Little magazine movement
Encyclopedia
Little magazines, often called "small magazines" are literary magazines which publish experimental and non-conformist writings of relatively unknown writers. They are usually noncommercial in their outlook. They are often very irregular in their publication. The earliest significant examples are the transcendentalist publication The Dial (1840–44) edited by Ralph Waldo Emerson
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Ralph Waldo Emerson was an American essayist, lecturer, and poet, who led the Transcendentalist movement of the mid-19th century...

 and Margaret Fuller
Margaret Fuller
Sarah Margaret Fuller Ossoli, commonly known as Margaret Fuller, was an American journalist, critic, and women's rights advocate associated with the American transcendentalism movement. She was the first full-time American female book reviewer in journalism...

 in Boston
Boston
Boston is the capital of and largest city in Massachusetts, and is one of the oldest cities in the United States. The largest city in New England, Boston is regarded as the unofficial "Capital of New England" for its economic and cultural impact on the entire New England region. The city proper had...

 and The Savoy (1896) edited by Arthur Symons
Arthur Symons
Arthur William Symons , was a British poet, critic and magazine editor.-Life:Born in Milford Haven, Wales, of Cornish parents, Symons was educated privately, spending much of his time in France and Italy...

 in London
London
London is the capital city of :England and the :United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom, and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. Located on the River Thames, London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its...

 which had a revolt against the Victorian
Victorian era
The Victorian era of British history was the period of Queen Victoria's reign from 20 June 1837 until her death on 22 January 1901. It was a long period of peace, prosperity, refined sensibilities and national self-confidence...

 Materialism as its agenda.

Little magazines played a significant role for the poets who shaped the avant-garde movements like Modernism and Post-modernism across the world in the twentieth century.

The Little Magazine Movement originated in the fifties and the sixties in many Indian languages like Bengali
Bengali language
Bengali or Bangla is an eastern Indo-Aryan language. It is native to the region of eastern South Asia known as Bengal, which comprises present day Bangladesh, the Indian state of West Bengal, and parts of the Indian states of Tripura and Assam. It is written with the Bengali script...

, Tamil
Tamil language
Tamil is a Dravidian language spoken predominantly by Tamil people of the Indian subcontinent. It has official status in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu and in the Indian union territory of Pondicherry. Tamil is also an official language of Sri Lanka and Singapore...

, Marathi
Marathi language
Marathi is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by the Marathi people of western and central India. It is the official language of the state of Maharashtra. There are over 68 million fluent speakers worldwide. Marathi has the fourth largest number of native speakers in India and is the fifteenth most...

, Hindi, Malayalam and Gujarati
Gujarati language
Gujarati is an Indo-Aryan language, and part of the greater Indo-European language family. It is derived from a language called Old Gujarati which is the ancestor language of the modern Gujarati and Rajasthani languages...

, as it did in the West, in the early part of the 20th century.

Little magazines of 1955 to 1975

The avant-garde
Avant-garde
Avant-garde means "advance guard" or "vanguard". The adjective form is used in English to refer to people or works that are experimental or innovative, particularly with respect to art, culture, and politics....

 modernist poetry burst upon the Marathi
Marathi language
Marathi is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by the Marathi people of western and central India. It is the official language of the state of Maharashtra. There are over 68 million fluent speakers worldwide. Marathi has the fourth largest number of native speakers in India and is the fifteenth most...

 literary world with the poetry of B. S. Mardhekar in the mid-forties. The period 1955–1975 in Marathi literature is dominated by the little magazine movement. It ushered in modernism
Modernism
Modernism, in its broadest definition, is modern thought, character, or practice. More specifically, the term describes the modernist movement, its set of cultural tendencies and array of associated cultural movements, originally arising from wide-scale and far-reaching changes to Western society...

 and the Dalit
Dalit
Dalit is a designation for a group of people traditionally regarded as Untouchable. Dalits are a mixed population, consisting of numerous castes from all over South Asia; they speak a variety of languages and practice a multitude of religions...

 movement. In the mid-fifties, Dilip Chitre
Dilip Chitre
Dilip Purushottam Chitre was one of the foremost Indian writers and critics to emerge in the post Independence India. Apart from being a very important bilingual writer, writing in Marathi and English, he was also a painter and filmmaker.-Biography:He was born in Baroda on 17 September 1938...

