• blood vascular system
• lymph vascular system
  • lymph
    Lymph
    Lymph is considered a part of the interstitial fluid, the fluid which lies in the interstices of all body tissues. Interstitial fluid becomes lymph when it enters a lymph capillary...
    
    
• arteries
  • arterioles
  • capillaries
  • veins
  • circulation of the blood
• atrium
  • ventricle
    Ventricle (heart)
    In the heart, a ventricle is one of two large chambers that collect and expel blood received from an atrium towards the peripheral beds within the body and lungs. The Atria primes the Pump...
    
    
• pulmonary arteries
  • pulmonary veins
• systemic circulation
  Systemic circulation
  Systemic circulation is the part of the cardiovascular system which carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body, and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart. This physiologic theory of circulation was first described by William Harvey...
  
  
  • pulmonary circulation
    Pulmonary circulation
    Pulmonary circulation is the half portion of the cardiovascular system which carries Oxygen-depleted Blood away from the heart, to the Lungs, and returns oxygenated blood back to the heart. Encyclopedic description and discovery of the pulmonary circulation is widely attributed to Doctor Ibn...
    
    
• portal vein
  • sinusoids
    Liver sinusoid
    A liver sinusoid is a type of sinusoidal blood vessel that serves as a location for the oxygen-rich blood from the hepatic artery and the nutrient-rich blood from the portal vein....
    
    
  • hepatic veins

• Structure of Arteries
  • inner coat (tunica intima
    Tunica intima
    The tunica intima is the innermost layer of an artery or vein. It is made up of one layer of endothelial cells and is supported by an internal elastic lamina...
    
    )
  • fenestrated membrane
  • middle coat (tunica media
    Tunica media
    The tunica media is the middle layer of an artery or vein.-Artery:It is made up of smooth muscle cells and elastic tissue...
    
    )

• Structure of Arteries
  • external coat (tunica adventitia)
  • tunica elastica externa
  • sheaths of arteries
  • vasa vasorum
    Vasa vasorum
    The vasa vasorum is a network of small blood vessels that supply large blood vessels.The vasa vasorum are found in large arteries and veins such as the aorta and its branches....
    
    
  • Capillaries

• Sinusoids
• Coats of Veins
  • internal coat
  • middle coat
  • outer coat
    Outer coat
    Outer coat can refer to:* Guard hair - the longest, most coarse hairs in a mammal's coat* Tunica adventitia - the outermost layer of a blood vessel...
    
    

• plasma
  Blood plasma
  Blood plasma is the straw-colored liquid component of blood in which the blood cells in whole blood are normally suspended. It makes up about 55% of the total blood volume. It is the intravascular fluid part of extracellular fluid...
  
   (liquor sanguinis)
• blood corpuscles
• Colored or red corpuscles (erythrocytes)
  • microcytes

• colorless corpuscles or leucocyte
  Leucocyte
  Leucocyte may refer to:*White blood cells*Leucocyte , a 2008 album by the jazz band E.S.T....
  
  
  • oxyphil or neutrophil
  • polymorphonuclear leucocytes
  • eosinophil corpuscles
  • hyaline cell or macrocyte
  • lymphocyte
    Lymphocyte
    A lymphocyte is a type of white blood cell in the vertebrate immune system.Under the microscope, lymphocytes can be divided into large lymphocytes and small lymphocytes. Large granular lymphocytes include natural killer cells...
    
    

• colorless corpuscles or leucocyte
  Leucocyte
  Leucocyte may refer to:*White blood cells*Leucocyte , a 2008 album by the jazz band E.S.T....
  
  
  • pseudopodium
• blood platelets
  • prothrombin
  • thromboplastin
    Thromboplastin
    Thromboplastin is a plasma protein aiding blood coagulation through conversion of prothrombin to thrombin.Although sometimes used as a synonym for tissue factor, this is a misconception. Historically, thromboplastin was a lab reagent, usually derived from placental sources, used to assay...
    
    

• blood island
  Blood island
  Blood islands are structures in the developing embryo which lead to many different parts of the circulatory system.They primarily derive from plexuses formed from angioblasts. Within them, vacuoles appear through liquefaction of the central part of the syncytium into plasma. The lumen of the blood...
  
  
• heart
  Heart
  The heart is a myogenic muscular organ found in all animals with a circulatory system , that is responsible for pumping blood throughout the blood vessels by repeated, rhythmic contractions...
  
  
• primitive aortæ
• vitelline vein
• dorsal aorta
  Dorsal aorta
  Each primitive aorta receives anteriorly a vein—the vitelline vein—from the yolk-sac, and is prolonged backward on the lateral aspect of the notochord under the name of the dorsal aorta....
  
