Lutheran Church of China - AbsoluteAstronomy.com

The Lutheran Church of China or LCC (Traditional Chinese: 中華信義會; Pinyin

Pinyin

Pinyin is the official system to transcribe Chinese characters into the Roman alphabet in China, Malaysia, Singapore and Taiwan. It is also often used to teach Mandarin Chinese and spell Chinese names in foreign publications and used as an input method to enter Chinese characters into...

: Zhonghua Xinyi Hui) was a Lutheran church body in China from 1920 to 1951. It was established as a result of the consultations between the various Lutheran missionary bodies in China that was initiated during the China Centenary Missionary Conference held in Shanghai in 1907 . The church survived as an organised body after the Chinese Civil War

Chinese Civil War

The Chinese Civil War was a civil war fought between the Kuomintang , the governing party of the Republic of China, and the Communist Party of China , for the control of China which eventually led to China's division into two Chinas, Republic of China and People's Republic of...

but was gradually absorbed into the Three-Self Patriotic Movement of the Protestant Churches in China

Three-Self Patriotic Movement

The Three-Self Patriotic Movement or TSPM is a state-controlled Protestant church in the People's Republic of China...

History

The early Chinese Lutheran churches were the result of the work of western mission societies in the 19th century. Until 1907, no less than 25 European and American Lutheran mission bodies were working in China; most of them independently from each other and some within other organisations like the China Inland Mission

China Inland Mission

OMF International is an interdenominational Protestant Christian missionary society, founded in Britain by Hudson Taylor on 25 June 1865.-Overview:...

Early history (1831-1847)

Karl Gützlaff

Karl Friedrich August Gützlaff , anglicised as Charles Gutzlaff, was a German missionary to the Far East, notable as one of the first Protestant missionaries in Bangkok, Thailand and for his books about China. He was one of the first Protestant missionaries in China to dress like a Chinese...

(also known by his Chinese name, 郭實臘 or Guō Shílà in Pinyin) is generally regarded as the first Lutheran missionary to China. Originally accredited to the Netherlands Missionary Society

Netherlands Missionary Society

Netherlands Missionary Society was a Dutch Protestant missionary society that was involved in sending workers to countries such as China during the Qing Dynasty. The most famous of which was Karl Gützlaff....

, Gützlaff first arrived in East Asia in 1823. As China adopted a strict closed-door policy in that period, he was unable to set foot on China until 1831. Arriving in Tianjin

Tianjin

' is a metropolis in northern China and one of the five national central cities of the People's Republic of China. It is governed as a direct-controlled municipality, one of four such designations, and is, thus, under direct administration of the central government...

, he was able to distribute some religious pamphlets and gospel tracts .

Although Gützlaff's methods and results were controversial , his major contribution included the promotion of the Chinese mission field to European mission societies, particularly Lutheran bodies.

The first Lutheran missions (1847-1890)

Following Gützlaff's appeal, three German mission societies; the Barmen Mission

Rhenish Missionary Society

The Rhenish Missionary Society was one of the largest missionary societies in Germany. Formed from smaller missions founded as far back as 1799, the Society was amalgamated on 23 September 1828, and its first missionaries were ordained and sent off to South Africa by the end of the year.The...

(later known as the Rhenish Missionary Society or 禮賢會), the Berlin Missionary Society

Berlin Missionary Society

The Berlin Missionary Society or Society for the Advancement of evangelistic Missions amongst the Heathen was a German Protestant Christian missionary society that was constituted on 29 February 1824 by a group of pious laymen from the...

(巴陵信義會) and the Basel Mission

Basel Mission

The Basel Mission is a Christian missionary society active from 1815 to 2001, when it was merged into Mission 21, the successor organization of Kooperation Evangelischer Kirchen und Missione founded in 2001....

(巴色會) sent missionaries to China. On March 19, 1847, Theodore Hamberg

Theodore Hamberg

Theodore Hamberg , was a Swedish missionary and author active in China. He is known for his role in having authored an important account on the early Taiping rebellion and for his role in establishing Christian missions in Guangdong province. He also laid the foundations for the study of the Hakka...

