Lubliniec
Encyclopedia
Lubliniec l is a town in southern Poland
with 29,359 inhabitants (2004). It is the capital of Lubliniec County
, part of Silesian Voivodeship
(since 1999); previously it was in Częstochowa Voivodeship
(1975-1998).
region at the rim of the Upper Silesian Industrial Region
, about 60 km (37.3 mi) northwest of Katowice
. It is an important rail hub, with two major lines crossing there—east-west (from Częstochowa
to Opole
) and south-north (from Katowice to Poznań
)—and a site of light
and chemical industry
. The surrounding area is characterized by extended forests (Lasy Lublinieckie), including the Upper Liswarta Forests Landscape Park
north of the town.
duke Władysław of Opole on the road leading from his residence Opole
to Kraków
. By the turn of the 13th to the 14th century it had obtained the status of a town according to Magdeburg Law
by Władysław's son and successor Duke Bolko I
. He had been one of the first Silesian
dukes to become a Bohemian
vassal in 1289. Duke Jan II the Good
granted the citizens many privileges, including brewing
and market rights
as well as the permit to form guild
s.
Upon Jan's death in 1532, Lubliniec with the Duchy of Opole
fell as a reverted fief to the Lands of the Bohemian Crown
, which since 1526 were ruled by the Austrian House of Habsburg. It became part of the Habsburg Monarchy
until it was annexed with most of Silesia by the Prussian
king Frederick the Great in 1742. The first railway reached it by 1884, a psychiatric hospital
was established in 1895/96.
After World War I, the region was divided according to the Upper Silesia plebiscite
in 1921, whereby 88% of the Lublinitz citizens voted for continuance in the German Weimar Republic
. Nevertheless after Wojciech Korfanty
had initiated the Third Silesian Uprising
from the nearby village of Czarny Las
, it was incorporated into the Silesian Voivodeship of the Second Polish Republic
and became a border town
. Again occupied in the 1939 Invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany
during World War II, the area was re-conquered by the Red Army
in January 1945 in the course of the Vistula–Oder Offensive.
, Hungary
Kravaře
, Czech Republic
Łowicz, Poland Reda
, Poland Teruel
, Spain
Poland
Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north...
with 29,359 inhabitants (2004). It is the capital of Lubliniec County
Lubliniec County
Lubliniec County is a unit of territorial administration and local government in Silesian Voivodeship, southern Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Lubliniec, which lies ...
, part of Silesian Voivodeship
Silesian Voivodeship
Silesian Voivodeship, or Silesia Province , is a voivodeship, or province, in southern Poland, centering on the historic region known as Upper Silesia...
(since 1999); previously it was in Częstochowa Voivodeship
Czestochowa Voivodeship
Częstochowa Voivodeship was a unit of administrative division and local government in Poland in years 1975–1998, superseded mainly by Silesian Voivodeship, with a few eastern gminas attached to the freshly created Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship...
(1975-1998).
Geography
Lubliniec is situated in the north of the historic Upper SilesiaUpper Silesia
Upper Silesia is the southeastern part of the historical and geographical region of Silesia. Since the 9th century, Upper Silesia has been part of Greater Moravia, the Duchy of Bohemia, the Piast Kingdom of Poland, again of the Lands of the Bohemian Crown and the Holy Roman Empire, as well as of...
region at the rim of the Upper Silesian Industrial Region
Upper Silesian Industrial Region
The Upper Silesian Industrial Region is a large industrial region in Poland. It lies mainly in the Silesian Voivodeship, centered around Katowice....
, about 60 km (37.3 mi) northwest of Katowice
Katowice
Katowice is a city in Silesia in southern Poland, on the Kłodnica and Rawa rivers . Katowice is located in the Silesian Highlands, about north of the Silesian Beskids and about southeast of the Sudetes Mountains.It is the central district of the Upper Silesian Metropolis, with a population of 2...
. It is an important rail hub, with two major lines crossing there—east-west (from Częstochowa
Czestochowa
Częstochowa is a city in south Poland on the Warta River with 240,027 inhabitants . It has been situated in the Silesian Voivodeship since 1999, and was previously the capital of Częstochowa Voivodeship...
to Opole
Opole
Opole is a city in southern Poland on the Oder River . It has a population of 125,992 and is the capital of the Upper Silesia, Opole Voivodeship and, also the seat of Opole County...
