Madiga
Encyclopedia
Madiga is a social group or caste
Caste
Caste is an elaborate and complex social system that combines elements of endogamy, occupation, culture, social class, tribal affiliation and political power. It should not be confused with race or social class, e.g. members of different castes in one society may belong to the same race, as in India...

 group of Andhra Pradesh
Andhra Pradesh
Andhra Pradesh , is one of the 28 states of India, situated on the southeastern coast of India. It is India's fourth largest state by area and fifth largest by population. Its capital and largest city by population is Hyderabad.The total GDP of Andhra Pradesh is $100 billion and is ranked third...

, Karnataka
Karnataka
Karnataka , the land of the Kannadigas, is a state in South West India. It was created on 1 November 1956, with the passing of the States Reorganisation Act and this day is annually celebrated as Karnataka Rajyotsava...

, Maharastra etc. found almost in all Indian states with different names. The people belonging to this community are most oppressed and exploited in the society. The term Madiga is derived from Sanskrit word Maha-Adiga which can be loosely translated as great and oldest. They form the largest segment of what is considered to be the Dalit castes of Andhra. There are also a number of parallel castes found in north India.

They are manual leather workers in some parts and agricultural labourers in some regions of Andhra Pradesh.

History

Madigas traditionally lived in hamlets outside mainstream village life. Their huts in the hamlets, usually referred as the Madiga gudem, were loosely connected to a narrow path that would guide to the main road of the village. By the twentieth century both British administration and Nizam
Nizam
Nizam-ul-Mulk of Hyderabad popularly known as Nizams of Hyderabad was a former monarchy of the Hyderabad State, now in the states of Andhra Pradesh , Karnataka , and Maharashtra in India...

s’ administration began to employ them as village messengers.

In the words of Sackett, an Anglican missionary, "He (Madiga) was a leather worker. He cured skins and made shoes. He also fed upon carrion. No carcass came amiss to him, no matter how it died. The skin for shoes and the flesh for food was his dictum. [...] Moreover, he was the drummer at festivals."

Traditional profession

Madigas lived by tanning the leather and It was the “duty” of the Madiga family to provide chappals and other leather goods to the upper caste families with whom they were tied. They fed on the carrion
Carrion
Carrion refers to the carcass of a dead animal. Carrion is an important food source for large carnivores and omnivores in most ecosystems. Examples of carrion-eaters include vultures, hawks, eagles, hyenas, Virginia Opossum, Tasmanian Devils, coyotes, Komodo dragons, and burying beetles...

 (dead animals meat). They were skilled drummer
Drummer
A drummer is a musician who is capable of playing drums, which includes but is not limited to a drum kit and accessory based hardware which includes an assortment of pedals and standing support mechanisms, marching percussion and/or any musical instrument that is struck within the context of a...

s. With the leather tanned they stitched shoes, prepared leather accessories for agricultural works. They were allowed in the streets to sweep and to remove the dead animals.

Culture

Madigas contributed a lot to the music and dance. The origin for the Jaaz drums comes from the primitive but exact rhythm and beat producing "Thappeta" tanned skins covered on the wooden round frames and were played by beating them with two sticks. The sound variation they bring by warming them when the weather is wet and humid.

"Sindu", the same words used for "Chindu", is the warrior dance because only men will dance in that according to the drum "thappeta" beat. They tie the "gajjelu" to their feet like all the other dancers (bharatha natyam, kuchipudi in India) and dance. It is similar to jugal bandhi in Hindusthani music, a competition between the drum beater and dancer to overcome each other.

The "Thappeta" beat is so powerful that it can be heard up to two miles away on a calm and quiet night.

Self-identification via "Sanskritic roots"

Like all castes in India, today they generally believe in prestigious origins (see Sanskritisation
Sanskritisation
Sanskritization or Sanskritisation is a particular form of social change found in India and Nepal. It denotes the process by which castes placed lower in the caste hierarchy seek upward mobility by emulating the rituals and practices of the upper or dominant castes. It is a process similar to...

). One such theory speculates that Madiga is derived from Sanskrit word Maha-Adiga which can be loosely translated as great and oldest.

