Comic Art Convention
Encyclopedia
The Comic Art Convention was an American
comic-book fan convention
held annually New York City
, New York
, over Independence Day
weekend from 1968 through 1983, except for 1977, when it was held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
, and 1978 to 1979, when it was held concurrently in New York and Philadelphia. The first large-scale comics convention, and one of the largest gatherings of its kind until the Comic-Con International
in San Diego
, California
, it grew into a major trade and fan convention. It was founded by Phil Seuling
, a Brooklyn
, New York City, teacher, who later developed the concept of comic-book direct market
ing, which led to the rise to the modern comic book store.
The New York Comic Art Convention's growth in popularity coincided with the increasing media attention on comics that had been building since the mid-1960s, feeding off the then novel notions of comics being a subject worthy of serious critical study and collectibility.
, Shel Dorf
, Bernie Bubnis, and future Marvel Comics
editor-in-chief
Roy Thomas
began following the pattern of the long-established science fiction fandom
by publishing fanzines, corresponding with one another and with comic-book editors (most notably DC Comics
' Julius Schwartz
), and eventually arranging informal and later professional, commercial conventions. Among the first were the 1964 New York Comicon and that same year's Detroit Triple Fan Fair
. The only previously known comics fandom
, for the 1950s' EC Comics
, did not progress so far along.
As Seuling described his convention's genesis, "In 1964, about a hundred people found themselves in a New York City union
meeting hall, a large open room with wooden folding chairs, looking around at each other oddly, surprised, not really knowing what they were there for, a bit sheepish, waiting for whatever was going to take place to begin. ... It was the first comics convention ever [and t]hat one-day assembly ... grew step by step into an annual tradition in New York and then elsewhere. In 1968, I became involved in [staging] my first convention. The following year began the current series called the Comic Art Convention".
That 1969 convention, held Independence Day
weekend at the Statler Hilton Hotel in New York City, cost $3.50 for a three-day ticket, with daily passes at $1.50. Admittance was free with a hotel room rental, which cost $15-and-up per day.
The Comic Art Conventions provided the primary nexus for fans and the largely New York City-based industry during the Silver Age
and the Bronze Age of comic books
. As well, many of the Golden Age
creators were still alive and in attendance at panels and for interviews, which helped lay the groundwork for the medium's historical scholarship.
The reputation of the Convention spread throughout fandom via an annual write-up published in The Buyer's Guide for Comics Fandom by columnist Murray Bishoff. Besides reporting on convention events, Bishoff also provided fans around the country with a benchmark market report by surveying attending dealers regarding what was selling and whether prices realized were above or below those quoted in the de facto standard, The Overstreet Comic Book Price Guide.
Will Eisner
, creator of the The Spirit
in 1940, credited the 1971 Comic Art Con for his return to comics. In a 1983 interview with Seuling, he said, "I came back into the field because of you. I remember you calling me in New London, [Connecticut
], where I was sitting there as chairman of the board of Croft Publishing Co. My secretary said, 'There's a Mr. Seuling on the phone and he's talking about a comics convention. What is that?' She said, 'I didn't know you were a cartoonist
, Mr. Eisner.' 'Oh, yes,' I said, 'secretly; I'm a closet cartoonist.' I came down and was stunned at the existence of the whole world. ... That was a world that I had left, and I found it very exciting, very stimulating".
Eisner later elaborated about meeting underground comics creators and publishers, including Denis Kitchen
: "I went down to the convention, which was being held in one of the hotels in New York, and there was a group of guys with long hair and scraggly beards, who had been turning out what spun as literature
, really popular 'gutter' literature if you will, but pure literature. And they were taking on illegal [sic] subject matter that no comics had ever dealt with before. ... I came away from that recognizing that a revolution had occurred then, a turning point in the history of this medium. ... I reasoned that the 13-year-old kids that I'd been writing to back in the 1940s were no longer 13-year-old kids, they were now 30, 40 years old. They would want something more than two heroes, two supermen, crashing against each other. I began working on a book that dealt with a subject that I felt had never been tried by comics before, and that was man's relationship with God
. That was the book A Contract with God
...."
In 1973, Seuling persuaded Dr. Fredric Wertham
, author of the industry-changing 1954 book Seduction of the Innocent
, to attend what would be Wertham's only panel with an audience of comics fans.