, Arun Kolatkar
Arun Kolatkar
Arun Balkrishna Kolatkar was a poet from Maharashtra, India. Writing in both Marathi and English, his poems found humor in many everyday matters. His poetry had an influence on modern Marathi poets...

 and their friends started a cyclostyled Shabda. The little magazine movement spread like wild fire in the sixties with hundreds of ephemeral to relatively longer lasting magazines like Aso, Vacha, Lru, Bharud and Rucha. The movement brought forth a new generation of writers who were dissatisfied with the Marathi literary establishment which they saw as bourgeois, upper caste and orthodox.Ashok Shahane was the pioneer of the little magazine movement in marathi in the sixties. The writers like Dilip Chitre, Arun Kolatkar, Namdeo Dhasal
Namdeo Dhasal
Namdeo Laxman Dhasal is a Marathi writer and Dalit activist from Maharashtra, India.-Biography:Dhasal was born on February 15, 1949, in a village near Pune, India. A member of the Mahar Dalit class, he grew up in dire poverty...

, Tulsi Parab, Bhalchandra Nemade
Bhalchandra Nemade
Bhalchandra Vanaji Nemade is a Marathi writer from Maharashtra, India.-Life:Nemade was born in 1938 in the village of Sangavi in Khandesh. He received his bachelor's degree from Fergusson College in Pune and Master's degree in Linguistics from Deccan College in Pune and English Literature from...

 , Manohar Oak
Manohar Oak
Manohar Shankar Oak was a Marathi poet, novelist, and translator from Maharashtra, India.Oak led a Bohemian life style. An influence of English poets like Allen Ginsberg can be discerned in his poetry...

, Bhau Padhye
Bhau Padhye
Prabhakar Narayan Padhye , popularly known as Bhau Padhye , was a Marathi writer from Maharashtra, India....

, Vilas Sarang
Vilas Sarang
Vilas Sarang is one of the most significant modernist Indian writer, critic and translator to emerge in the post-independence period....

 and Vasant Abaji Dahake
Vasant Abaji Dahake
Vasant Abaji Dahake is a Marathi poet, playwright, short story writer, artist, and critic from Amaravati district in the Maharashtra state of India. He is awarded Sahitya Akademi Award for his collection ` Chitralipi' for the year 2009....

 came to prominence with the movement. Their writing is non-conformist and non-populist. The little magazine movement of the sixties ran out of steam in the mid-seventies. A representative translation of many poets of this period has been done by Dilip Chitre.

Little magazines of the 1990s and 2000s

The economic reforms of the nineties in India ushered in an era of liberalization, privatization and globalization in Indian society. The boom in the telecommunications sector, cable and satellite television and digital revolution came in tandem with these economic reforms and deeply affected Indian society and culture. Mumbai, being the economic capital of India, felt the overwhelming force of these dramatic changes. Little magazines resurfaced in this period. Abhidhanantar
Abhidhanantar
Abhidhanantar was a significant literary magazines in the Marathi langugage primarily devoted to poetry. It was edited by Hemant Divate, a noted Marathi poet and publisher. It started as a small magazine called Abhidha in 1992 and in 1998 it was named Abhidhanantar because of registration issues.....

, Shabdavedk, Saushthav and later on Aivaji, Khel, Anaghrat, and Navakshar Darshan burst upon the scene. The poetry of the poets like Manya Joshi
Manya Joshi
-Biography:Manya Joshi was born in 1972. He has Master's in Marathi Literature from Mumbai University and a Master's in Library and Information Studies from the University of Oklahoma, USA. He works as a freelance library research advisor and copywriter...

, Mangesh Narayanrao Kale
Mangesh Narayanrao Kale
- Biography :Mangesh Narayanrao Kale was born in Aurangabad district, Maharashtra, in 1966. He is a post graduate in journalism and Hindi. As a journalist, he started his career with the Marathi daily ‘Marathwada’. Later he started own daily, ‘Khandesh’. He now works in publishing and printing...