) and south-north (from Katowice to Poznań
Poznan
Poznań is a city on the Warta river in west-central Poland, with a population of 556,022 in June 2009. It is among the oldest cities in Poland, and was one of the most important centres in the early Polish state, whose first rulers were buried at Poznań's cathedral. It is sometimes claimed to be...
)—and a site of light
Light industry
Light industry is usually less capital intensive than heavy industry, and is more consumer-oriented than business-oriented...
and chemical industry
Chemical industry
The chemical industry comprises the companies that produce industrial chemicals. Central to the modern world economy, it converts raw materials into more than 70,000 different products.-Products:...
. The surrounding area is characterized by extended forests (Lasy Lublinieckie), including the Upper Liswarta Forests Landscape Park
Upper Liswarta Forests Landscape Park
Upper Liswarta Forests Landscape Park is a protected area in southern Poland, established in 1998, covering an area of ....
north of the town.
History
Lubliniec was established about 1270 by the PiastSilesian Piasts
The Silesian Piasts were the oldest line of the Piast dynasty beginning with Władysław II the Exile, son of Bolesław III Wrymouth, Duke of Poland...
duke Władysław of Opole on the road leading from his residence Opole
Opole
Opole is a city in southern Poland on the Oder River . It has a population of 125,992 and is the capital of the Upper Silesia, Opole Voivodeship and, also the seat of Opole County...
to Kraków
Kraków
Kraków also Krakow, or Cracow , is the second largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland. Situated on the Vistula River in the Lesser Poland region, the city dates back to the 7th century. Kraków has traditionally been one of the leading centres of Polish academic, cultural, and artistic life...
. By the turn of the 13th to the 14th century it had obtained the status of a town according to Magdeburg Law
Magdeburg rights
Magdeburg Rights or Magdeburg Law were a set of German town laws regulating the degree of internal autonomy within cities and villages granted by a local ruler. Modelled and named after the laws of the German city of Magdeburg and developed during many centuries of the Holy Roman Empire, it was...
by Władysław's son and successor Duke Bolko I
Bolko I of Opole
Bolko I of Opole , was a Duke of Opole from 1282 , Niemodlin and Strzelce Opolskie until his death.He was the third son of Władysław, Duke of Opole-Racibórz, by his wife Euphemia, daughter of Władysław Odonic, Duke of Greater Poland.-Life:Around 1277 Bolko I was named co-ruler of the Duchy of...
. He had been one of the first Silesian
Duchy of Silesia
The Duchy of Silesia with its capital at Wrocław was a medieval duchy located in the historic Silesian region of Poland. Soon after it was formed under the Piast dynasty in 1138, it fragmented into various Duchies of Silesia. In 1327 the remaining Duchy of Wrocław as well as most other duchies...
dukes to become a Bohemian
Kingdom of Bohemia
The Kingdom of Bohemia was a country located in the region of Bohemia in Central Europe, most of whose territory is currently located in the modern-day Czech Republic. The King was Elector of Holy Roman Empire until its dissolution in 1806, whereupon it became part of the Austrian Empire, and...
vassal in 1289. Duke Jan II the Good
Jan II the Good
Jan II of Opole was a Duke of Opole-Brzeg -Strzelce-Niemodlin in 1476 , ruler over Gliwice , Toszek , Niemodlin , Bytom , Koźle , and Racibórz .He was the second son of Duke Nicholas I of Opole by his wife Agnes, daughter of Duke Louis II of...
granted the citizens many privileges, including brewing
Brewing
Brewing is the production of beer through steeping a starch source in water and then fermenting with yeast. Brewing has taken place since around the 6th millennium BCE, and archeological evidence suggests that this technique was used in ancient Egypt...
and market rights
Market town
Market town or market right is a legal term, originating in the medieval period, for a European settlement that has the right to host markets, distinguishing it from a village and city...
as well as the permit to form guild
Guild
A guild is an association of craftsmen in a particular trade. The earliest types of guild were formed as confraternities of workers. They were organized in a manner something between a trade union, a cartel, and a secret society...
s.
Upon Jan's death in 1532, Lubliniec with the Duchy of Opole
Duchy of Opole
Duchy of Opole was one of the duchies of Silesia ruled by the Piast dynasty. Its capital was Opole in Upper Silesia.After Bolesław I the Tall and his younger brother Mieszko I Tanglefoot backed by Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa had retained their Silesian heritage in 1163, they divided the...
fell as a reverted fief to the Lands of the Bohemian Crown
Lands of the Bohemian Crown
The Lands of the Bohemian Crown , also called the Lands of the Crown of Saint Wenceslas or simply the Bohemian Crown or Czech Crown lands , refers to the area connected by feudal relations under the joint rule of the Bohemian kings...