The final two years of the 1961-1969 Alley Awards, sponsored by Alter Ego
magazine, were presented at the Comic Art Convention. After the demise of the Alley, later years featured awards named after the Comic Art Convention itself.
As his comic-book distribution business occupied more time, and as other comics conventions, most notably in San Diego and Chicago, became larger, more prominent, and more commercially rather than fan-driven, Seuling segued his Independence Day-centered Comic Art Convention into the smaller, generally mid-June "Manhattan Con".
. Other companies, including Creation Cons and Dynamic Forces, held New York City conventions but all were on a smaller scale than the Seuling shows. Changes in the industry, popular culture, and the resurgent city itself since the troubled 1960s and '70s made large-scale comic-book conventions difficult to hold profitably. Jonah Weiland of ComicBookResources.com also noted that "...dealing with the various convention unions made it difficult for most groups to get a show off the ground."
In 1996, Greenberg, at a very late point, cancelled what had been advertised as a larger-than-usual Great Eastern show, which the fan press had suggested might herald a successor to the Comic Art Con. As a substitute event, promoter Michael Carbonaro and others on the spur of the moment mounted the first Big Apple Convention
in a church basement. These small shows nonetheless attracted many comics creators and pop-culture figures, and by 2000 the convention had moved to the Metropolitan Pavilion on West 18th Street in Manhattan, and by the mid-2000s were taking place at the Penn Plaza Pavilion at the Hotel Pennsylvania.
In 2002, the first MoCCA Art Festival
, focused on alternative comics and the small press, was held at New York City’s Puck Building
; it has been held annually since. In 2006, the first New York Comic-Con
was held in the Jacob K. Javits Convention Center
; it also has been held annually since.
People of the United States
The people of the United States, also known as simply Americans or American people, are the inhabitants or citizens of the United States. The United States is a multi-ethnic nation, home to people of different ethnic and national backgrounds...
comic-book fan convention
Fan convention
A fan convention, or con , is an event in which fans of a particular film, television series, comic book, actor, or an entire genre of entertainment such as science fiction or anime and manga, gather to participate and hold programs and other events, and to meet experts, famous personalities, and...
held annually New York City
New York City
New York is the most populous city in the United States and the center of the New York Metropolitan Area, one of the most populous metropolitan areas in the world. New York exerts a significant impact upon global commerce, finance, media, art, fashion, research, technology, education, and...
, New York
New York
New York is a state in the Northeastern region of the United States. It is the nation's third most populous state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south, and by Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont to the east...
, over Independence Day
Independence Day (United States)
Independence Day, commonly known as the Fourth of July, is a federal holiday in the United States commemorating the adoption of the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776, declaring independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain...
weekend from 1968 through 1983, except for 1977, when it was held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania is a U.S. state that is located in the Northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. The state borders Delaware and Maryland to the south, West Virginia to the southwest, Ohio to the west, New York and Ontario, Canada, to the north, and New Jersey to...
, and 1978 to 1979, when it was held concurrently in New York and Philadelphia. The first large-scale comics convention, and one of the largest gatherings of its kind until the Comic-Con International
Comic-Con International
San Diego Comic-Con International, also known as Comic-Con International: San Diego , and commonly known as Comic-Con or the San Diego Comic-Con, was founded as the Golden State Comic Book Convention and later the San Diego Comic Book Convention in 1970 by Shel Dorf and a group of San Diegans...
in San Diego
San Diego, California
San Diego is the eighth-largest city in the United States and second-largest city in California. The city is located on the coast of the Pacific Ocean in Southern California, immediately adjacent to the Mexican border. The birthplace of California, San Diego is known for its mild year-round...
, California
California
California is a state located on the West Coast of the United States. It is by far the most populous U.S. state, and the third-largest by land area...
, it grew into a major trade and fan convention. It was founded by Phil Seuling
Phil Seuling
Philip Nicholas Seuling was a comic book fan convention organizer and comics distributor primarily active in the 1970s. Seuling was the organizer of the annual New York Comic Art Convention, originally held in New York City every July 4 weekend throughout the 1970s...
, a Brooklyn
Brooklyn
Brooklyn is the most populous of New York City's five boroughs, with nearly 2.6 million residents, and the second-largest in area. Since 1896, Brooklyn has had the same boundaries as Kings County, which is now the most populous county in New York State and the second-most densely populated...
