The mammal

Mammal

Mammals are members of a class of air-breathing vertebrate animals characterised by the possession of endothermy, hair, three middle ear bones, and mammary glands functional in mothers with young...

 species

Species

In biology, a species is one of the basic units of biological classification and a taxonomic rank. A species is often defined as a group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring. While in many cases this definition is adequate, more precise or differing measures are...

 of Borneo

Borneo

Borneo is the third largest island in the world and is located north of Java Island, Indonesia, at the geographic centre of Maritime Southeast Asia....

 include 288 species

Species

In biology, a species is one of the basic units of biological classification and a taxonomic rank. A species is often defined as a group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring. While in many cases this definition is adequate, more precise or differing measures are...

 of terrestrial

Terrestrial animal

Terrestrial animals are animals that live predominantly or entirely on land , as compared with aquatic animals, which live predominantly or entirely in the water , or amphibians, which rely on a combination of aquatic and terrestrial habitats...

 and 91 species of marine mammals recorded within the territorial boundaries of Brunei

Brunei

Brunei , officially the State of Brunei Darussalam or the Nation of Brunei, the Abode of Peace , is a sovereign state located on the north coast of the island of Borneo, in Southeast Asia...

, Indonesia

Indonesia

Indonesia , officially the Republic of Indonesia , is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania. Indonesia is an archipelago comprising approximately 13,000 islands. It has 33 provinces with over 238 million people, and is the world's fourth most populous country. Indonesia is a republic, with an...

 and Malaysia. The terrestrial mammals are dominated by the chiroptera (102 species of bat

Bat

Bats are mammals of the order Chiroptera "hand" and pteron "wing") whose forelimbs form webbed wings, making them the only mammals naturally capable of true and sustained flight. By contrast, other mammals said to fly, such as flying squirrels, gliding possums, and colugos, glide rather than fly,...

s) and rodent

Rodent

Rodentia is an order of mammals also known as rodents, characterised by two continuously growing incisors in the upper and lower jaws which must be kept short by gnawing....

s (61 species of rats and mice).

Introduction

The high diversity

Biodiversity

Biodiversity is the degree of variation of life forms within a given ecosystem, biome, or an entire planet. Biodiversity is a measure of the health of ecosystems. Biodiversity is in part a function of climate. In terrestrial habitats, tropical regions are typically rich whereas polar regions...

 and endemicity of mammals is related to the many niches found in the tropical rain forest of Borneo and past Pleistocene

Pleistocene

The Pleistocene is the epoch from 2,588,000 to 11,700 years BP that spans the world's recent period of repeated glaciations. The name pleistocene is derived from the Greek and ....

 events within the Sundaland

Sundaland

Sundaland is a biogeographical region of Southeastern Asia which encompasses the areas of the Asian continental shelf that was exposed during the last ice age. It included the Malay Peninsula on the Asian mainland, as well as the large islands of Borneo, Java, and Sumatra and their surrounding...

 region. During interglacial

Interglacial

An Interglacial period is a geological interval of warmer global average temperature lasting thousands of years that separates consecutive glacial periods within an ice age...

 and post-glacial periods, there was migration of animal from the Asian mainland into Borneo and into Sulawesi

Sulawesi

Sulawesi is one of the four larger Sunda Islands of Indonesia and is situated between Borneo and the Maluku Islands. In Indonesia, only Sumatra, Borneo, and Papua are larger in territory, and only Java and Sumatra have larger Indonesian populations.- Etymology :The Portuguese were the first to...

 via the Philippines

Philippines

The Philippines , officially known as the Republic of the Philippines , is a country in Southeast Asia in the western Pacific Ocean. To its north across the Luzon Strait lies Taiwan. West across the South China Sea sits Vietnam...

. Due to lack of favourable habitats and small founder population, some species of animals have become extinct and others have radiated into endemic species. For example, in Holocene

Holocene

The Holocene is a geological epoch which began at the end of the Pleistocene and continues to the present. The Holocene is part of the Quaternary period. Its name comes from the Greek words and , meaning "entirely recent"...

 times, ancient anteater

Anteater

Anteaters, also known as antbear, are the four mammal species of the suborder Vermilingua commonly known for eating ants and termites. Together with the sloths, they compose the order Pilosa...