(韓山明) and Rudolph Lechler (黎力基); both of the Basel Mission; together with Heinrich Köster (柯士德) and Ferdinand Genähr (葉納清); both of the Barmen Mission; arrived in Hong Kong and under Gützlaff's guidance began working in different areas of Guangdong

Guangdong

Guangdong is a province on the South China Sea coast of the People's Republic of China. The province was previously often written with the alternative English name Kwangtung Province...

province. The Basel missionaries concentrated among the Hakka speaking people in the eastern part of the province whereas the Barmen missionaries worked among the Cantonese speakers of the western part of the province. The churches they founded were called the Chongzhen Church (Tsung-Tsin Church or 崇真會) and Lixian Church (Rhenish Church or 禮賢會) respectively.

The Berlin Missionary Society sent its first missionary to China in 1851 and initially confined its work to the Hakka speaking people in Guangdong province. It eventually extended its work to the Mandarin speaking people in Jiangxi

Jiangxi

' is a southern province in the People's Republic of China. Spanning from the banks of the Yangtze River in the north into hillier areas in the south, it shares a border with Anhui to the north, Zhejiang to the northeast, Fujian to the east, Guangdong to the south, Hunan to the west, and Hubei to...

province and Shandong

Shandong

' is a Province located on the eastern coast of the People's Republic of China. Shandong has played a major role in Chinese history from the beginning of Chinese civilization along the lower reaches of the Yellow River and served as a pivotal cultural and religious site for Taoism, Chinese...

province. The church they founded was eventually called the Yuegan Church (越赣會) .

Other Lutheran missions (1890-1907)

Between 1890 to 1907, a number of American and Scandinavian Lutheran mission societies established a presence in China. The notable ones include :

American Lutheran Mission (1890)

- Mission in the provinces of Henan

Henan

Henan , is a province of the People's Republic of China, located in the central part of the country. Its one-character abbreviation is "豫" , named after Yuzhou , a Han Dynasty state that included parts of Henan...

and Hubei

Hubei

' Hupeh) is a province in Central China. The name of the province means "north of the lake", referring to its position north of Lake Dongting...

- Started the Yu'e Lutheran Church (豫鄂信義會)

Hauge's Synod Mission or 鴻恩會 (1891)

- Mission in Hubei province

- Work later merged in 1917 with the American Lutheran Mission as the United Lutheran Mission (豫鄂信義會)

Norwegian Lutheran China Mission Association or 中華基督教潞德會 (1891)

- Mission in the provinces of Hubei, Henan and Shaanxi

Shaanxi

' is a province in the central part of Mainland China, and it includes portions of the Loess Plateau on the middle reaches of the Yellow River in addition to the Qinling Mountains across the southern part of this province...

- Started the Yu'eshaan Lutheran Church (豫鄂陕信義會)

Danish Lutheran Mission or 路德會(丹) (1896)

- Mission in Manchuria

Manchuria

Manchuria is a historical name given to a large geographic region in northeast Asia. Depending on the definition of its extent, Manchuria usually falls entirely within the People's Republic of China, or is sometimes divided between China and Russia. The region is commonly referred to as Northeast...

- Started the Northeastern Lutheran Church (東北信義會)

Kiel China Mission or 長老教會 (1897)

- Mission in Guangdong

Guangdong

Guangdong is a province on the South China Sea coast of the People's Republic of China. The province was previously often written with the alternative English name Kwangtung Province...

province

- Work transferred to the Schleswig-Holstein Evangelical Lutheran Mission (粤南信義會) in 1921

- Church eventually known as the Yuenan Lutheran Church (粵南信義會)

Finnish Missionary Society or 湘西北信義會 (1901)

- Mission in the provinces of Hunan and Hubei

- Started the Xiang Xibei Lutheran Church (湘西北信義會)

American Lutheran Brethren Mission or 選道會 (1902)

- Mission in Henan and Hubei border region

- Started the Yu'xi Lutheran Church (豫西信義會)

Norwegian Missionary Society or 挪威信義會 (1902)

- Mission in Hunan province

- Started the Xiangzhong Lutheran Church (湘中信義會)

Augustana Synod Mission or 信義會 (1905)

- Mission in the provinces of Henan, Hubei and Jiangxi

Jiangxi

- Started the Yu’zhong Lutheran Church (豫中信義會)

Towards union (1907-1920)

The China Centenary Missionary Conference was held from April 25 to May 8 of 1907 in Shanghai in commemoration of the hundredth anniversary of the arrival of Robert Morrison

Robert Morrison

Robert Morrison, FRS was an Anglo -Scottish evangelist and the first Christian Protestant missionary in China....