, New York City, teacher, who later developed the concept of comic-book direct market
Direct market
The direct market is the dominant distribution and retail network for North American comic books. It consists of one dominant distributor and the majority of comics specialty stores, as well as other retailers of comic books and related merchandise...
ing, which led to the rise to the modern comic book store.
The New York Comic Art Convention's growth in popularity coincided with the increasing media attention on comics that had been building since the mid-1960s, feeding off the then novel notions of comics being a subject worthy of serious critical study and collectibility.
History
Circa 1961, enterprising fans including Jerry BailsJerry Bails
Jerry Gwin Bails was an American popular culturist. Known as the "Father of Comic Book Fandom", he was one of the first to approach the comic book field as a subject worthy of academic study, and was a primary force in establishing 1960s comics fandom.- Early life :Jerry G. Bails was born June...
, Shel Dorf
Shel Dorf
Sheldon "Shel" Dorf was an American comic-strip letterer and freelance artist and the founder of the San Diego Comic-Con International...
, Bernie Bubnis, and future Marvel Comics
Marvel Comics
Marvel Worldwide, Inc., commonly referred to as Marvel Comics and formerly Marvel Publishing, Inc. and Marvel Comics Group, is an American company that publishes comic books and related media...
editor-in-chief
Editing
Editing is the process of selecting and preparing written, visual, audible, and film media used to convey information through the processes of correction, condensation, organization, and other modifications performed with an intention of producing a correct, consistent, accurate, and complete...
Roy Thomas
Roy Thomas
Roy William Thomas, Jr. is an American comic book writer and editor, and Stan Lee's first successor as editor-in-chief of Marvel Comics. He is possibly best known for introducing the pulp magazine hero Conan the Barbarian to American comics, with a series that added to the storyline of Robert E...
began following the pattern of the long-established science fiction fandom
Science fiction fandom
Science fiction fandom or SF fandom is a community or "fandom" of people actively interested in science fiction and fantasy and in contact with one another based upon that interest...
by publishing fanzines, corresponding with one another and with comic-book editors (most notably DC Comics
DC Comics
DC Comics, Inc. is one of the largest and most successful companies operating in the market for American comic books and related media. It is the publishing unit of DC Entertainment a company of Warner Bros. Entertainment, which itself is owned by Time Warner...
' Julius Schwartz
Julius Schwartz
Julius "Julie" Schwartz was a comic book and pulp magazine editor, and a science fiction agent and prominent fan. He was born in the Bronx, New York...
), and eventually arranging informal and later professional, commercial conventions. Among the first were the 1964 New York Comicon and that same year's Detroit Triple Fan Fair
Detroit Triple Fan Fair
The Detroit Triple Fan Fair ' was a multigenre convention held annually in Detroit, Michigan, from 1965 to 1978. It is credited as being the first regularly held convention featuring comic books as a major component...
. The only previously known comics fandom
Fandom
Fandom is a term used to refer to a subculture composed of fans characterized by a feeling of sympathy and camaraderie with others who share a common interest...
, for the 1950s' EC Comics
EC Comics
Entertaining Comics, more commonly known as EC Comics, was an American publisher of comic books specializing in horror fiction, crime fiction, satire, military fiction and science fiction from the 1940s through the mid-1950s, notably the Tales from the Crypt series...
, did not progress so far along.
As Seuling described his convention's genesis, "In 1964, about a hundred people found themselves in a New York City union
Trade union
A trade union, trades union or labor union is an organization of workers that have banded together to achieve common goals such as better working conditions. The trade union, through its leadership, bargains with the employer on behalf of union members and negotiates labour contracts with...
meeting hall, a large open room with wooden folding chairs, looking around at each other oddly, surprised, not really knowing what they were there for, a bit sheepish, waiting for whatever was going to take place to begin. ... It was the first comics convention ever [and t]hat one-day assembly ... grew step by step into an annual tradition in New York and then elsewhere. In 1968, I became involved in [staging] my first convention. The following year began the current series called the Comic Art Convention".
That 1969 convention, held Independence Day
Independence Day (United States)
Independence Day, commonly known as the Fourth of July, is a federal holiday in the United States commemorating the adoption of the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776, declaring independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain...
weekend at the Statler Hilton Hotel in New York City, cost $3.50 for a three-day ticket, with daily passes at $1.50. Admittance was free with a hotel room rental, which cost $15-and-up per day.