, which since 1526 were ruled by the Austrian House of Habsburg. It became part of the Habsburg Monarchy
Habsburg Monarchy
The Habsburg Monarchy covered the territories ruled by the junior Austrian branch of the House of Habsburg , and then by the successor House of Habsburg-Lorraine , between 1526 and 1867/1918. The Imperial capital was Vienna, except from 1583 to 1611, when it was moved to Prague...
until it was annexed with most of Silesia by the Prussian
Kingdom of Prussia
The Kingdom of Prussia was a German kingdom from 1701 to 1918. Until the defeat of Germany in World War I, it comprised almost two-thirds of the area of the German Empire...
king Frederick the Great in 1742. The first railway reached it by 1884, a psychiatric hospital
Psychiatric hospital
Psychiatric hospitals, also known as mental hospitals, are hospitals specializing in the treatment of serious mental disorders. Psychiatric hospitals vary widely in their size and grading. Some hospitals may specialise only in short-term or outpatient therapy for low-risk patients...
was established in 1895/96.
After World War I, the region was divided according to the Upper Silesia plebiscite
Upper Silesia plebiscite
The Upper Silesia plebiscite was a border referendum mandated by the Versailles Treaty and carried out in March 1921 to determine a section of the border between Weimar Germany and Poland. The region was ethnically mixed, chiefly among Germans, Poles and Silesians. According to prewar statistics,...
in 1921, whereby 88% of the Lublinitz citizens voted for continuance in the German Weimar Republic
Weimar Republic
The Weimar Republic is the name given by historians to the parliamentary republic established in 1919 in Germany to replace the imperial form of government...
. Nevertheless after Wojciech Korfanty
Wojciech Korfanty
Wojciech Korfanty , born Adalbert Korfanty, was a Polish nationalist activist, journalist and politician, serving as member of the German parliaments Reichstag and Prussian Landtag, and later on, in the Polish Sejm...
had initiated the Third Silesian Uprising
Silesian Uprisings
The Silesian Uprisings were a series of three armed uprisings of the Poles and Polish Silesians of Upper Silesia, from 1919–1921, against German rule; the resistance hoped to break away from Germany in order to join the Second Polish Republic, which had been established in the wake of World War I...
from the nearby village of Czarny Las
Czarny Las, Lubliniec County
Czarny Las is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Woźniki, within Lubliniec County, Silesian Voivodeship, in southern Poland.-References:...
, it was incorporated into the Silesian Voivodeship of the Second Polish Republic
Second Polish Republic
The Second Polish Republic, Second Commonwealth of Poland or interwar Poland refers to Poland between the two world wars; a period in Polish history in which Poland was restored as an independent state. Officially known as the Republic of Poland or the Commonwealth of Poland , the Polish state was...
and became a border town
Border town
A border town is a town or city close to the boundary between two countries, states or regions. Usually the term implies that it is one of the things the town is most famous for. Border towns can have highly cosmopolitan communities, a feature they share with port cities...
. Again occupied in the 1939 Invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany
Nazi Germany
Nazi Germany , also known as the Third Reich , but officially called German Reich from 1933 to 1943 and Greater German Reich from 26 June 1943 onward, is the name commonly used to refer to the state of Germany from 1933 to 1945, when it was a totalitarian dictatorship ruled by...
during World War II, the area was re-conquered by the Red Army
Red Army
The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army started out as the Soviet Union's revolutionary communist combat groups during the Russian Civil War of 1918-1922. It grew into the national army of the Soviet Union. By the 1930s the Red Army was among the largest armies in history.The "Red Army" name refers to...
in January 1945 in the course of the Vistula–Oder Offensive.
International relations
Lubliniec is twinned with: KiskunmajsaKiskunmajsa
- Twin cities :* Bačka Topola * Gheorgheni * Lommatzsch * Bad–Schönborn * Lubliniec...
, Hungary
Hungary
Hungary , officially the Republic of Hungary , is a landlocked country in Central Europe. It is situated in the Carpathian Basin and is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine and Romania to the east, Serbia and Croatia to the south, Slovenia to the southwest and Austria to the west. The...