, the first Protestant missionary to China. According to the Index of Missions released during the conference, 25 mission bodies with a Lutheran background were working in China . The Boxer Rebellion

Boxer Rebellion

The Boxer Rebellion, also called the Boxer Uprising by some historians or the Righteous Harmony Society Movement in northern China, was a proto-nationalist movement by the "Righteous Harmony Society" , or "Righteous Fists of Harmony" or "Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists" , in China between...

of 1900 and other experiences acted as an impetus to encourage the various Lutheran bodies to unite into a single organisation to effectively work in China. The entrance of new Lutheran missions into China after 1907 like the Evangelical Lutheran Mission for China or 福音道路德教 (1913), the Lutheran Free Church Mission or 信義公理會 (1917) and the Church of Sweden Mission or 湘北瑞華信義會 (1918) added an extra sense of urgency to the need for a nationwide Lutheran union .

In May 1907, a Lutheran missionary consultation was held with representatives from 10 Lutheran mission bodies. While there was a general agreement that Lutheran unity be achieved, practical concerns such as the linguistic differences of the mission fields, the diverse national backgrounds of the missionaries and a poor nationwide transportation system were voiced. It was however agreed that union should be sought first by adopting the name Xinyi (信義), meaning Faith and Righteousness, to emphasise on Luther's doctrine of justification by faith, union be first achieved in the field of literature and education and that the five mission bodies working in the central Chinese provinces would spearhead the creation of a united Lutheran body. The result of this consultation was the creation of a Union Lutheran Conference (ULC) which was mandated to follow up and implement the proposals of unity that had been discussed .

On August 28–30, 1908, the first ULC meeting was held in Jigongshan or Cockerel Mountain (Wade-Giles

Wade-Giles

Wade–Giles , sometimes abbreviated Wade, is a romanization system for the Mandarin Chinese language. It developed from a system produced by Thomas Wade during the mid-19th century , and was given completed form with Herbert Giles' Chinese–English dictionary of 1892.Wade–Giles was the most...

: Kikungshan; Traditional Chinese﹕雞公山), Henan and during this and subsequent conferences, a number of plans were drafted to publish books, compiling a hymnal, designing worship liturgies, establishing schools and establishing a national Lutheran Church. To realise these plans, it was decided that priority should be given towards establishing a union Lutheran seminary.

On March 29, 1913, the Lutheran Theological Seminary or 信義神學院 (LTS) was opened in Shekou (Shekow), Hubei. The seminary was sponsored by the American Lutheran Mission, the Hauge's Synod Mission, the Norwegian Missionary Society and the Finnish Missionary Society. Oscar R. Wold of the Hauge Synod Mission was elected the first president and the campus was dedicated on October 19 of the same year. The seminary also served as a publishing house and on September 15, 1913 published The Lutheran Bulletin that served the various Lutheran bodies throughout China.

In 1915, the Temporary Committee of the Lutheran Church of China was formed and took up the task of establishing a single national Lutheran Church. By the second ULC meeting in 1917, all preparations, including a draft constitution was finalised .

The Lutheran Church of China (1920-1951)

The united Lutheran Church of China was formally established on August 22, 1920 in Jigongshan, Henan and the first General Assembly of the LCC was also convened there.

First General Assembly (1920)

The first assembly convened on August 22–29, 1920 in Jigongshan, Henan and officially adopted the constitution of the LCC. Five mission bodies took part in the founding of the LCC and the mission churches founded by these bodies became the LCC's first five synods :

Xiangbei Synod (湘北區會)

- Church of Sweden Mission

- Northern Hunan

Xiangxi Synod (湘西區會)

- Finnish Missionary Society

- Western Hunan

Xiangzhong Synod (湘中區會)

- Norwegian Missionary Society

- Central Hunan

Yu’e Synod (豫鄂區會)

- United Lutheran Mission

- Henan and Hubei

Yuzhong Synod (豫中區會)

- Augustana Synod Mission

- Central Henan

Oscar Wold was elected the first president of the LCC and a resolution was passed to request all LCC synods as well as other churches in China to observe the Chinese Mid-Autumn Festival

Mid-Autumn Festival

The Mid-Autumn Festival , also known as the Moon Festival or Mooncake Festival or Zhongqiu Festival, is a popular lunar harvest festival celebrated by Chinese and Vietnamese people. A description of the festival first appeared in Rites of Zhou, a written collection of rituals of the Western Zhou...

; which falls on the 15th day of the 8th month of the Chinese calendar

Chinese calendar

The Chinese calendar is a lunisolar calendar, incorporating elements of a lunar calendar with those of a solar calendar. It is not exclusive to China, but followed by many other Asian cultures as well...