Legacy
Silver Age of Comic Books
The Silver Age of Comic Books was a period of artistic advancement and commercial success in mainstream American comic books, predominantly those in the superhero genre. Following the Golden Age of Comic Books and an interregnum in the early to mid-1950s, the Silver Age is considered to cover the...
and the Bronze Age of comic books
Bronze Age of Comic Books
The Bronze Age of Comic Books is an informal name for a period in the history of mainstream American comic books usually said to run from 1970 to 1985. It follows the Silver Age of Comic Books....
. As well, many of the Golden Age
Golden Age of Comic Books
The Golden Age of Comic Books was a period in the history of American comic books, generally thought of as lasting from the late 1930s until the late 1940s or early 1950s...
creators were still alive and in attendance at panels and for interviews, which helped lay the groundwork for the medium's historical scholarship.
The reputation of the Convention spread throughout fandom via an annual write-up published in The Buyer's Guide for Comics Fandom by columnist Murray Bishoff. Besides reporting on convention events, Bishoff also provided fans around the country with a benchmark market report by surveying attending dealers regarding what was selling and whether prices realized were above or below those quoted in the de facto standard, The Overstreet Comic Book Price Guide.
Will Eisner
Will Eisner
William Erwin "Will" Eisner was an American comics writer, artist and entrepreneur. He is considered one of the most important contributors to the development of the medium and is known for the cartooning studio he founded; for his highly influential series The Spirit; for his use of comics as an...
, creator of the The Spirit
The Spirit
The Spirit is a crime-fighting fictional character created by writer-artist Will Eisner. He first appeared June 2, 1940 in "The Spirit Section", the colloquial name given to a 16-page Sunday supplement, distributed to 20 newspapers by the Register and Tribune Syndicate and reaching five million...
in 1940, credited the 1971 Comic Art Con for his return to comics. In a 1983 interview with Seuling, he said, "I came back into the field because of you. I remember you calling me in New London, [Connecticut
New London, Connecticut
New London is a seaport city and a port of entry on the northeast coast of the United States.It is located at the mouth of the Thames River in New London County, southeastern Connecticut....
], where I was sitting there as chairman of the board of Croft Publishing Co. My secretary said, 'There's a Mr. Seuling on the phone and he's talking about a comics convention. What is that?' She said, 'I didn't know you were a cartoonist
Cartoonist
A cartoonist is a person who specializes in drawing cartoons. This work is usually humorous, mainly created for entertainment, political commentary or advertising...
, Mr. Eisner.' 'Oh, yes,' I said, 'secretly; I'm a closet cartoonist.' I came down and was stunned at the existence of the whole world. ... That was a world that I had left, and I found it very exciting, very stimulating".
Eisner later elaborated about meeting underground comics creators and publishers, including Denis Kitchen
Denis Kitchen
Denis Kitchen is an American underground cartoonist, publisher, author, and agent from Wisconsin, and the founder of the Comic Book Legal Defense Fund.-Early life:...
: "I went down to the convention, which was being held in one of the hotels in New York, and there was a group of guys with long hair and scraggly beards, who had been turning out what spun as literature
Literature
Literature is the art of written works, and is not bound to published sources...
, really popular 'gutter' literature if you will, but pure literature. And they were taking on illegal [sic] subject matter that no comics had ever dealt with before. ... I came away from that recognizing that a revolution had occurred then, a turning point in the history of this medium. ... I reasoned that the 13-year-old kids that I'd been writing to back in the 1940s were no longer 13-year-old kids, they were now 30, 40 years old. They would want something more than two heroes, two supermen, crashing against each other. I began working on a book that dealt with a subject that I felt had never been tried by comics before, and that was man's relationship with God
God
God is the English name given to a singular being in theistic and deistic religions who is either the sole deity in monotheism, or a single deity in polytheism....
. That was the book A Contract with God
A Contract with God
A Contract with God, and Other Tenement Stories is a graphic novel by Will Eisner that takes the form of several stories on a theme. Published by Baronet Books in October 1978 in simultaneous hardcover and trade paperback editions — the former limited to a signed-and-numbered print-run of 1,500 —...
...."
Fredric Wertham
Fredric Wertham was a Jewish German-American psychiatrist and crusading author who protested the purportedly harmful effects of violent imagery in mass media and comic books on the development of children. His best-known book was Seduction of the Innocent , which purported that comic books are...