 (Manis palaeojavanica), panther

Leopard

The leopard , Panthera pardus, is a member of the Felidae family and the smallest of the four "big cats" in the genus Panthera, the other three being the tiger, lion, and jaguar. The leopard was once distributed across eastern and southern Asia and Africa, from Siberia to South Africa, but its...

 (Panthera sp) and tapir

Tapir

A Tapir is a large browsing mammal, similar in shape to a pig, with a short, prehensile snout. Tapirs inhabit jungle and forest regions of South America, Central America, and Southeast Asia. There are four species of Tapirs: the Brazilian Tapir, the Malayan Tapir, Baird's Tapir and the Mountain...

 (Tapirus indicus) became locally extinct in Borneo. Of the 57 mammal species that were identified from archaeological remains in the Niah Caves

Niah Caves

Niah Caves is located within the district of Miri in Sarawak, Malaysia. Part of Niah National Park, the main cave, Niah Great Cave, is located in Gunung Subis and is made up of several voluminous, high-ceilinged chambers...

, Sarawak, 13 were bats. Four of these were megachiropterans, Pteropus vampyrus, Rousettus amplexicaudatus, Rousettus sp and Eonycteris spelaea

Eonycteris spelaea

Cave Nectar Bat , common names also include Dawn Bat, Common Dawn Bat, Common Nectar Bat and Lesser Dawn Bat , is a species of megabat within the genus Eonycteris. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and caves, and it is threatened by habitat loss. E...

, all of which remain extant species in Borneo and Peninsular Malaysia

Peninsular Malaysia

Peninsular Malaysia , also known as West Malaysia , is the part of Malaysia which lies on the Malay Peninsula. Its area is . It shares a land border with Thailand in the north. To the south is the island of Singapore. Across the Strait of Malacca to the west lies the island of Sumatra...

.
The provisional list of mammals of Borneo (sensu Lord Medway, Payne et al., Corbet and Hill, Koopman, and Wilson and Reeder) are listed in the table below. There are various conflicts in the taxonomic lists by previous authors which need further field research for validation.

Taxonomic list

The following list gives the scientific name followed by the common names, description, ecology, conservation and distribution information.

Order: Erinaceomorpha

• Echinosorex gymnura: Moonrat. Thailand, Malay Peninsula, Sabah, Sarawak, Brunei and Kalimantan.
• Hylomys suillus: Lesser gymnure. China, Myanmar, Indochina, Thailand, Malay Peninsula, Sabah and Sarawak.

Order: Soricomorpha

• Suncus murinus
  Suncus murinus
  The Asian House Shrew , or the Asian Musk Shrew, is a widespread, adaptable species of shrew found mainly in South Asia but introduced widely throughout Asia....
  
  : House shrew. Africa, Asia, Thailand, Malay Peninsula, Sabah, Sarawak, Brunei and Kalimantan.
• Suncus ater: Black shrew. Endemic to Borneo; known only from Gunong Kinabalu
• Suncus etruscus: Savi's pigmy shrew. Europe, Africa, Asia; Thailand, Malay Peninsula, Sabah and Sarawak.
• Crocidura monticola: Sunda shrew. Java, Lombok, Sumba and Flores; Malay Peninsula, Sabah, Sarawak, Brunei and Kalimantan.
• Crocidura fuliginosa: South-east Asia white-toothed shrew. India, Indochina, Thailand, Malay Peninsula, Sabah, Sarawak, Brunei and Kalimantan.
• Chimarrogale himalayica: Himalayan water shrew. Himalaya, south China, Southeast Asia, Japan, Sumatra and Sabah.

Order: Scandentia

• Ptilocercus lowii Pentail treeshrew. CITES Appendix II
• Tupaia glis Common treeshrew. CITES Appendix II
• Tupaia splendidula Ruddy treeshrew. CITES Appendix II
• Tupaia montana Mountain tree shrew. Local name is tupai gunung CITES Appendix II
• Tupaia minor Lesser treeshrew. CITES Appendix II
• Tupaia gracilis Slender treeshrew. CITES Appendix II
• Tupaia picta Painted treeshrew. CITES Appendix II
• Tupaia dorsalis Striped treeshrew. CITES Appendix II
• Tupaia tana Large treeshrew. CITES Appendix II
• Dendrogale melanura Smooth-tailed treeshrew. CITES Appendix II

Order: Chiroptera

• Rousettus amplexicaudatus Geoffroy's rousette
• Rousettus spinalatus
  Rousettus spinalatus
  Bare-backed Rousette is a species of megabat.-Distribution:The species "roosts in dark caves and feed presumably on nectar and fruit. It range includes Sukau and Kuamut in Sabah; Niah and Bintulu in Sarawak" ....
  