Accordingly they sometimes call themselves as Arundhathiyar based on myth of Madiga, Vashista marrying a daughter of a Madiga sage named Arundathi. This myth is also used by another castes called Chakkili
Sakkiliar
Arunthathiyar are one of the most marginalized social groups or castes from Tamil Nadu and Arunthathiyar are one of the most marginalized [[social groups]] or castes from [[Tamil Nadu]] and...

 in Andhra and Tamil nadu
Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu is one of the 28 states of India. Its capital and largest city is Chennai. Tamil Nadu lies in the southernmost part of the Indian Peninsula and is bordered by the union territory of Pondicherry, and the states of Kerala, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh...

 to call them as Arunthathiyas.

There may be ethnic and linguistic relations with Mang
Mang (caste)
The Mang community, whose origins lie in the Narmada Valley of India, was formerly classified as a criminal tribe under the Criminal Tribes Acts of the British Raj....

 in Maharastra, the Chakkalli in Tamil Nadu and possibly the Matang in North India
North India
North India, known natively as Uttar Bhārat or Shumālī Hindustān , is a loosely defined region in the northern part of India. The exact meaning of the term varies by usage...

.

Bedagu or Lineage or Gotra or Clan or vansh or purvik

Madiga society is organized into clans, known as bedagus. They do not intermarry within their respective bedagu, analogous to proscription within upper-caste gotras. Below some names of Bedagu.

Subdivisions

Madigas had their kin-communities such as Pogu means that person belongs to Madiga Caste
  • Naari "Pogu"
  • Vesa "Pogu"
  • Lakke "Pogu
  • Beera "Pogu"
  • Parisi "Pogu"
  • Palle "Pogu"
  • Kolika "Pogu"

  • Konika "Pogu"
  • konde "pogu"
  • Gangi "Pogu"
  • Katte "Pogu"
  • Ram "Pogu"
  • Kesa "Pogu"
  • Besu "Pogu"
  • Mesa "Pogu"
  • Kanne "Pogu"

  • Madiga Dasoo
  • Ddekkali
  • Kolluri
  • Chamar
  • Samagar
  • Hadagar
  • panchamasali
  • Raidas in north
  • Gujjarlapudi
  • Thella

Madiga saw themselves as "higher" in the ladder of community hierarchy. Sindhollu were itinerant dramatists. Madiga Dasoos were the counter-parts of Mala Dasoos in the Madiga community. Dekkalis or Dekkalolu were professional beggars who traveled from one Madiga settlement to another living at the mercy of Madigas. Mattitolu was another community engaged in begging. They were given a cluster of forty to fifty hamlets to go begging. Dekkalis too entitled to the generosity of Madigas. They go to each hamlet and stay there for a short duration and narrate the Madigas the stories concerning their roots. It was through these the oral traditions of the Madiga history were carried on from generation to generation.

Supernatural world

Clarence Clark, in his Talks on an Indian Village, describes the spiritual beliefs of the Madiga people in following sentences, "... there were evil spirits all around him living in trees and streams and large stones, and they would do him a great harm if he is not careful." Clarence continues to 'talk' on how offerings were made to the 'special' stone outside the hamlet smeared with red plant as follows, "... would take a little grain or a few marigolds and put them down in front of this stone, so that the spirit would not be unkind to her..." About the deity in the hut which usually was a rough wooden image painted with few colors placed in a shelf at the corner of the hut he says, "... some rice was put in a bowl in front of her in case she should be hungry, and some times thread for sewing. But strangest thing of all was this -- as well as food and drink and thread, there was a stick in case she needed to be kept in order."

The symbolism involved with food, thread and stick suggests they believed in God (Dess) who can be hungry and thirsty, who is industrious and who is vulnerable. Madigas saw behind every natural calamity the divine wrath and behind every bounty the divine blessing. Often offerings were made to propitiate the Deity who withholds the rain. Even as construction of canals and dams were shown as the means to water the lands and provide livelihood to Madigas during the famine.

