, the 12 northern counties of New Jersey,...
. She recalled in 2001, "I did a little bit of everything for them — I did television graphics on economics [and] I did a lot of drawing. I did a[n educational] comic book that my brother did the finished art on ... about checks
Cheque
A cheque is a document/instrument See the negotiable cow—itself a fictional story—for discussions of cheques written on unusual surfaces. that orders a payment of money from a bank account...
".
Silver Age
Silver Age of Comic Books
The Silver Age of Comic Books was a period of artistic advancement and commercial success in mainstream American comic books, predominantly those in the superhero genre. Following the Golden Age of Comic Books and an interregnum in the early to mid-1950s, the Silver Age is considered to cover the...
, Severin again worked for Marvel Comics
Marvel Comics
Marvel Worldwide, Inc., commonly referred to as Marvel Comics and formerly Marvel Publishing, Inc. and Marvel Comics Group, is an American company that publishes comic books and related media...
in production. Severin recalled in 2001 that when Esquire
Esquire (magazine)
Esquire is a men's magazine, published in the U.S. by the Hearst Corporation. Founded in 1932, it flourished during the Great Depression under the guidance of founder and editor Arnold Gingrich.-History:...
magazine requested an artist to illustrate a story "on the college drug culture", Marvel production manager Sol Brodsky
Sol Brodsky
Sol Brodsky was an American comic book artist who, as Marvel Comics' Silver Age production manager, was one of the key architects of the small company's expansion to a major pop culture conglomerate. He later rose to vice president, operations and vice president, special projects...
offered Severin rather than one of the regular artists, all on deadline. Her illustration for the magazine led to Marvel editor-in-chief Stan Lee
Stan Lee
Stan Lee is an American comic book writer, editor, actor, producer, publisher, television personality, and the former president and chairman of Marvel Comics....
assigning her to replace Bill Everett, who had succeeded character co-creator Steve Ditko
Steve Ditko
Stephen J. "Steve" Ditko is an American comic book artist and writer best known as the artist co-creator, with Stan Lee, of the Marvel Comics heroes Spider-Man and Doctor Strange....
on the feature "Doctor Strange
Doctor Strange
Doctor Stephen Strange is a fictional character that appears in comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character was co-created by writer-editor Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko, and first appeared in Strange Tales #110 ....
" in Strange Tales
Strange Tales
Strange Tales is the name of several comic book anthology series published by Marvel Comics. It introduced the features "Doctor Strange" and "Nick Fury, Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D.", and was a showcase for the science fiction/suspense stories of artists Jack Kirby and Steve Ditko, and for the...
.
Severin continued to expand from colorist
Colorist
In comics, a colorist is responsible for adding color to black-and-white line art. For most of the 20th century this was done using brushes and dyes which were then used as guides to produce the printing plates...
to do penciling and inking
Inker
The inker is one of the two line artists in a traditional comic book or graphic novel. After a pencilled drawing is given to the inker, the inker uses black ink to produce refined outlines over the pencil lines...
, and occasionally also lettering
Letterer
A letterer is a member of a team of comic book creators responsible for drawing the comic book's text. The letterer's use of typefaces, calligraphy, letter size, and layout all contribute to the impact of the comic. The letterer crafts the comic's "display lettering": the story title lettering and...
, on various titles. She drew stories of the Sub-Mariner and the Hulk
Hulk (comics)
The Hulk is a fictional character, a superhero in the . Created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby, the character first appeared in The Incredible Hulk #1 ....
, and the covers or interiors of titles including Iron Man
Iron Man
Iron Man is a fictional character, a superhero in the . The character was created by writer-editor Stan Lee, developed by scripter Larry Lieber, and designed by artists Don Heck and Jack Kirby, first appearing in Tales of Suspense #39 .A billionaire playboy, industrialist and ingenious engineer,...
, Conan the Barbarian
Conan the Barbarian
Conan the Barbarian is a fictional sword and sorcery hero that originated in pulp fiction magazines and has since been adapted to books, comics, several films , television programs, video games, roleplaying games and other media...
, Kull the Conqueror
Kull the Conqueror
Kull the Conqueror is a 1997 fantasy film about the Robert E. Howard character Kull starring Kevin Sorbo. It is a movie adaptation of Howard's Conan novel The Hour of the Dragon, with the protagonist changed to the author's other barbarian hero Kull...
, The Cat
Hellcat (comics)
Hellcat is a fictional character published by Marvel Comics. She premiered as the star of a teen romantic-comedy series and was later integrated into Marvel superhero franchises such as the Avengers and the Defenders....
, and Daredevil
Daredevil (Marvel Comics)
Daredevil is a fictional character, a superhero in comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character was created by writer-editor Stan Lee and artist Bill Everett, with an unspecified amount of input from Jack Kirby, and first appeared in Daredevil #1 .Living in the Hell's Kitchen neighborhood...
. Additionally, she worked on Marvel's satiric humor magazine Crazy
Crazy (magazine)
Crazy Magazine was an illustrated satire and humor magazine, and was published by Marvel Comics from 1973 to 1983 for a total of 94 regular issues...