  Bare-backed rousette
• Pteropus vampyrus Large flying fox
• Pteropus hypomelanus Island flying fox

• Cynopterus brachyotis form I: Short-nosed fruit bat; large-sized, in open habitats; form II: Short-nosed fruit bat; small-sized, in closed forest .
• Cynopterus brachyotis
• Cynopterus sphinx Greater short-nosed fruit bat. Known to Kalimantan
• Cynopterus horsfieldi Horsfield's fruit bat
• Penthetor lucasi Dusky fruit bat
• Megaerops ecaudatus
  Megaerops ecaudatus
  The Tailess Fruit Bat is a species of megabat.-Distribution:Individuals have been found in the lowland primary forest at Poring in Sabah and Taleban in Thailand, Bario highland and secondary forest of Balui both in Sarawak. M. ecaudatus ranges in the primary forest and open habitat...
  
  Tailess fruit bat
• Megaerops wetmorei
  Megaerops wetmorei
  The White-collared Fruit Bat is a species of megabat found in Southeast Asia.-Distribution:It was recorded only from Tasek Merimbun, Brunei. This specimen was reviewed and reassigned as a subspecies Megaerops wetmorei albicollis...
  
  White-collared fruit bat
• Dyacopterus spadiceus Dayak fruit bat
  Dayak Fruit Bat
  The Dayak fruit bat or Dyak fruit bat is a relatively rare frugivorous megabat species found only on the Sunda Shelf of southeast Asia, specifically the Malay Peninsula south of the Isthmus of Kra, and the islands of Borneo and Sumatra. There are three species in the genus Dyacopterus: D....
  
  
• Chironax melanocephalus Black-capped fruit bat
• Balionycteris maculata
  Balionycteris maculata
  The Spotted-winged Fruit Bat, Balionycteris maculata is the smallest megabat in the world. It is in the monotypic genus Balionycteris. It is found from southern Thailand, across Malaysia, and on the island of Borneo. It lives in the forests where it roosts in small groups in trees and caves...
  
  Spotted-winged fruit bat
• Aethalops aequalis
  Aethalops aequalis
  The Borneo Fruit Bat is a species of megabat. It is found in East Malaysia and Brunei. It is considered a subspecies of Aethalops alecto by some authors....
  
  Grey fruit bat
• Eonycteris spelaea
  Eonycteris spelaea
  Cave Nectar Bat , common names also include Dawn Bat, Common Dawn Bat, Common Nectar Bat and Lesser Dawn Bat , is a species of megabat within the genus Eonycteris. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and caves, and it is threatened by habitat loss. E...
  
  Cave nectar bat
• Eonycteris major
  Eonycteris major
  The Greater Nectar Bat or Greater Dawn Bat is a species of megabat within the genus Eonycteris. It is found in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines...
  
  Greater nectar bat
• Macroglossus minimus Long-tongued nectar bat
• Emballonura alecto Greater sheath-tailed bat
• Emballonura monticola Lesser sheath-tailed bat
• Saccolaimus saccolaimus Pouched tomb bat
• Taphozous melanopogon Black-bearded tomb bat
• Taphozous longimanus Long-winged tomb bat
• Megaderma spasma Lesser false vampire
• Nycteris tragata Hollow-faced bat
• Rhinolophus borneensis Bornean horseshoe bat
• Rhinolophus pusillus Least horseshoe
• Rhinolophus arcuatus Arcuatus horseshoe bat

• Rhinolophus acuminatus Acuminate horseshoe bat
• Rhinolophus affinis Intermediate horseshoe bat
• Rhinolophus creaghi Creagh's horseshoe bat
• Rhinolophus philippinensis Philippine horseshoe bat
• Rhinolophus trifoliatus Trefoil horseshoe bat
• Rhinolophus sedulus
  Rhinolophus sedulus
  The Lesser Woolly Horseshoe Bat is a species of bat in the Rhinolophidae family. It is found in Brunei, Indonesia, and Malaysia.-References:* Chiroptera Specialist Group 1996. . Downloaded on 30 July 2007....
  