Dalit Goddess

The rituals and ceremonies of the Madigas mirror the space that women occupied in the society. They had recognized the feminine dimension of the Deity and it is evident in the fact that in most cases Deity manifested Her (Him)self in the form of feminine. They worshipped Goddesses like all other Hindu community worhipped kshudradevathalu each village has its own goddess (grama devatha) and in Hindu religion there is a story like all theses goddesses were sisters and one brother to them names poturaju. Throughout India these goddesses were worshipped in the name of Durga, Kali, Renuka, Poleramma, ledotamma, Sammakka, Sarakka, Yellamma, Kaamma, Morasamma, Matangi
Matangi
Matangi is one of the Mahavidyas, ten Tantric goddesses and a ferocious aspect of Devi, the Hindu Divine Mother. She is considered as the Tantric form of Sarasvati, the goddess of music and learning. Like Sarasvati, Matangi governs speech, music, knowledge and the arts...

, Somalamma and Moosamma. There were also Gods in the Madiga pantheon
Pantheon (gods)
A pantheon is a set of all the gods of a particular polytheistic religion or mythology.Max Weber's 1922 opus, Economy and Society discusses the link between a...

 but they only played a secondary role.

And in the list of Goddesses there were many victims whose past was characterized by the experiences of pain and humiliation. Women victims regardless of their caste and creed were not only given shelter but were later deified by Madigas. Madiga cult had both men and women as priests and priestess to mediate with the Deity and to officiate at the sacrifices. But it was women who had the lead in the cult.

Madiga priestesses

Coyler Sackett, an Anglican missionary, for whom possibility of women-priest was an anathema, describes the attire of the Madiga priestess. "Mark her bold manner, impudent stare, fine figure, and the roll of matted hair lying as an ensign of her trade upon her proud head. She was given to the service of the gods early in life, and what she does not know of immorality, bestiality, and brazen-faced evil can be learnt. Her body belongs to the God. See her in her mad frenzy as, with hair flung free, she serves the deity, face aflame with ungodly lust." Madiga priestesses were consecrated for the purpose early in their life and no restriction of propriety was imposed on them throughout their life. They were free to choose their mates but they usually settle with Baindla priests. The role these priestesses play can be illustrated in the narration of P.Y. Luke and John Carman about a ceremony of sacrifice to Goddess of cholera:
A winnowing fan is put on the pot and clay lid on the fan; some oil is poured onto it. and then a wick is put in and lit. A Kolpula woman sits facing this light inside the enclosure, and she stares steadily at the light. All the goddesses were thought to appear to her through that light. Outside the enclosure, the Baindla priests stand and invoke the goddess, beating their special drums. The Kolpula woman goes into trance, closes her eyes, and is taken possession of by one of the goddesses. The people outside break a coconut, kill a chicken and pour a libation of toddy on the ground where the sacrifice takes place. The women’s face is washed with toddy. Before she becomes unconscious she utters the name of the goddess


In the following rite, the Kolpula woman gets into the platform near the shrine to the goddess Uradamma. A sheep is let loose as an offering to Uradamma, and priestess pierces its stomach with her sword. The entrails, liver, and the lungs are removed. The lungs and liver will be put in the Kolpula woman’s mouth and the intestines around her neck. A new sari and blouse are dipped in the blood of this sheep and then the Kolpula woman put them on. Lime, vermilion, black ash bottlu are put on her whole body, a broken pot on her head. She holds a broomstick in her left hand, a winnowing fan in her right hand, and goes through all the streets of the village, starting from the shrine of Uradamma. Her brother and the Baindla priests follow her, and the Magidas beat drum in front of her.

Madigas also incorporated some of the Sanskrit heroin into their pantheon and deified them. Goddess Gonti or Gontellamma is Madiga version of Sanskrit Kunti. While in Hindu mythologies these women loyally serve their gods, in the Madiga interpretation gods serve these deities.

Madiga protest

To a Madiga protest is not a lifestyle but centuries of suppression made it imminent. There were several ceremonies that reflect the element of protest and some of them were incorporated into the Hindu culture. Theodore Wilber Elmore in his ‘Dravidian Gods in Modern Hinduism: A Study of the Local and Village Deities of Southern India’ identifies some of such ceremonies. One of them was associated with the Goddess Matangi who was worshipped by Madigas of Kurnool. It was of an annual festival when a Madiga priestess spits at higher castes in protest of mistreatment.