, author of the industry-changing 1954 book Seduction of the Innocent
Seduction of the Innocent
Seduction of the Innocent is a book by German-American psychiatrist Fredric Wertham, published in 1954, that warned that comic books were a negative form of popular literature and a serious cause of juvenile delinquency. The book was a minor bestseller that created alarm in parents and galvanized...
, to attend what would be Wertham's only panel with an audience of comics fans.
The final two years of the 1961-1969 Alley Awards, sponsored by Alter Ego
Alter Ego (fanzine)
Alter Ego is an American magazine devoted to comic books and comic-book creators of the 1930s to late-1960s periods comprising what fans and historians call the Golden Age and Silver Age of Comic Books....
magazine, were presented at the Comic Art Convention. After the demise of the Alley, later years featured awards named after the Comic Art Convention itself.
As his comic-book distribution business occupied more time, and as other comics conventions, most notably in San Diego and Chicago, became larger, more prominent, and more commercially rather than fan-driven, Seuling segued his Independence Day-centered Comic Art Convention into the smaller, generally mid-June "Manhattan Con".
Successors
Following Sueling's death in 1984, promoter Fred Greenberg began hosting two "Great Eastern" conventions annually at venues including the New York ColiseumNew York Coliseum
The New York Coliseum was a convention center that stood on Columbus Circle in New York City from 1956 to 2000. It was designed by architects Leon and Lionel Levy in a modified international style, and included both a low building with exhibition space and a 26-story office block.-History:The...
. Other companies, including Creation Cons and Dynamic Forces, held New York City conventions but all were on a smaller scale than the Seuling shows. Changes in the industry, popular culture, and the resurgent city itself since the troubled 1960s and '70s made large-scale comic-book conventions difficult to hold profitably. Jonah Weiland of ComicBookResources.com also noted that "...dealing with the various convention unions made it difficult for most groups to get a show off the ground."
In 1996, Greenberg, at a very late point, cancelled what had been advertised as a larger-than-usual Great Eastern show, which the fan press had suggested might herald a successor to the Comic Art Con. As a substitute event, promoter Michael Carbonaro and others on the spur of the moment mounted the first Big Apple Convention
Big Apple Convention
The Big Apple Comic Con is a Manhattan comic book convention started by Michael Carbonaro in 1996 in the basement of the Church of St. Paul the Apostle in Manhattan. It was originally named Big Apple Convention. It has grown into the longest-running comic book, science fiction/fantasy/horror/pop...
in a church basement. These small shows nonetheless attracted many comics creators and pop-culture figures, and by 2000 the convention had moved to the Metropolitan Pavilion on West 18th Street in Manhattan, and by the mid-2000s were taking place at the Penn Plaza Pavilion at the Hotel Pennsylvania.
In 2002, the first MoCCA Art Festival
MoCCA Art Festival
The MoCCA Art Festival is an independent comics showcase that typically includes artist booths, slide shows, and educational panels. It was created by the Museum of Comic and Cartoon Art in 2002 by bringing together over 2,000 artists, publishers, editors and enthusiasts.-History:The MoCCA Art...
, focused on alternative comics and the small press, was held at New York City’s Puck Building
Puck Building
__notoc__The Puck Building occupies the block bounded by Lafayette, Houston, Mulberry and Jersey Streets in the borough of Manhattan, New York City, United States. An example of the German Rundbogenstil style of Romanesque Revival architecture , the building was designed by Albert Wagner, and was...
; it has been held annually since. In 2006, the first New York Comic-Con
New York Comic-Con
The New York Comic Con is an annual New York City fan convention dedicated to comics, graphic novels, anime, manga, video games, toys, movies, and television.-History:The first event was held in 2006 at the Jacob K. Javits Convention Center...
was held in the Jacob K. Javits Convention Center
Jacob K. Javits Convention Center
Jacob K. Javits Convention Center is a large convention center located on Eleventh Avenue, between 34th and 38th streets, on the West side of Manhattan in New York City. It was designed by architects I. M. Pei and partners. The revolutionary space frame structure was undertaken in 1979 and...
; it also has been held annually since.
Dates and locations
- Conventions held in New York City unless otherwise noted.
- July 1968: Statler Hilton Hotel, 33rd Street and Seventh AvenueSeventh Avenue (Manhattan)Seventh Avenue, known as Adam Clayton Powell Jr. Boulevard north of Central Park, is a thoroughfare on the West Side of the borough of Manhattan in New York City. It is southbound below Central Park and a two-way street north of the park....