  Lesser wolly horseshoe bat
• Hipposideros ater Dusky roundleaf bat
• Hipposideros bicolor Bicolor roundleaf bat
• Hipposideros cineraceus Ashy roundleaf bat
• Hipposideros dyacorum Dayak Roundleaf Bat
  Dayak Roundleaf Bat
  The Dayak Roundleaf Bat is a species of bat in the family Hipposideridae. It is found in Indonesia and Malaysia.-References:* Chiroptera Specialist Group 1996. . Downloaded on 30 July 2007....
  
  
• Hipposideros doriae Least roundleaf

.

• Hipposideros ridleyi Ridley's roundleaf bat
• Hipposideros cervinus Fawn roundleaf bat
• Hipposideros galeritus Cantor's roundleaf bat
• Hipposideros coxi Cox's roundleaf bat
• Hipposideros larvatus Intermediate roundleaf bat
• Hipposideros diadema Diadem roundleaf bat
• Coelops robinsoni Lesser tailess roundleaf bat
• Myotis muricola Whiskered myotis
• Myotis ater Black myotis
• Myotis montivagus Large brown myotis
• Myotis siligorensis Small-toothed myotis
• Myotis ridleyi Ridley's myotis
• Myotis horsfieldii Horsfield's myotis
• Myotis hasseltii Hasselt's large-footed myotis
• Myotis adversus Grey large-footed myotis
• Myotis macrotarsus Pallid large-footed myotis
• Pipistrellus javanicus Javan pistrelle
• Pipistrellus tenuis Least pipistrelle
• Pipistrellus ceylonicus Dark brown pipistrelle
• Hypsugo kitcheneri Red-brown pipistrelle
• Falsistrellus petersi Wooly pipistrelle
• Arielulus cuprosus Coppery pipistrelle
• Hypsugo imbricatus
• Hypsugo macrotis
• Pipistrellus vordermanni White-winged pipistrelle
• Glischropus tylopus Thick-thumb pipistrelle
• Philetor brachypterus Narrow-winged brown bat
• Hesperoptenus doriae False serotine
• Hesperoptenus blanfordi Least false serotine
• Hesperoptenus tomesi Tomes' false serotine
• Tylonycteris robustula Greater bamboo bat
• Tylonycteris pachypus Lesser bamboo bat
• Scotophilus kuhlii Yellow house bat
• Murina cyclotis Orange tube-nosed bat
• Murina aenea Bronzed tube-nosed bat
• Murina rozendaali Gilded tube-nosed bat
• Murina suilla Lesser tube-nosed bat
• Harpiocephalus harpia Hairy-winged bat
• Kerivoula papillosa Papillose wooly bat
• Kerivoula hardwickii Hardwicke's wooly bat
• Kerivoula pellucida Clear-winged wooly bat
• Kerivoula intermedia Small woolly bat
• Kerivoula minuta Least wooly bat
• Kerivoula whiteheadi Whitehead's woolly bat
• Kerivoula lenis
• Phoniscus jagorii Frosted groove-toothed bat
• Phoniscus atrox Gilded groove-thoothed bat
• Miniopterus magnater Large bent-winged bat
• Miniopterus schreibersi Common bent-winged bat
• Miniopterus pusillus Small bent-winged bat
• Miniopterus medius Medium bent-winged bat
• Miniopterus australis Lesser bent-winged bat
• Cheiromeles torquatus Naked bat
• Mops mops Free-tailed bat
• Chaerephon plicata Wrinkle-lipped bat

Order: Primates

• Nycticebus coucang Slow loris
• Tarsius bancanus Western tarsier common name : Kera hantu
• Presbytis melalophos Banded langur
• Presbytis hosei Hose's langur
• Presbytis rubicunda Maroon langur
• Presbytis chrysomelas Sarawak surili
• Presbytis frontata White-fronted langur
• Trachypithecus cristatus Silvered langur
• Nasalis larvatus Proboscis monkey
• Macaca fascicularis Long-tailed macaque. This species is arboreal.
• Macaca nemestrina Pig-tailed macaque
• Hylobates muelleri Müller's Bornean gibbon
• Hylobates albibarbis Bornean white-bearded gibbon
• Pongo pygmaeus Orangutan .