"As she rushes about spitting on those who under ordinary circumstances would almost choose death rather than to suffer such pollution from a Madiga, she breaks into wild, exulting songs, telling of the humiliation to which she is subjecting the proud caste people. She also abuses them all thoroughly..."

Moreover, this ritual has been well integrated into the religious life of Hindus. Though she humiliates them by spitting, it was said, the caste people would eagerly wait for their turn and would not be satisfied "without a full measure of her invective", as a reminder that, despite their low caste status, they deserved dignified treatment.

It had also been a custom among Madigas to clean their streets with water mixed with turmeric whenever a Brahmin happens to pass by their hamlet. This was a practice designed to criticize the ultra-orthodox Brahmins' belief that the Madiga were "natural polluters".

On certain days in a year, especially after the grains were gathered and stored, a couple of Madigas were permitted to hawk their wares in the village. This procession was called ‘garaga’. A Mala and a Madiga who in ordinary circumstances do not socialize had made the pair to go hawking. While the Mala was to collect the grains in a container placed above his head the Madiga joined him to beat the drum. Mala would go each doorstep and embarrass the families into business with obscenities. Caste people were to reciprocate this gesture politely by giving a winnowful of grain. This indicates the amount of space the Madiga could make for themselves in Hindu religion to express their protest.

Popular culture

A documentary film
Documentary film
Documentary films constitute a broad category of nonfictional motion pictures intended to document some aspect of reality, primarily for the purposes of instruction or maintaining a historical record...

, Mahadiga
Mahadiga (film)
-External links:*...

, was made by Lelle Suresh in 2004. The documentary film was critically acclaimed.

Writers

  • Gurram Jashua, Navayuga Kavi Chakravarthy Dalitha Varga Jwala MurthyJ
  • Modukuri Johnson, Famous Film Writer, Poet and Lyricist
  • Prof Kolakaluri Enoch, eminent writer
  • Andhe Sri, Telugu poet and lyricist
  • Rasamayi Balakrishna
    Rasamayi Balakrishna
    Rasamayi Balakrishna is an Indian singer, poet and political activist. He heads the cultural troupe for the formation of separate Telangana state. He is the convenor of the Telangana Dhoom Dhaam Committee, one of the mini-cultural outfits of the statehood movement.-Career:Rasamayi Balakishan...

    , balladee
  • Prof. Kottapalli Wilson, English Writer for Dalit Cause
  • Prof. Yendluri Sudhakar, Eminent Telugu Poet
  • Prof.Pasalapudi George Victor, Expert in Vedanta and on Madigas
  • Chintada Gowri Varaprasad, Writer on Madigas
  • Prof.Tigiripalli Krishna Kanth-a prolific writer and Expert on International Relations

Politicians

  • K.H. Muniyappa
    K.H. Muniyappa
    K.H. Muniyappa is a member of the 15th Lok Sabha of India. He represents the Kolar constituency of Karnataka and is a member of the Indian National Congress political party. He is presently The Union Minister of State for Indian Railways, and earlier during 2004-09.-Political career:K.H....

    , Union Minister of State for Shipping & Road Transport and Highways.
  • Bangaru Laxman
    Bangaru Laxman
    Bangaru Laxman is an Indian politician. He was a minister of state for railways in Government of India from 1999 to 2000. Later he became President of Bharatiya Janata Party but resigned soon after Tehelka corruption case.-Early life:...

    , former president of BJP and former minister of state railways
  • Damodar Raja Narasimha
    Damodar Raja Narasimha
    Cilarapu Damodar Raja Narasimha is an Indian politician belonging to Indian National Congress and Deputy Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh...

    , Deputy Chief Minister of AP Government
  • Dokka Manikya Vara Prasad
    Dokka Manikya Vara Prasad
    Dokka Manikya Vara Prasada Rao is an Indian politician and legislator. He belongs to the Indian National Congress. He is an MLA from Tadikonda constituency.-Early life:...

    , Minister of AP Government
  • A.Narayanaswamy, Minister of Karnataka government.
  • Govinda M. Karajola, Minister of Karnataka government.
  • Nandi Yellaiah
    Nandi Yellaiah
    Nandi Yellaiah a politician from Indian National Congress party is presently a Member of the Parliament of India representing Andhra Pradesh in the Rajya Sabha, the upper house of the Indian Parliament.-External links:*...