; as a Day of Thanksgiving .

Second General Assembly (1924)

The assembly was convened a year late in Taohualun, Hunan on March 30 to April 2, 1924 due to the political unrests in Hunan. The Lutheran College that was promised by the Church of Sweden

Church of Sweden

The Church of Sweden is the largest Christian church in Sweden. The church professes the Lutheran faith and is a member of the Porvoo Communion. With 6,589,769 baptized members, it is the largest Lutheran church in the world, although combined, there are more Lutherans in the member churches of...

during the previous assembly was located here together with other institutions of the LCC as it was the working base of both the Norwegian Missionary Society and the Xiangzhong Synod. Unfortunately the Lutheran College could not survive the political upheavals that ravaged China during that period and was closed in 1931.

Two new synods were added to the LCC during this assembly :

Yudong Synod (豫東區會)

- Lutheran Free Church Mission

- Eastern Henan

Yuenan Synod (粵南區會)

- Schleswig-Holstein Evangelical Lutheran Mission

- Southern Guangdong

The management of the Lutheran Board of Publication was also transferred to the LCC and marked the first step towards the indigenisation of Chinese Lutheran literature work.

Third General Assembly (1928)

Continued political unrest in China delayed the convening of the third assembly from the fall of 1926 to May 1928. The venue was also changed from Xuchang, Henan to the Lutheran Theological Seminary in Shekou. A revised Lutheran Book of Worship & Liturgy was adopted by this assembly and the following synods were added :

Yuegan Synod (粵赣區會)

- Berlin Missionary Society

- Guangdong & Jiangxi

Ludong Synod (魯東區會)

- United Lutheran Church of America

- Shandong

Dongbei Synod (東北區會)

- Danish Mission Society

- Manchuria & the Northeast

Fourth General Assembly (1931)

The assembly was convened in Qingdao, Shandong on June 21–28, 1931. Among the important resolutions passed during this assembly was the establishment of a 1:1 quota for Chinese and non-Chinese representatives from each Synod to the National Council and the establishment of the Qingdao Lutheran Bible School for Women .

Fifth General Assembly (1934)

The assembly was convened in the YMCA

YMCA

The Young Men's Christian Association is a worldwide organization of more than 45 million members from 125 national federations affiliated through the World Alliance of YMCAs...

, Shanghai on June 10–15, 1934. Regulations and principles were drafted and approved regarding the invitation of non Lutheran revivalists. This was in view of the growing revivalist movement in China marked by the ministries of individuals like John Sung

John Sung

John Sung Shang Chieh a.k.a. John Sung was a renowned Chinese Christian evangelist who played an instrumental role in the revival movement among the Chinese in Mainland China, Taiwan, and Southeast Asia during the 1920s and 1930s.-Career:Sung was born in Hinghwa , Fujian, China.He grew up with a...

, Wang Mingdao and others which had affected many Lutheran churches; both positively and negatively .

Sixth General Assembly (1937)

This was the last pre-war

Second Sino-Japanese War

The Second Sino-Japanese War was a military conflict fought primarily between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan. From 1937 to 1941, China fought Japan with some economic help from Germany , the Soviet Union and the United States...

assembly to be convened and it was held on June 13–18, 1937 in Loyang, Henan. Far reaching plans were made including the release of a statement on social issues from a Lutheran perspective, the establishing of a Youth Committee and the expansion of theological training and literature work. Also notable was the decision made to excommunicate members who participated in the practice of concubinage

Concubinage

Concubinage is the state of a woman or man in an ongoing, usually matrimonially oriented, relationship with somebody to whom they cannot be married, often because of a difference in social status or economic condition.-Concubinage:...

and polygyny

Polygyny

Polygyny is a form of marriage in which a man has two or more wives at the same time. In countries where the practice is illegal, the man is referred to as a bigamist or a polygamist...

Seventh General Assembly (1946)

The assembly was originally scheduled to be held in Guangzhou

Guangzhou

Guangzhou , known historically as Canton or Kwangchow, is the capital and largest city of the Guangdong province in the People's Republic of China. Located in southern China on the Pearl River, about north-northwest of Hong Kong, Guangzhou is a key national transportation hub and trading port...