Order: Rodentia

• Ratufa affinis Giant squirrel
• Callosciurus prevostii Prevost's squirrel
• Callosciurus baluensis Kinabalu squirrel
• Callosciurus notatus Plantain squirrel
• Callosciurus adamsi Ear-spot squirrel
• Callosciurus orestes Bornean black-banded squirrel
• Sundasciurus hippurus Horse-tailed squirrel
• Sundasciurus lowii Low's squirrel
• Sundasciurus tenuis Slender squirrel
• Sundasciurus jentinki Jentink's squirrel
• Sundasciurus brookei Brooke's squirrel
• Glyphotes simus Red-bellied sculptor squirrel
• Lariscus insignis Three-striped ground squirrel
• Lariscus hosei Four-striped ground squirrel
• Dremomys everetti Bornean mountain ground squirrel
• Rhinosciurus laticaudatus Shrew-faced ground squirrel
• Nannosciurus melanotis Black-eared pigmy squirrel
• Exilisciurus exilis Plain pigmy squirrel
• Exilisciurus whiteheadi Whitehead's pigmy squirrel
• Rheithrosciurus macrotis Tufted ground squirrel
• Petaurillus hosei Hose's pigmy flying squirrel
• Petaurillus emiliae Lesser pigmy flying squirrel
• Iomys horsfieldii Horsfield's flying squirrel
• Aeromys tephromelas Black flying squirrel
• Aeromys thomasi Thomas's flying squirrel
• Petinomys hageni Hagen's flying squirrel
• Petinomys genibarbis Whiskered flying squirrel
• Petinomys setosus Temminck's flying squirrel
• Petinomys vordermanni Vordermann's flying squirrel
• Hylopetes lepidus Grey-cheeked flying squirrel
• Hylopetes spadiceus Red-cheeked flying squirrel
• Pteromyscus pulverulentus Smoky flying squirrel
• Petaurista petaurista Red giant flying squirrel
• Petaurista elegans Spotted giant flying squirrel
• Rattus rattus House rat
• Rattus tiomanicus Malaysian field rat
• Rattus argentiventer Ricefield rat
• Rattus baluensis Summit rat
• Rattus exulans Polynesia rat
• Rattus norvegicus Norway rat
• Sundamys muelleri Muller's rat
• Sundamys infraluteus Mountain giant rat

• Niviventer cremoriventer Dark-tailed rat
• Niviventer rapit Long-tailed mountain rat
• Maxomys rajah Brown spiny rat

• Maxomys surifer Red spiny rat
• Maxomys alticola Mountain spiny rat
• Maxomys ochraceiventer Chestnut-bellied spiny rat
• Maxomys baeodon Small spiny rat
• Maxomys whiteheadi Whitehead's rat
• Leopoldamys sabanus Long-tailed giant rat
• Lenothrix canusGrey tree rat
• Mus castaneus Asian house rat
• Mus caroli Ricefield mouse
• Chiropodomys gliroides Common pencil-tailed tree-mouse
• Chiropodomys major Large pencil-tailed tree-mouse
• Chiropodomys muroides Grey-bellied pencil-tailed tree-mouse
• Haeromys margarettae Ranee mouse
• Trichys fasciculata Long-tailed porcupine
• Hystrix brachyura Common porcupine
• Thecurus crassispinis Thick-spined porcupine