, Hemant Divate
Hemant Divate
Hemant Divate is a reputed Marathi poet, translator and publisher based in Mumbai.- Biography :Hemant Divate is an avant-garde poet, a reputed editor, publisher and translator....

, Sanjeev Khandekar
Sanjeev Khandekar
Sanjeev Khandekar is a reputed Marathi writer and visual artist based in Mumbai.-Biography:He was born in 1958. Kavita a collection of his early poetry and Search Engine . These collections have been followed by three volumes of poetry - All that I Wanna Do , Mutatis Mutandis and Two Poems...

, Saleel Wagh
Saleel Wagh
Saleel Wagh is a Marathi poet, translator and critic based in Pune.-Biography:Saleel Wagh was born in 1967 in Rajkot, Gujarat. His collections include Nivadak Kavita, Sadhyachya Kavita, Aadhichya Kavita a Marathi translation of a major Hindi poet Shamsher Bahadur Singh and Blog Pahila, a...

 and Sachin Ketkar who emerged from these little magazines of the nineties bear witness to the social and cultural transformation and write with a sensibility that is different from the generation that emerged from the movement of the sixties.

Early 20th century

In Bengali literature
Bengali literature
Bengali literature is literary works written in Bengali language particularly from Bangladesh and the Indian provinces of West Bengal and Tripura. The history of Bengali literature traces back hundreds of years while it is impossible to separate the literary trends of the two Bengals during the...

, it started with Kallol
Kallol
Kallol refers to one of the most influential literary movements in Bangla literature, which can be placed approximately between 1923 and 1935. The name Kallol of the Kallol group derives from a magazine of the same name...

, a modernist movement magazine, established in 1923. The most popular among the group were Kazi Nazrul Islam
Kazi Nazrul Islam
Kazi Nazrul Islam , sobriquet Bidrohi Kobi, was a Bengali poet, musician and revolutionary who pioneered poetic works espousing intense spiritual rebellion against fascism and oppression. His poetry and nationalist activism earned him the popular title of Bidrohi Kobi...

 (1899–1976), Mohitlal Majumder
Mohitolal Majumdar
Mohitlal Majumdar , a renowned Bengali author, was born at Balagarh village in Hoogly district, India.-Life:He was a professor of the University of Dhaka of Bengal, now in Bangladesh....

 (1888–1952), Achintyakumar Sengupta
Achintyakumar Sengupta
Achintya Kumar Sengupta ), was a renowned Bengali author. He was born in Noakhali, now in Bangladesh.-Life:At the age of 13, after his father's death, Sengupta moved to Calcutta, where he completed his schooling....

 (1903–1976), Satyendranath Dutta
Satyendranath Dutta
Satyendranath Dutta , a Bengali poet, is considered the wizard of rhymes...

 (1882–1922), and Premendra Mitra
Premendra Mitra
Premendra Mitra was a renowned Bengali poet, novelist, short story writer and film director. He was also an author of Bangla science fiction and thrillers.-Life:...

 (1904–1988). Then Bengali poetry got into the brightest light of modernism in the 1930s, through the movement of a few other little magazines, such as Buddhadeb Bosu's Kabita and Sudhindranath Datta's Parichay.

Hungry Generation and Anti-establishment Movements

The little magazine explosion in West Bengal took place after 1961 when the Hungry Generation
Hungry generation
The Hungry Generation was a literary movement in the Bengali language launched by what is known today as the Hungryalist quartet i.e. Shakti Chattopadhyay, Malay Roy Choudhury, Samir Roychoudhury and Debi Roy alias Haradhon Dhara, during the 1960s in Kolkata, India...

 Movement took the cultural establishment by storm. In fact it changed not only the types of publication but also the naming of magazines. The Hungry Generation Movement aimed at waging a war against the literary establishment and the decadent society in general. Prominent figures included Shakti Chattopadhyay
Shakti Chattopadhyay
Shakti Chattopadhay was a Bengali poet and writer, widely regarded as one of the greatest poet of 20th century Bengali literature. -External links:...