    , Rajya Sabha M.P
  • J B Muthyal Rao, former Union Minister & Ambassador
  • Sarve Satyanarayana
    Sarve Satyanarayana
    Sarve Satyanarayana is an Indian politician and member of the Parliament of India, representing Malkajgiri constituency.-Early life:...

    , M.P, Malkajgiri
  • Sircilla Rajaiah, Warangal MP
  • Manda Jagannadham
    Manda Jagannadham
    Dr. Manda Jagannadham is an Indian politician and an MP from Nagarkurnool. He belongs to Indian National Congress party.-Early life:Manda Jagannadham was born in Mahbubnagar district...

    , M.P, Nagarkurnool
  • Ramesh C.Jigajinagi, MP, Karnataka.
  • Manda Krishna Madiga
    Manda Krishna Madiga
    Manda Krishna Madiga is an Indian politician and activist fighting for the rights of the madigas. He heads the movement fighting for the rights of the madigas called as MRPS. He added Madiga surname in 1994.-Career:...

    , founder of MRPS
    MRPS
    Madiga Reservation Porata Samiti or MRPS is a not-for profit institution standing for human rights and dignity of 300 million Dalits, Tribals and Physically Handicapped people....

  • Kadiyam Srihari
    Kadiyam Srihari
    Kadiyam Srihari is Ex-MLA from Ghanpur Constituency, the PolitBureau member of TDP, and the General Secretary of Telugu Desam party, the second largest legislative party in Andhra Pradesh. He was the Minister of Andhra Pradesh from 1995 to 2004....

    , former Minister of AP Government
  • Mothukupalli Narasimhulu, TDP Senior Leader & former Minister of AP Government
  • Chirumarthi Lingaiah
    Chirumarthi Lingaiah
    Chirumarthi Lingaiah is an Indian politician. He is presently an MLA from Nakrekal assembly constituency in Nalgonda district, AP, India. He belongs to Indian National Congress.-Early life:...

    , MLA Indian National Congress
  • M Mareppa, former Minister of AP Government
  • T. Rajaiah
    T. Rajaiah
    Dr. Thatikonda Rajaiah is an Indian politician belonging to the Congress party. He is an MLA representing Station Ghanpur assembly constituency.-Career:...

    , MLA Station Ghanpur
  • V.J.Ajay Kumar, Railway & INTUC Trade Union Leader & Former Director, APTS Ltd ( AP Government).
  • Padma Jyothi Dirisam, MLA Tiruvuru, Andhrapradesh
  • Tangirala Prabhakar, MLA Nandigama, A.P.
  • Shailajanath Minister in A.P. Government
  • Gujjarlapudi Israel Pradeep Kumar, N.R.I, North America
  • Gujjarlapudi Rajanikanth, N.R.I, V.A, UNITED STATES of AMERICA

Social Reformers

B.Wilson, founder of Safai Karmachari Andolan (SKA) is a national movement committed to the total eradication of manual scavenging and the rehabilitation of all scavengers for dignified occupations.

civil servants

  • K. Chandraiah, IAS AP (Retd.)
  • Kishore Babu, IRTS.
  • Bhopal Raju, IRTS.
  • K. Pradeep Chandra, IAS 1982 AP cadre.
  • A. Vidyasagar, IAS 1984 AP cadre.
  • K. Ratna Prabha, IAS 1981 Karnataka cadre.
  • M. Lakshminarayana, IAS 1987 Karnataka cadre.
  • B. H. Anil Kumar, IAS 1987 Karnataka cadre.
  • U. Venkateswarlu, IAS 1986 Tripura cadre.
  • Sudhakar Rao Dirisam, IRS Hyderabad A.P
  • Praveen Kumar, IPS presently working as Joint Commissioner for Intelligence

Sports

  • L.M.Karibasappa, Ekalavya award winner, five time Mr.India winner in body building, who is from Davanagere karnataka.
  • H.Kenchappa, President Matanga Parivara, Karntaka.
  • Yashoda, Nationala level swimmer

External links

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