, Guangdong

Guangdong

Guangdong is a province on the South China Sea coast of the People's Republic of China. The province was previously often written with the alternative English name Kwangtung Province...

in 1940 but had to be postponed due to the Sino-Japanese War

Second Sino-Japanese War

. It was finally held on October 21–25, 1946 in the Lutheran Theological Seminary at Shekou. According to an incomplete survey, church membership increased by 62% from the reported membership of 47,473 in the last assembly to 76,953 right after the war .

Several important resolutions were also passed including a decision to apply for membership in the newly formed Lutheran World Federation

Lutheran World Federation

The Lutheran World Federation is a global communion of national and regional Lutheran churches headquartered in the Ecumenical Centre in Geneva, Switzerland. The federation was founded in the Swedish city of Lund in the aftermath of the Second World War in 1947 to coordinate the activities of the...

(LWF) and to send a delegation to the First Assembly of the LWF to be held in Lund, Sweden in 1947 and to invite the Lutheran Church - Missouri Synod

Lutheran Church - Missouri Synod

The Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod is a traditional, confessional Lutheran denomination in the United States. With 2.3 million members, it is both the eighth largest Protestant denomination and the second-largest Lutheran body in the U.S. after the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. The Synod...

related Evangelical Lutheran Mission for China to join the Lutheran Board of Publications.

The following synods were also accepted to the LCC :

Yu’eshaan Synod (豫鄂陕區會)

- Norwegian Lutheran China Mission Association

- Hubei, Henan and Shaanxi

Shaannan Synod (陕南區會)

- Norwegian Evangelical Lutheran Free Church Mission

- Southern Shaanxi

Due to changing circumstances and the rapid development of the Chinese Civil War

Chinese Civil War

, the Seventh General Assembly, proved to be last full assembly held by the Lutheran Church of China.

Eight General Assembly (1949)

Due to the fall of most of mainland China to the forces of the Communist Party of China

Communist Party of China

The Communist Party of China , also known as the Chinese Communist Party , is the founding and ruling political party of the People's Republic of China...

, and the continued fighting in other parts of China, the scheduled assembly that was to be held in Guangzhou, Guangdong on October 10, 1949 could not be held. An attempt to move the assembly to Hong Kong also turned out to be impossible. The National President, Peng Fu, who was in Hong Kong at that time, finally decided to hold a National Council meeting instead.

The 27th Council met in Tao Fong Shan, Shatin, Hong Kong on November 4–5, 1949. Tao Fong Shan has been the centre of the Christian Mission to Buddhists (道友會) since 1930 and was also the temporary campus of the Lutheran Theological Seminary after its evacuation from Shekou on December 1, 1948.

Four new members were accepted into the LCC :

Yuxi Church (Yuxi Synod / 豫西區會)

- American Lutheran Brethren Mission

- Eastern Henan

Lixian Synod (Yuedong Synod / 粵東區會)

- Rhenish Missionary Society

- Eastern Guangdong

Chongzhen Synod (Yuexi Synod / 粵西區會)

- Basel Mission

- Western Guangdong

Daoyou Synod (Hong Kong Synod / 香港區會)

- Christian Mission to Buddhists

- Hong Kong

By LCC regulations, these four synods were to be renamed according to the area that they worked in (see names in parentheses above). However, since both the Rhenish and Basel missions have been at work for more than 100 years, and the nature of the work of the Daoyouhui had been very different, it was difficult to decide on which names that the new Synods were to adopt . However, as the political situation in China was changing, this matter was eventually dropped altogether.

By now, the large majority of the Lutheran missions working in China at that time had joined the LCC and according to incomplete statistics published, the LCC had a total of 104,799 members making it one of the largest Protestant churches in China .

The Lutheran Church in China (1950-1951)

On January 25, 1951, with the National President unable to return to China, the LCC called an extended Council meeting in Hankou under the leadership of Yu Jun, the National Vice-President. In this meeting, it was decided that :

The name of the LCC be changed from Zhonghua Xinyihui (中華信義會) or the Lutheran Church of China to Zhongguo Xinyihui (中國信義會) or The Lutheran Church in China (TLCC);

To abolish the 16 synods and reorganise the TLCC into five geographical zones;

To dismiss Peng Fu as National President and replace him with Yu Jun;

To carry out the principles of the Three-Self Patriotic Movement
Three-Self Patriotic Movement
The Three-Self Patriotic Movement or TSPM is a state-controlled Protestant church in the People's Republic of China...

with determination;

To join the National Council of Churches in China;

To sever all ties with any missions, churches and organisations based in Hong Kong;

To stop sending students to the Lutheran Theological Seminary in Hong Kong and invite patriotic students to return to China.