Order: Cetacea

• Balaenoptera musculus Blue whale
• Balaenoptera physalus Fin whale
• Balaenoptera borealis Sei whale
• Balaenoptera edeni Bryde's whale
• Balaenoptera acutorostrata Minke whale
• Megaptera novaeangliae Humpback whale
• Physeter macrocephalus Sperm whale
• Kogia breviceps Pigmy sperm whale
• Kogia simus Dwarf sperm whale
• Ziphius cavirostris Cuvier's beak whale
• Mesoplodon sp Beaked whale
• Orcaella brevirostris Irrawaddy dolphin
• Peponocephala electra Melon-headed whale
• Feresa attenuata Pigmy killer whale
• Pseudorca crassidens False killer whale
• Orcinus orca Killer whale
• Globicephala macrorhynchus Short-finned pilot whale
• Steno bredanensis Rough-toothed dolphin
• Sousa chinensis Indo-Pacific hump-backed dolphin
• Lagenodelphis hosei Fraser's dolphin
• Delphinus delphis Common dolphin
• Tursiops truncatus Bottlenose dolphin
• Grampus griseus Risso's dolphin
• Stenella attenuata Spotted dolphin
• Stenella coeruleoalba Striped dolphin
• Stenella longirostris Long-snouted spinner dolphin
• Neophocaena phocaenoides Finless porpoise

Order: Carnivora

• Canis familiaris Domestic dog
• Helarctos malayanus Sun bear
• Martes flavigula
  Martes flavigula
  The yellow-throated marten , also known as the kharza, is an Asian species of marten which is listed by the IUCN as Least Concern due to its wide distribution, evidently relatively stable population, occurrence in a number of protected areas, and lack of major threats...
  
  Yellow-throated marten
• Mustela nudipes Malay weasel
• Melogale personata Ferret-badger
• Mydaus javanensis Malaya badger
• Lutra sumatrana Hairy-nosed otter
• Lutra lutra Eurasian otter
• Lutrogale perspicillata Smooth-coated otter
• Amblonyx cinerea Oriental small-clawed otter
• Viverra tangalunga Malay civet. Local name for Malay civet is musang
• Prionodon linsang Banded linsang
• Paradoxurus hermaphroditus Common palm civet
• Paguma larvata Masked palm civet
• Arctictis binturong Bearcat
• Arctogalidia trivirgata Small-toothed palm civet
• Hemigalus derbyanus Banded palm civet
• Diplogale hosei Hose's civet
• Cynogale bennettii Otter-civet
• Herpestes brachyurus Short-tailed mongoose
• Herpestes hosei Hose's mongoose
• Herpestes semitorquatus Collared mongoose
• Neofelis diardi Sunda Clouded Leopard
• Pardofelis marmorata Marbled cat
• Catopuma badia Bay cat
• Prionailurus planiceps Flat-headed cat
• Prionailurus bengalensis Leopard cat
• Felis sylvestris catus Domestic cat

Order: Perissodactyla

• Dicerorhinus sumatrensis Sumatran rhinoceros. Extinct in Brunei, probably extinct in Sarawak and Kalimantan. Found only in eastern Sabah.

Order: Artiodactyla

• Sus barbatus Bearded pig
• Sus scrofa domesticus Domestic pig
• Tragulus javanicus Lesser mouse-deer
• Tragulus napu Greater mouse-deer
• Muntiacus muntjak Red muntjac
• Muntiacus atherodes Bornean yellow muntjac
• Rusa unicolor Sambar deer
• Rusa timorensis Javan rusa
• Bos javanicus Banteng or tembadau. Present in Kalimantan, Sabah, and possibly Sarawak; believed extinct in Brunei.
• Bos indicus Domestic humped cattle
• Bubalus bubalis Domestic water buffalo
• Capra aegagrus hircus Domestic goat