, as well as the company's self-lampooning comic book, Not Brand Echh
Not Brand Echh
Not Brand Echh was a satiric comic book series published by Marvel Comics that parodied its own superhero stories as well as those of other comics publishers. Running for 13 issues , it included among its contributors such notable writers and artists as Stan Lee, Jack Kirby, Gene Colan, Bill...
.
Later life and career
In the 1980s, Severin was assigned to Marvel's Special Projects division, which handled non-comic book licensing such as from toy maquettes, filmFilm
A film, also called a movie or motion picture, is a series of still or moving images. It is produced by recording photographic images with cameras, or by creating images using animation techniques or visual effects...
and television
Television
Television is a telecommunication medium for transmitting and receiving moving images that can be monochrome or colored, with accompanying sound...
tie-ins, and the short-lived children's book imprint, Marvel Books.
During the 1990s, Severin penciled the "Impossible Tale" of the "Li'l Soulsearchers" in issue #31 (Aug. 1998) of Claypool Comics
Claypool Comics
Claypool Comics is an American comic book publishing company created in 1993, known for publishing such titles as Peter David's Soulsearchers and Company and Elvira, Mistress of the Dark comics, as well as Richard Howell's Deadbeats and, , Phantom of Fear City...
' superhero
Superhero
A superhero is a type of stock character, possessing "extraordinary or superhuman powers", dedicated to protecting the public. Since the debut of the prototypical superhero Superman in 1938, stories of superheroes — ranging from brief episodic adventures to continuing years-long sagas —...
-humor comic Soulsearchers and Company, inked by fellow Silver Age
Silver Age of Comic Books
The Silver Age of Comic Books was a period of artistic advancement and commercial success in mainstream American comic books, predominantly those in the superhero genre. Following the Golden Age of Comic Books and an interregnum in the early to mid-1950s, the Silver Age is considered to cover the...
veteran Jim Mooney
Jim Mooney
James Noel "Jim" Mooney was an American comic book artist best known as a Marvel Comics inker and Spider-Man artist, and as the signature artist of DC Comics' Supergirl, both during what comics historians and fans call the Silver Age of comic books...
; and she inked Dave Cockrum
Dave Cockrum
David Emmett Cockrum was an American comic book artist known for his co-creation of the new X-Men characters Nightcrawler, Storm, and Colossus...
's penciling in issue #43 (July 2000). She also inked Richard Howell's pencils on the story "Favor of the Month" in Elvira #144 (April 2005).
Severin retired sometime afterward, but continued into the mid-2000s to make occasional contributions, such as recoloring many of the comics stories reprinted in the EC-era retrospective books B. Krigstein
Bernard Krigstein
Bernard Krigstein , was an American illustrator and gallery artist who received acclaim for his innovative and influential approach to comic book art, notably in EC Comics. He was known as Bernie Krigstein, and his artwork usually displayed the signature B...
and B. Krigstein Comics. The former won both the Harvey
Harvey Award
The Harvey Awards, named for writer-artist Harvey Kurtzman and founded by Gary Groth, President of the publisher Fantagraphics, are given for achievement in comic books. The Harveys were created as part of a successor to the Kirby Awards which were discontinued after 1987.The Harvey Awards are...
and Eisner
Eisner Award
The Will Eisner Comic Industry Awards, commonly shortened to the Eisner Awards, and sometimes referred to as the Oscar Awards of the Comics Industry, are prizes given for creative achievement in American comic books. The Eisner Awards were first conferred in 1988, created in response to the...
comic-industry awards in 2003.
On October 11, 2007, Severin suffered a stroke, and was taken to Huntington Hospital in Huntington, New York
Huntington, New York
The Town of Huntington is one of ten towns in Suffolk County, New York, USA. Founded in 1653, it is located on the north shore of Long Island in northwestern Suffolk County, with Long Island Sound to its north and Nassau County adjacent to the west. Huntington is part of the New York metropolitan...
, on Long Island
Long Island
Long Island is an island located in the southeast part of the U.S. state of New York, just east of Manhattan. Stretching northeast into the Atlantic Ocean, Long Island contains four counties, two of which are boroughs of New York City , and two of which are mainly suburban...
, to recover and recuperate.
Awards and honors
Severin won the Best Penciller (Humor Division) Shazam Award in 1974. The following year, she was nominated for both Best Inker (Humor Division) and Best Colorist.Severin spoke at a 1974 New York
New York City
New York is the most populous city in the United States and the center of the New York Metropolitan Area, one of the most populous metropolitan areas in the world. New York exerts a significant impact upon global commerce, finance, media, art, fashion, research, technology, education, and...
Comic Art Convention
Comic Art Convention
The Comic Art Convention was an American comic-book fan convention held annually New York City, New York, over Independence Day weekend from 1968 through 1983, except for 1977, when it was held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and 1978 to 1979, when it was held concurrently in New York and Philadelphia...
panel on the role of women in comics, alongside Flo Steinberg
Flo Steinberg
Florence "Flo" Steinberg is an American publisher of one of the first independent comic books, the underground/alternative comics hybrid Big Apple Comix, in 1975...