(later refurbished as Hotel PennsylvaniaHotel PennsylvaniaThe Hotel Pennsylvania is a hotel located at 401 7th Avenue in Manhattan, across the street from Pennsylvania Station and Madison Square Garden in New York City.- History :...
) - July 4-6, 1969: Statler Hilton Hotel — Penn Top/Sky Top Rooms
- July 3-5, 1970: Statler Hilton Hotel
- 1971: Statler Hilton Hotel
- July 1-5, 1972: Statler Hilton Hotel
- July 4-8, 1973: Hotel Commodore, 42nd Street42nd Street (Manhattan)42nd Street is a major crosstown street in the New York City borough of Manhattan, known for its theaters, especially near the intersection with Broadway at Times Square. It is also the name of the region of the theater district near that intersection...
and Park AvenuePark Avenue (Manhattan)Park Avenue is a wide boulevard that carries north and southbound traffic in New York City borough of Manhattan. Through most of its length, it runs parallel to Madison Avenue to the west and Lexington Avenue to the east....
(building later demolished; Hyatt Hotel built on site) - July 4-8, 1974: Hotel Commodore
- July 3-7, 1975: Hotel Commodore
- July 2-6, 1976: McAlpin Hotel, 34th Street34th Street (Manhattan)34th Street is a major cross-town street in the New York City borough of Manhattan, connecting the Lincoln Tunnel and Queens-Midtown Tunnel. Like many of New York City's major crosstown streets, it has its own bus routes and four subway stops serving the trains at Eighth Avenue, the trains at...
and BroadwayBroadway (New York City)Broadway is a prominent avenue in New York City, United States, which runs through the full length of the borough of Manhattan and continues northward through the Bronx borough before terminating in Westchester County, New York. It is the oldest north–south main thoroughfare in the city, dating to... - July 1-5, 1977: Hotel Sheraton, Philadelphia, PennsylvaniaPennsylvaniaThe Commonwealth of Pennsylvania is a U.S. state that is located in the Northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. The state borders Delaware and Maryland to the south, West Virginia to the southwest, Ohio to the west, New York and Ontario, Canada, to the north, and New Jersey to...
(no New York con this year) - July 2-5, 1978: Americana Hotel, New York City [and] July 8-9, 1978: Philadelphia
- June 30 - July 1, 1979: Statler Hilton Hotel [and] July 14-15: Philadelphia
- July 4-6, 1980: Statler Hilton Hotel, 7th Avenue at 33rd Street
- July 3-5, 1981: Statler Hilton Hotel, 33rd Street and 7th Avenue
- July, 3-5, 1982: New York City
- July 2-4 1983: New York City (as International Science Fiction and Comic Art Convention)
External links
- "Comic Art Convention" at the Michigan State University LibrariesMichigan State University LibrariesMichigan State University Libraries comprise the 29th largest academic library system in North America with over 4.9 million volumes and 6.7 million microforms. A unit of Michigan State University, the library system comprises nine branch locations including the main library...
Special Collections Division: Reading Room Index to the Comic Art Collection, "Comi" to "Comic Art of" - "Philadelphia's 1977 Comic Art Convention", The Comic Treadmill, December, 5, 2004. WebCitation archive.
Further reading
- Schelly, Bill. "Jerry Bails' Ten Building Blocks of Fandom", Alter Ego vol. 3, #25 (June 2003), pp. 5–8
- 1975, 1976, 1977 Comic Art Convention program books
- Los Angeles Times, January 7, 2001, Home Edition: "Making It: A Pioneering Spirit in Pen and Ink — Graphic Novel's Father Has Been Innovator in Comics Since the '30s" by Susan Vaughn
- Lovece, FrankFrank LoveceFrank Lovece is an American journalist, author, comedy performer and comic book writer. He was additionally one of the first professional Web journalists, becoming an editor of a Silicon Alley start-up in 1996....
, "Cons: New York 1974!",The Journal Summer Special, 1974 (fanzine published by Paul Kowtiuk, Maple Leaf Publications; editorial office then at Box 1286, Essex, Ontario, Canada N0R 1E0) - The Comics JournalThe Comics JournalThe Comics Journal, often abbreviated TCJ, is an American magazine of news and criticism pertaining to comic books, comic strips and graphic novels...
#46 (May 1979): Convention ad, inside back cover