Further reading

• Abdullah, MT., Wong, S.F., Besar Ketol. 2010. Catalogue of mammals of UNIMAS Zoological Museum, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak Publication, Kota Samarahan. ISBN 978-967-5527-02-9.
• Abdullah, MT. 2007. Mammals of Borneo online. Prospect Malaysia 2: 84-85.
• Abdullah, MT, et al. 2007. Studies on Zoonoses and emerging infectious diseases in Borneo. Research proposal, UNIMAS.
• Abdullah MT, Rahman MA, Hall LS. 1996. New records for bats in Sarawak, Malaysia. Malayan Nature Journal 50:365-367.
• Abdullah MT, Siswanto H, Widiyanto A, Setiabudi A, Firmansyah. 1997. Abdundance, diversity and distributional records of bats in disturbed habitats in Kalimantan Barat, Indonesia. Sarawak Museum Journal 72:75-84.
• Abdullah MT, Moritz C, Grigg GC., Hall LS. 2000. Evidence of cryptic species within Cynopterus brachyotis by using mtDNA sequence. In Yaacob Z, Moo-Tan S, Yorath S (eds) In situ and ex situ Biodiversity Conservation. Yayasan Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.
• Abdullah, MT., Wong, S.F. and Besar Ketol. 2010. Catalogue of mammals of UNIMAS Zoological Museum. Penerbitan Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan. 80pp.
• Abdullah, MT., Jusanit, P., Di, P. W. H., Zabani Ariffin, M. and Hall, L. S. 2007. Observations on bats in three national parks in Thailand. Tigerpaper, 34 (4): 5-10.
• Abdullah MT, NH Hasan, FAA Khan, JJ Rovie-Ryan, JV Kumaran, Y Esa, IV Paul, and LS Hall. 2009. Review on the molecular phylogeny of selected Malaysian Bats. Pp28-33. In G Ainsworth and S Garnett (eds). RIMBA: Sustainable forest livelihoods in Malaysia and Australia, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak and Charles Darwin University. ISBN 978-967-5227-30-1.
• Andersen K. 1912. Catalogue of the chiroptera in the collection of the British Museum. Second edition, British Museum of Natural History.
• ANWARALI, F.A.K., SITI NURLYDIA SAZALI, JAYARAJ VIJAYA KUMARAN, SIALI ABAN, MOHD KASYFULLAH ZAINI, BESAR KETOL, JEFFRINE ROVIE RYAN, AHMAD MASHUR JULAIHI, L.S. HALL & MT. ABDULLAH. 2007. Bats of Bako National Park, Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo. Sarawak Museum Journal 84: 267-300.
• Apun, K., K.L. Kho, Y.L. Chong, F.H. Hashimatul, MT. Abdullah, M.A. Rahman, M.B. Lesley and L. Samuel, 2010. Detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in wildlife from disturbed habitats in Sarawak, Malaysia. Res. J. Microbiol., 6: 132-139. DOI: 10.3923/jm.2011.132.139.
• Apun, K., Y.L. Chong, MT. Abdullah and V. Micky. 2008. Antimicrobial susceptibilities of Escherichia coli isolates from food Animals and wildlife animals in Sarawak, East Malaysia. AJAVA., 3: 409-416. DOI: 10.3923/ajava.2008.409.416 URL: http://scialert.net/abstract/?doi=ajava.2008.409.416.
• Bank E. 1981. More mammals from Borneo. Brunei Museum Journal
  Brunei Museum Journal
  Brunei Museum Journal is an academic journal, published annually by the Brunei Museum. Its first volume was produced in 1969.The journal is dedicated to the advancement of knowledge of Brunei Darussalam, Borneo, and Southeast Asia...
  
  4(4): 262-273.
• Campbell, P., C. J. Schneider, et al. 2004. Phylogeny and phylogeography of Old World fruit bats in the Cynopterus brachyotis complex. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution.
• Besar Ketol, F. A. Anwarali, Wahap Marni, Isa Sait, Maklarin Lakim, Paul Imbun Yambun, Mohd Azib Salleh, Mustafa Abdul Rahman And MT. Abdullah. 2009. Checklist of mammals from Gunung Silam, Sabah, Malaysia. Journal of Tropical Biology and Conservation 5 : 61 – 65.
• Chong Yee Ling, Kasing Apun and MT Abdullah. 2007. Occurrence of the nonpathogenic Escherichia coli and their antimicrobial susceptibility profiles in bats and rodents isolated from selected primary lowland forests and disturbed habitat in Sarawak, Malaysia. Pp123-130. In IB Ipor, CS Tawan, P. Bulan, I. Jusoh, BA Fasihuddin, K. Meekiong (eds.). Proceedings of Conference on Natural Resources In The Tropics, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan. ISBN 983-9257-46-3.
• Corbet GB, Hill JE. 1992. The mammals of the Indomalayan region: a systematic review. Oxford University Press.
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External links

• Zoology in Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
• Mammal Species of the World
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System
• Tree of Life
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• Taxonomy of Mammal
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• Plate Tectonics Meets Genomics
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• H D Rijksen, E Meijaard. Our Vanishing Relative: The Status of Wild Orang-Utans at the Close of the Twentieth Century
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