, Malay Roy Choudhury
Malay Roy Choudhury
Malay Roy Choudhury is a Bengali poet and novelist who founded the "Hungryalist Movement" in the 1960s. His literary works have been reviewed by sixty critics in HAOWA 49, a quarterly magazine which devoted its January 2001 special issue to Roy Choudhury's life and works...

, Subimal Basak
Subimal Basak
Subimal Basak, is an Indian fiction writer. He is a member of the Hungry generation, with Samir Roychoudhury, Falguni Roy, Shakti Chattopadhyay and the movement's creator Malay Roy Choudhury....

, Tridib Mitra
Tridib Mitra
Tridib Mitra was one of the pioneers of the Hungry generation movement in Bengali literature which changed the literary landscape of West Bengal once for all. With his wife Alo Mitra he edited Hungry generation magazines The Waste Paper in English and Unmarga in Bengali...

, Samir Roychoudhury
Samir Roychoudhury
Samir Roychowdhury , one of the founding fathers of the Hungry Generation 1961-1965 ,was born at Panihati, West Bengal, India in a family of artists, sculptors, photographers and musicians...

, Falguni Roy
Falguni Roy
Falguni Roy was an anti-establishment Bengali poet. Along with Shakti Chattopadhyay, Malay Roy Choudhury, Samir Roychoudhury, Subimal Basak, Debi Roy ,Utpalkumar Basu, Binoy Majumdar, Sandipan Chattopadhyay, Basudeb Dasgupta, Roy was also associated with the Hungryalist movement.-Film on Falguni:A...

, Subon Acharjo, Pradip Choudhuri, Subhas Ghosh, and Basudeb Dasgupta
Basudeb Dasgupta
Basudeb Dasgupta , a Bengali novelist and short-story writer , is considered as one of the most significant avant-gardes and controversial figures in the history of Bengali literature.-Writings:Basudeb's major contribution to Bengali literature spanned from the early 1960s to mid 80's...

.

There are other Bengali Writers who raised their voice against the establishment but did not join the Hungry generation
Hungry generation
The Hungry Generation was a literary movement in the Bengali language launched by what is known today as the Hungryalist quartet i.e. Shakti Chattopadhyay, Malay Roy Choudhury, Samir Roychoudhury and Debi Roy alias Haradhon Dhara, during the 1960s in Kolkata, India...

 Movement. Most notable amongst them is the maverick writer Subimal Mishra
Subimal Mishra
Subimal Misra is a Bengali novelist, short story writer and essayist. He is known as a maverick and audacious experimentalist in contemporary Bengali literature....

.
Other experimental writers who mostly wrote in little magazines include Kamal Kumar Majumdar
Kamal Kumar Majumdar
KamalKumar Majumdar was a major fiction-writer of the Bengali language. The novel Antarjali Jatra is considered his most notable work.-Early life:...

, Amiyabhushan Majumdar and Udayan Ghosh.

Kaurab Cult

Some major changes occurred in the 1970s in the Bengali little magazine movement, chiefly around Kaurab
Kaurab
Kaurab is a Bengali language literary magazine representing innovative, alternative, non-mainstream and experimental genres of Indian literature with an emphasis on poetry and poetics. In vogue for more than three decades, Kaurab continuously streams alternative genres of literature and has...

, a literary and cultural magazine nearly four decades old. Prime cult-figures of Kaurab are: Swadesh Sen, Kamal Chakraborty (original editor), Barin Ghosal, Debajyoti Dutta, Pranabkumar Chattopadhyay, Shankar Lahiri, Shankar Chakraborty and Aryanil Mukhopadhyay (present editor). The online version of the magazine can be found at w http://www.kaurab.com.