This episode effectively ended the existence of the LCC as an entity in China and by 1958, the TLCC was also abolished with the introduction of union worship and imposition of "post-denominationalism" by the Three-Self Patriotic Movement .

Organisation and structure

The LCC was organised on four levels; the National Assembly, Synod, District and Congregation. The General Assembly was to meet once every three years to elect a National Council headed by a National President. The Synod and District levels met annually to elect a Synod Council and District Council respectively and the Congregations elected a Deacons Board annually.

Presidents

1920-1924

Rev Oscar R. Wold (Yu'e Synod)

1924-1928

Rev Arstrup Larsen (Yu'e Synod)

1928

Rev Oscar R. Wold (Yu'e Synod)

died in office

1928-1931

Rev Zu Qiwu (Xiangzhong Synod)

1931-1937

Rev Zhu Haorang (Yu'e Synod)

1937-1951

Rev Dr Peng Fu (Yu'e Synod)

Legacy of the LCC

Although the LCC only lasted 30 years as an organised entity in China, her legacy to the development of Lutheranism in East Asia has been substantial. Many Lutheran Churches in Hong Kong

Hong Kong

Hong Kong is one of two Special Administrative Regions of the People's Republic of China , the other being Macau. A city-state situated on China's south coast and enclosed by the Pearl River Delta and South China Sea, it is renowned for its expansive skyline and deep natural harbour...

, Taiwan

Taiwan

Taiwan , also known, especially in the past, as Formosa , is the largest island of the same-named island group of East Asia in the western Pacific Ocean and located off the southeastern coast of mainland China. The island forms over 99% of the current territory of the Republic of China following...

, Malaysia and Singapore

Singapore

Singapore , officially the Republic of Singapore, is a Southeast Asian city-state off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, north of the equator. An island country made up of 63 islands, it is separated from Malaysia by the Straits of Johor to its north and from Indonesia's Riau Islands by the...

trace their beginnings to the work and missions of the LCC.

Hong Kong

Of the eight Lutheran churches in Hong Kong, six can trace the legacy of the LCC in their work :

Tsung Tsin Mission of Hong Kong (基督教香港崇真會) ^website

The church was established by missionaries of the Basel Mission and was a district of the Chongzhen Church in eastern Guangdong. The mission joined the LCC as part of the Chongzhen (Yuexi) Synod in 1949 until the dissolution of the LCC in 1951. In 1952, it registered with the Hong Kong government under a new constitution.

Chinese Rhenish Church Hong Kong Synod (中華基督教禮賢會香港區會) ^website

The church was established by missionaries of the Barmen Missionary Society and was a district of the Lixian Church in western Guangdong. The church joined the LCC as part of the Lixian (Yuedong) Synod in 1949 until the dissolution of the LCC in 1951. On June 1, 1951, it was registered as an independent church with the Hong Kong government.

Evangelical Lutheran Church of Hong Kong (香港信義會) ^website

The work was begun by students and faculty of the Lutheran Theological Seminary together with the expelled missionaries from China, who had laboured together with the LCC. By pedigree, it can be viewed as the successor church to the LCC. It was formally established on February 24, 1954 with the Rev Dr Peng Fu as its first president.

Hong Kong and Macau Lutheran Church (港澳信義會) ^website

The work was begun by missionaries from the Norwegian Lutheran Mission who had previously worked with the Yu'eshaan Synod and had evacuated to Hong Kong after 1949. They were joined by the Rev Liu Daosheng, the previous President of the Yu'eshaan Synod, who was stranded in China due to the sudden change in the political status of China. In 1960, the Yu'eshaan Lutheran Church became the Norwegian Lutheran Mission. They were one of the founding members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Hong Kong but withdrew in 1969 due to a disagreement. In 1978, the Mission decided to begin transferring its operations to a self-supporting local church and on November 18 of the same year, the Hong Kong and Macau Lutheran Church was officially established.

South Guangdong Lutheran Church (粵南信義會) ^website

The church is a successor of the work of the Yuenan Synod of the LCC. In 1962, following a sudden increase in refugees from China, Rev Leung Sin-Sang, a member of the former Yuenan Synod was called by the North Elbian Mission Centre to start work in Hong Kong. He initially focussed on the refugees from Hepu, one of the districts of the former Yuenan Synod.