Kravaře
Kravare
Kravaře is a town in Silesia in the Czech Republic. It has 6,650 inhabitants. It is located between Ostrava and Opava . It is part of the Hlučínsko micro-region.-History of the town:The first historical record of Kravaře is from 1224...
, Czech Republic
Czech Republic
The Czech Republic is a landlocked country in Central Europe. The country is bordered by Poland to the northeast, Slovakia to the east, Austria to the south, and Germany to the west and northwest....
Łowicz, Poland Reda
Reda
Reda may refer to:* Reda, Poland, a town in Poland* Reda , a river in Poland* Reda railway station, a railway station in Reda, Poland* Reza , can be spelled Reda*Gino Reda, sports journalist*Francesco Reda, Italian cyclist...
, Poland Teruel
Teruel
Teruel is a town in Aragon, eastern Spain, and the capital of Teruel Province. It has a population of 34,240 in 2006 making it one of the least populated provincial capitals in the country...
, Spain
Spain
Spain , officially the Kingdom of Spain languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Spain's official name is as follows:;;;;;;), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula...
Notable people
- Lublinitz is the birthplace of the mathematician Richard CourantRichard CourantRichard Courant was a German American mathematician.- Life :Courant was born in Lublinitz in the German Empire's Prussian Province of Silesia. During his youth, his parents had to move quite often, to Glatz, Breslau, and in 1905 to Berlin. He stayed in Breslau and entered the university there...
(1888–1972). His cousin Edith SteinEdith SteinSaint Teresia Benedicta of the Cross, sometimes also known as Saint Edith Stein , was a German Roman Catholic philosopher and nun, regarded as a martyr and saint of the Roman Catholic Church...
often visited the house of her maternal grandparents Courant near the rynekRynekRynek may refer to the following places:*Rynek, Lesser Poland Voivodeship *Rynek, Masovian Voivodeship *Rynek, Subcarpathian Voivodeship *Rynek, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship...
, today the site of a small museum. - Hans LammersHans LammersDr.jur. Hans Heinrich Lammers was a German jurist and prominent Nazi politician. From 1933 until 1945 he served as head of the Reich Chancellery under Adolf Hitler....
(1879-1962), Nazi politician - Eva Gabriele ReichmannEva Gabriele ReichmannEva Gabriele Reichmann was an eminent German historian and sociologist. From 1945 on she became famous for her research on anti-Semitism. Reichmann was Jewish.-Life:...
(1897–1998), historian - Zygmunt AnczokZygmunt AnczokZygmunt Józef Anczok is a former Polish footballer who played as a left-sided defender, who was an Olympic champion for Poland in the 1972 Summer Olympics....
(born 1946), football player - Michael KutzopMichael KutzopMichael Kutzop is a former German football player of Polish origin. He spent 7 seasons in the Bundesliga with Kickers Offenbach and SV Werder Bremen....
(born 1955), football player - Alexander FamullaAlexander FamullaAlexander Famulla is a retired German football player.-External links:...
(born 1960), football player - Andrzej GrzesikAndrzej GrzesikAndrzej Grzesik is a Polish politician. He was elected to Sejm on September 25, 2005 getting 9501 votes in 28 Częstochowa district, candidating from Samoobrona Rzeczpospolitej Polskiej list....
(born 1967), politician - Anna ŚwiątczakAnna SwiatczakAnna Wiśniewska, born Anna Świątczak, Aniqa is a pop singer and wife of Michał Wiśniewski, the leader of the Ich Troje band, in which she sang between 2003 and 2009...
(born 1977), pop singer - Major General Roman PolkoRoman PolkoMajor General dr Roman Polko is a Polish Army officer, acting chief of Biuro Bezpieczeństwa Narodowego , former commander of "GROM", doctor of military science studies, speciality: management....
(born 1962 in TychoTychoTycho may refer to:* Tycho Brahe , Danish nobleman and astronomer* Tycho van Meer , Dutch field hockey striker* Tommy Tycho , Hungarian-Australian pianist, conductor, composerIn astronomy:...
), served in the Polish 1st Special Commando Regiment1st Special Commando RegimentThe 1 Pułk Specjalny Komandosów, 1 PSK is one of the three special operations forces currently operating within the Polish military's structure, Special Forces of Poland....
at Lubliniec.
External links
- Official town webpage
- Lubliniec on a Polish topographic map from 1933 (1:100,000)
- Lublinitz on a German topographic map from 1883 (1:25,000)