New Poetry (Natun Kabita)

Since the mid 1980s Bengali iterature experienced a new genre of Bengali poetry called New Poetry . From the early 1990s with impetus from a Kolkata-based poetry journal Kabita Campus, New Poetry has begun to gain immense acclaim from the young contemporary poets of Bengal. In 2003 some poets of this genre have started a journal named Natun Kabita containing their ideas and poems, through both online and print media. Another new age poetry magazine in the same sphere is Boikhoribhashya. Poets associated with this literary movement are: Barin Ghosal, Ranjan Maitra, Swapan Roy, Dhiman Chakraborty, Alok Biswas, Pronob Pal, Saumitra Sengupta, Arupratan Ghosh, Indranil Ghosh, Amitava Praharaj and Debanjan Das. Rajarshi Chattopadhyay, Atanu Bandopadhyay, Pradip Chakraborty are the poets who joined this movement in the mid 1990s.

New Age (New Century)

In West Bengal the first decade of this century (2001–10) is considered to be the period of a New Age little magazine movement. The magazines prominent in this period are: Meghjanmo, Sanjhbati, Lalon, joydhak, Nabamanab, Bodhshabdo, Pratishedhak, Abosardanga, Ashtray, Somoyer Shobdo,"ebRo khebRo rong", "resurrection", "duende" and Ahir.

Prominent figures rising from the period are:
Arup Ghosh ,Atanu Singha, Arindam Ray, Souptik Chakraborty, Arup Ghosh, Rangeet Mitra, Tanmay Mandal, Manik Saha, Arjun Bandopadhyay, Somtirtha Nandi, Saurav Chattopadhyay, Atri Bandopadhyay,Animikh Patra, Susnato Chowdhury, Kaushik Bhowmik, Ratul Pal, Rohon Kuddus,debjyoti bhattacharyya, Sanghamitra Haldar,Dipanwita Sarkar, Sreemoyee bhattacharya, Debarshi sarkar,Sreyashi choudhuri, Himadri Mukhopadhy,Debabrata Kar Biswas, Biswadip Dey, Aritra Sanyal, Saibal Sarkar, Deb Maity, Dipangshu Acharya, Somnath Ghosal, Swadesh Mishra, Swagata Dasgupta, Nabendu Bikash Ray, Arko Chattopadhyay, Arpan Chakraborty, Argha datta Bakshi, Ripon Fio, Souva Chattopadhyay, Sayantan Mukhopadhyay, Paramita das, Sumit Sikdar, Joydeep Sen, Soumo Neogi, Argha Roy, and Kumaraditya Sarkar.

Postmodern Bengali Poetry

Samir Roychoudhury and Prabhat Choudhuri heralded a new phase in Bengali poetry known as Postmodern Poetry with the launching of Haowa#49 and Kabita Pakshik respectively.

Little Magazine Library and Research Centre

There is a Little Magazine Library and Research Centre at Tamer Lane (run by Sandip Dutta since 1978), Kolkata, India which collects Bengali little magazines published anywhere in the world.

Sahitya Academy

The Sahitya Akademi
Sahitya Akademi
The Sahitya Akademi ', India's National Academy of Letters, is an organisation dedicated to the promotion of literature in the languages of India...

 (Indian Academy of Letters) also publishes two literary journals, namely Indian Literature
Indian Literature (journal)
Indian Literature is an English-language literary journal published bi-monthly by the Sahitya Akademi, India's National Academy of Letters. the editor was A. J. Thomas, and Gopi Chand Narang, Sunil Gangopadhyaya and Agrahara Krishna Murthy, inspired by K...

in English and Samkalin Bhartiya Sahitya in Hindi. However they cannot be considered as 'little magazines' as they have state support and appear regularly. A prime example of this continuing tradition is The Little Magazine, published from New Delhi
New Delhi
New Delhi is the capital city of India. It serves as the centre of the Government of India and the Government of the National Capital Territory of Delhi. New Delhi is situated within the metropolis of Delhi. It is one of the nine districts of Delhi Union Territory. The total area of the city is...

 since May 2000., Civil Lines and Yatra

Literary or little magazines in India

  • Abhidhanantar
    Abhidhanantar
    Abhidhanantar was a significant literary magazines in the Marathi langugage primarily devoted to poetry. It was edited by Hemant Divate, a noted Marathi poet and publisher. It started as a small magazine called Abhidha in 1992 and in 1998 it was named Abhidhanantar because of registration issues.....