Christian Mission to Buddhists (基督東亞道友會/道風山基督教叢林) ^website

The mission was the former Daoyou Synod of the LCC. It now functions more as an organisation than as a church although congregational work still exists on a small scale. A monastery was built in Tao Fong Shan in 1936 and still remains a popular retreat centre in Hong Kong. The Institute of Sino-Christian Studies was established in 1995 to promote the contextualization of Christian theology in Chinese culture and to further develop dialogue with other cultures and religions.

Taiwan

There are six Lutheran churches in Taiwan, of which five can trace the legacy of the LCC in their work:

Taiwan Lutheran Church
Taiwan Lutheran Church
The Taiwan Lutheran Church was started by the work of former LCC members and expelled missionaries from China who had worked with the LCC. In April 1950, Chin Chung-an, a medical doctor from Xian conducted family meetings in his residence in Kaoshiung. On June 3, 1951, the Kaoshiung congregation...

(台灣信義會) ^website

The church was started by the work of former LCC members and expelled missionaries from China who had worked with the LCC. In April 1950, Chin Chung-an, a medical doctor from Xian conducted family meetings in his residence in Kaoshiung. On June 3, 1951, the Kaoshiung congregation was established and 59 people were baptised. On November 1, 1954, the church was officially established.

Lutheran Church of the Republic of China (中國信義會)

Similar to the Hong Kong and Macau Lutheran Church, this church was started by missionaries from the Norwegian Lutheran Mission who had previously worked with the Yu-eshaan Synod. In 1952, Sigrun Omestad began work in Taipei and later that year, Rev Liu Daosheng, who had previously worked with the mission in Hong Kong was called to serve as pastor. In 1978, the Mission decided to begin transferring its operations to a self-supporting local church and by 1985, the church was officially established as an independent organisation.

Chinese Lutheran Brethren Church (中華福音道路德會)

In 1951, A. E. Nyhus, a missionary of the Lutheran Brethren China Mission who had worked with the Yuxi Synod of the LCC arrived in Taiwan. He was joined later that year by Rev Tu Chang-Wu, the former president of the Yuxi Synod and work began among the family members of the military. In 1958, an independent church was established.

China Lutheran Gospel Church (中華福音信義會)

In 1954, the Norwegian Evangelical Lutheran Free Church Mission (NLF) sent the Rev J. T. Johansen, Jr who had previously worked with the Shaannan Synod of the LCC to work under the Taiwan Lutheran Church (TLC). In 1961, the NLF decided to separate from the TLC and conduct their work independently. The mission was established as the China Lutheran Gospel Church in August 1973 with the Rev Xiong Ming-Xiang elected as the first chairman.

Lutheran Church of Taiwan (Republic of China) (中華民國台灣信義會)

On September 4, 1955, the Rev Toivo Koskikallio, president of the Lutheran Theological Seminary in Hong Kong was asked by the Finnish Missionary Society (FMS) to study the establishment of a mission in Taiwan. In October 1956, in response to Koskikallio's study, the FMS sent the Rev Päivö Parviainen and Ms Elma Aaltonen to Taiwan. All three missionaries have worked with the Xianxi Synod of the LCC before. On April 3, 1977, the Lutheran Church of Taiwan was established and the Rev Ye Bo-Xiang was elected President.

Malaysia

Of the four Lutheran churches in Malaysia, two can trace the legacy of the LCC in their work:

Basel Christian Church of Malaysia
Basel Christian Church of Malaysia
The Basel Christian Church of Malaysia or BCCM is one of the four Lutheran bodies in Malaysia. It currently has 112 congregations nationwide and 59,500 baptized members.The current bishop of the Basel Christian Church in Malaysia is the Rev. Dr...

(馬來西亞基督教巴色會)

The Basel Christian Church of Malaysia (BCCM) was established among the Hakka speaking refugees of the failed Taiping Rebellion

Taiping Rebellion

The Taiping Rebellion was a widespread civil war in southern China from 1850 to 1864, led by heterodox Christian convert Hong Xiuquan, who, having received visions, maintained that he was the younger brother of Jesus Christ, against the ruling Manchu-led Qing Dynasty...

in China. As the leader of the Rebellion, Hong Xiuquan

Hong Xiuquan

Hong Xiuquan , born Hong Renkun, style name Huoxiu , was a Hakka Chinese who led the Taiping Rebellion against the Qing Dynasty, establishing the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom over varying portions of southern China, with himself as the "Heavenly King" and self-proclaimed brother of Jesus Christ.-Early...