, Jean Thomas (sometime-collaborator with husband Roy Thomas
Roy Thomas
Roy William Thomas, Jr. is an American comic book writer and editor, and Stan Lee's first successor as editor-in-chief of Marvel Comics. He is possibly best known for introducing the pulp magazine hero Conan the Barbarian to American comics, with a series that added to the storyline of Robert E...
), Linda Fite (writer of "The Claws of the Cat" and a few other Marvel titles) and fan representative Irene Vartanoff She also participated in the Women of Comics Symposium at the 2006 Paradise Comics
Paradise Comics
Paradise Comics is a comic book store located in Toronto, Canada. The owner and proprietor is Peter Dixon. The store's manager is long time comic book fan Doug Simpson. Paradise Comics is known primarily as being an excellent source of silver age, 1970s, 1980s and CGC graded comics...
Toronto Comicon
Toronto Comicon
#Toronto Comicon, Comic Con or Comic-Con are slang ways of saying Toronto Comic Book Convention and a few companies have used the term to promote comic book conventions in the city of Toronto, Canada.Examples:...
.
Severin won an Inkpot Award
Inkpot Award
The Inkpot Award, bestowed annually since 1974 by Comic-Con International, is given to some of the professionals in comic book, comic strip, animation, science fiction, and related pop-culture fields, who are guests of that organization's yearly multigenre fan convention, commonly known as...
at the San Diego Comic Con in 1988.
Severin's work was among that included in the Museum of Comic and Cartoon Art
Museum of Comic and Cartoon Art
The Museum of Comic and Cartoon Art is an American not-for-profit arts organization devoted to the production and history of comic books, comic strips and other forms of cartoon art. Located at 594 Broadway in New York City, MoCCA was founded by Lawrence Klein in October 2001.In 2007, MoCCA hired...
exhibition of women comic-book artists, "She Draws Comics", July to November 2006.
Quotes
Gene ColanGene Colan
Eugene Jules "Gene" Colan was an American comic book artist best known for his work for Marvel Comics, where his signature titles include the superhero series, Daredevil, the cult-hit satiric series Howard the Duck, and The Tomb of Dracula, considered one of comics' classic horror series...
: "Marie Severin is one of the sweetest people I've ever known in comics. She's outgoing, warm and funny as can be. She treats her peers and fans with humor and respect".
Stan Lee
Stan Lee
Stan Lee is an American comic book writer, editor, actor, producer, publisher, television personality, and the former president and chairman of Marvel Comics....
: "Calling Marie the best woman artist in the business is an injustice. Marie was one of the best artists in the business, period".
Roy Thomas
Roy Thomas
Roy William Thomas, Jr. is an American comic book writer and editor, and Stan Lee's first successor as editor-in-chief of Marvel Comics. He is possibly best known for introducing the pulp magazine hero Conan the Barbarian to American comics, with a series that added to the storyline of Robert E...
: "Marie Severin is a triple threat. She can color, she can draw superheroes, and she's all but incomparable at humor. She is, quite possibly, one of the most underrated people in the history of comics...."
Artist Mark Sparacio: "I met Marie Severin up at the Marvel offices when I was 15. I had sent some drawings of some characters that I had worked up to the art editor and asked for an interview. I received a letter saying that they weren't interested in my characters but I could come up to the offices and speak with someone about my work. It was Marie Severin and she gave me about 40 minutes of her time, discussing my artwork, explaining to me how I could improve and showing me around the offices. She was great and that left an indelible mark on me".
Personal life
Aside from her brother, John SeverinJohn Severin
John Powers Severin is an American comic book artist noted for his distinctive work with EC Comics, primarily on the war comics Two-Fisted Tales and Frontline Combat; for Marvel Comics, primarily on its war and Western comics; and for the satiric magazine Cracked...
, other family members in publishing and entertainment fields include her niece, Ruth Larenas, a producer for Bubblehead Publishing.
External links
- The Silver Age Marvel Comics Cover Checklist: Marie Severin
- Fortune City (n.d.): "Marie Severin: First Lady of the Silver Age" (unbylined)
- Archive of Shaw, ScottScott Shaw (artist)Scott Shaw is a United States cartoonist and animator, and is also an esteemed conductor of the concert band at Mary Institute and Country Day School...
. "The Story Of Checks"[ penciled by Marie Severin], "Oddball Comics" (column) #1097, December 2, 2005 - Comic Book ArtistComic Book ArtistComic Book Artist was an American magazine founded by Jon B. Cooke devoted to anecdotal histories of American comic books, with emphasis on comics published since the 1960s...
#18 (April 2002): Marie Severin interviewed about Flo SteinbergFlo SteinbergFlorence "Flo" Steinberg is an American publisher of one of the first independent comic books, the underground/alternative comics hybrid Big Apple Comix, in 1975...