    -Marathi little Magazine
  • Aadorer Nauka-Bengali little magazine
  • Baundule-Bengali little magazine
  • Abhiyakti - Hindi literary magazine Online.
  • Aanubhuti - Monthly Hindi poetry and literary magazine
  • Aikya-Quarterly Bengali Literary and Cultural Magazine
  • Amritalok-An influential Bengali Literary and Cultural Magazine, Station Road,P.O.-Midnapore 721101 West Bengal
  • Bharat Darshan - Hindi literary magazine
  • Crimson Feet Magazine - Bimonthly journal for writers and poets from the Indian sub-continent.
  • Civil Lines - English literary magazine
  • Diyala (http://diyala.kochiknacha.com) - Bilingual(Bengali and English) online magazine for under 16 age group
  • Darpan - Literary Magazine.
  • Duende - Bengali little magazine.
  • Ebro Khebro Rong - Bengali little magazine.
  • Guruchandali - Bengali e-zine
  • Graffiti - A Bengali little magazine which repeatedly promoted hungrialist movement & literature as well as postmodern literary movement,Graffiti has contributed a remarkable part of it in the field of translation & transcreation literature
  • HindiElm - Quarterly Hindi literary magazine
  • Haowa 49 - Quarterly Bengali Magazine of changing poetry and literary theories.
  • Joydhak - Quarterly Bengali Magazine for children- www.joydhak.com
  • Kahani - A South Asian literary magazine for children.
  • Kaurab - Perhaps the most influential of the contemporary bengali little magazines with both online and print editions. www.kaurab.com
  • Kledaja Kusum - an exceptional poetry magazine of West Bengal,10/1 S.B.Roychowdhury Rd. Nimta.Kolkata-700049.-www.kledajakusum.com
  • Kavya Bharati - An annual journal , The Study Centre for Indian Literature in English and Translation .- www.scilet.in
  • Kottapalli.in - A Telugu monthly magazine for Children (Available both in Print and online). - http://kottapalli.in/
  • Kritya- A bilingual journal of international poetry.- www.kritya.in
  • Maadhukari - Online Bengali literary magazine
  • Meghadutam - Online magazine on literature and poetry
  • Natun Kabita - The Bengali little magazine promoting the 'Notun Kobita' or new poetry movement, newest literay movement in Bengali
  • Nabamanab - Bi-monthly Bengali little magazine edited by Enamul Kabir
  • Abosardanga - A contemporary Bengali Little magazine gaining immense popularity
  • Parabaas - a Bengali literary e-zine
  • Patrika - Online Bengali literary magazine
  • Poddu.net - A Telugu literay web magazine - http://poddu.net
  • Pratishedhak - A new little magazine run by a young group of new age writers in Kolkata
  • Punjabielm - Quarterly Punjabi literary magazine
  • Purwai - London based quarterly magazine on Indian languages
  • Pustakam.net - A Telugu web magazine on the world of books - http://pustakam.net
  • Sambit - Oriya literary magazine
  • Somoyer Shobdo - Kolkata based Bengali Little Magazine dedicated to foster new talents. Edited by Argha Roy and Kumaraditya Sarkar.
  • The Brown Critique - Literary quarterly for Indian writings in English.
  • The Journal of The Poetry Society ( India )
  • The Little Magazine - English literary magazine
  • Udgam - a literary Hindi magazine.
  • Ultodurbin - Tetra-monthly Bengali little magazine from Kolkata, India.
  • UrduElm - Quarterly literary magazine
  • Utsab - Bengali literary magazine
  • Yugantar Punjab - online Punjabi literary magazine.
  • Kledaja kusum - Quarterly Bengali poetry magazine.
  • Vapra - Bengali little magazine....
  • Resurrection - Bengali little magazine....
  • Purba - a literary and cultural magagine, started publishing from 2005 from Medinipur of west Bengal


(ISSN 2229 6344)

References

Diyala in news
http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/111417310-free-online-bengali-english-magazine-diyala-launched-kochisamsad-publication

External links

The source of this article is wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.  The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.
 
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