, was a Hakka speaking Christian, the Hakka speaking Basel Mission was viewed with great suspicion by the Qing Government

Qing Dynasty

The Qing Dynasty was the last dynasty of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912 with a brief, abortive restoration in 1917. It was preceded by the Ming Dynasty and followed by the Republic of China....

of China. When the British North Borneo Company

British North Borneo Company

The North Borneo Chartered Company or British North Borneo Company was a chartered company assigned to administer North Borneo in August 1881. North Borneo became a protectorate of the British Empire with internal affairs administered by the company until 1946 when it became the colony of British...

sought to recruit Chinese labourers to develop North Borneo

North Borneo

North Borneo was a British protectorate under the sovereign North Borneo Chartered Company from 1882 to 1946. After the war it became a crown colony of Great Britain from 1946 to 1963, known in this time as British North Borneo. It is located on the northeastern end of the island of Borneo. It is...

, Rudolph Lechler of the Basel Mission enthusiastically supported the scheme. The first Chinese Basel Christians arrived in Lausan, North Borneo in 1882 and the Lausan Church was built in 1886. In 1925, the Borneo Self-Governing Basel Church was established with the Rev Huang Tian-Yu elected as the first president. In 1966, the present name was adopted and the BCCM is now the largest LCC pedigreed Lutheran Church with 45,000 members.

Lutheran Church in Malaysia and Singapore
Lutheran Church in Malaysia and Singapore
The Lutheran Church in Malaysia and Singapore or LCMS is one of four Lutheran bodies in Malaysia. It currently has 52 congregations nationwide with a total of 8,453 baptized members and is the largest entirely Lutheran body in the country....

(馬新基督教信義會) ^website

In 1952, the Lutheran World Federation

Lutheran World Federation

convened the First Southeast Asia Lutheran Consultation in Penang

Penang

Penang is a state in Malaysia and the name of its constituent island, located on the northwest coast of Peninsular Malaysia by the Strait of Malacca. It is bordered by Kedah in the north and east, and Perak in the south. Penang is the second smallest Malaysian state in area after Perlis, and the...

, appealing to Lutheran churches worldwide to respond to the spiritual needs of more than 500,000 ethnic Chinese who were stranded in New Villages set up by the Malayan government to counter the threat posed by the Communist Party of Malaya during the Malayan Emergency

Malayan Emergency

The Malayan Emergency was a guerrilla war fought between Commonwealth armed forces and the Malayan National Liberation Army , the military arm of the Malayan Communist Party, from 1948 to 1960....

. Among the first who responded was Dr Paul Anspach (formerly of the Yu-e Synod of the LCC) of the United Lutheran Church in America

United Lutheran Church in America

The United Lutheran Church in America was established in 1918 with the merger of three independent German-language synods: the General Synod , the General Council and the United Synod of the South . The Slovak Zion Synod joined the United Lutheran Church in America in 1920...

and Dr Peng Fu (previous president of the LCC) who represented the Hong Kong Lutheran churches. The Lutheran Church in Malaysia was established in 1963 and with the separation of Singapore from the Malaysian Federation in 1965, the name was changed to the Lutheran Church in Malaysia and Singapore (LCMS). In 1996, the Singapore District of the LCMS became an independent body known as the Lutheran Church in Singapore.

Singapore

The Lutheran churches in Singapore are organised under one national body which originated as a mission by LCC related missionaries and workers.

Lutheran Church in Singapore (新加坡信義會) ^website

In 1960, the United Lutheran Church in America mission in Malaya extended its work to Singapore and the mission became a national church in 1963 adopting the name the Lutheran Church in Malaysia. Singapore separated from the Malaysian Federation in 1965 and the church was renamed the Lutheran Church in Malaysia and Singapore (LCMS). The churches in Singapore formed the Singapore District of the LCMS until it became an independent national church in 1996 with the name the Lutheran Church in Singapore.

History

Early history (1831-1847)

The first Lutheran missions (1847-1890)

Other Lutheran missions (1890-1907)

Towards union (1907-1920)

The Lutheran Church of China (1920-1951)

First General Assembly (1920)

Second General Assembly (1924)

Third General Assembly (1928)

Fourth General Assembly (1931)

Fifth General Assembly (1934)

Sixth General Assembly (1937)

Seventh General Assembly (1946)

Eight General Assembly (1949)

The Lutheran Church in China (1950-1951)

Organisation and structure

Presidents

Legacy of the LCC

Hong Kong

Taiwan

Malaysia

Singapore

See also