  

• five parts
  • sinus venosus
    Sinus venosus
    The sinus venosus is a large quadrangular cavity which precedes the atrium on the venous side of the chordate heart. In humans, it exists distinctly only in the embryonic heart, where it is found between the two venae cavae...
    
    
  • primitive atrium
    Primitive atrium
    The primitive atrium is a term used to describe a stage in the embryonic development of the human heart. It grows rapidly and partially encircles the bulbus cordis; the groove against which the bulbus cordis lies is the first indication of a division into right and left atria.The cavity of the...
    
    
  • primitive ventricle
    Primitive ventricle
    The embryonic ventricle or primitive ventricle of the developing heart gives rise to the trabeculated parts of the left and right ventricles...
    
    
  • bulbus cordis
    Bulbus cordis
    The bulbus cordis lies ventral to the primitive ventricle after the developing heart assumes its S-shaped form...
    
    
  • truncus arteriosus
    Truncus arteriosus
    Truncus arteriosus may refer to:*Persistent truncus arteriosus, a rare congenital heart disease*Truncus arteriosus , part of an embryo's developing circulatory system...
    
    
• atrial canal
  Atrial canal
  In the developing heart, the constriction between the atrium and ventricle constitutes the atrioventricular canal or atrial canal, and indicates the site of the future atrioventricular valves.-External links:*...
  
  

• sinus venosus
  Sinus venosus
  The sinus venosus is a large quadrangular cavity which precedes the atrium on the venous side of the chordate heart. In humans, it exists distinctly only in the embryonic heart, where it is found between the two venae cavae...
  
  
  • crista terminalis of His
  • inferior vena cava
    Inferior vena cava
    The inferior vena cava , also known as the posterior vena cava, is the large vein that carries de-oxygenated blood from the lower half of the body into the right atrium of the heart....
    
    

• sinus venosus
  Sinus venosus
  The sinus venosus is a large quadrangular cavity which precedes the atrium on the venous side of the chordate heart. In humans, it exists distinctly only in the embryonic heart, where it is found between the two venae cavae...
  
  
  • septum spurium
    Septum spurium
    During development of the heart, the orifice of the coronary sinus lies obliquely, and is guarded by two halves, the right and left venous valves; above the opening these unite with each other and are continuous with a fold named the septum spurium....
    
    
  • spina vestibuli
    Spina vestibuli
    Below the opening of the orifice of the coronary sinus they fuse to form a triangular thickening—the spina vestibuli.-External links:*...
    
    
  • right venous valve and left venous valve

• sinus venosus
  Sinus venosus
  The sinus venosus is a large quadrangular cavity which precedes the atrium on the venous side of the chordate heart. In humans, it exists distinctly only in the embryonic heart, where it is found between the two venae cavae...
  
  
  • endocardial cushions
    Endocardial cushions
    Atrioventricular cushions or endocardial cushions refers to a subset of cells in the primordial heart that play a vital role in proper heart septation.They develop on the atrioventricular canal.During development the heart starts out as a tube...
    
    
  • septum intermedium
    Septum intermedium
    Endocardial cushions project into the atrial canal, and, meeting in the middle line, unite to form the septum intermedium which divides the canal into two channels, the future right and left atrioventricular orifices.-External links:*...
    
    
• primitive atrium
  Primitive atrium
  The primitive atrium is a term used to describe a stage in the embryonic development of the human heart. It grows rapidly and partially encircles the bulbus cordis; the groove against which the bulbus cordis lies is the first indication of a division into right and left atria.The cavity of the...
  
  
  • septum primum
    Septum primum
    In the developing heart, the cavity of the primitive atrium becomes subdivided into right and left chambers by a septum, the septum primum, which grows downward into the cavity. The increasingly smaller gap below it is known as the ostium primum...
    
    
  • ostium primum of Born
  • foramen ovale
    Foramen ovale
    There are multiple structures in the human body with the name foramen ovale :* In the fetal heart, the foramen ovale is a shunt from the right atrium to left atrium....
    
     (ostium secundum of Born)
  • septum secundum
    Septum secundum
    The septum secundum, semilunar in shape, grows downward from the upper wall of the atrium immediately to the right of the primary septum and ostium secundum....
    
    
• primitive ventricle
  Primitive ventricle
  The embryonic ventricle or primitive ventricle of the developing heart gives rise to the trabeculated parts of the left and right ventricles...
  
  
  • septum inferius
  • ventricular septum

• truncus arteriosus
  Truncus arteriosus
  Truncus arteriosus may refer to:*Persistent truncus arteriosus, a rare congenital heart disease*Truncus arteriosus , part of an embryo's developing circulatory system...
  
   and bulbus cordis
  Bulbus cordis
  The bulbus cordis lies ventral to the primitive ventricle after the developing heart assumes its S-shaped form...
  
  
• aortic septum
  Aortic septum
  In the developing heart, the truncus arteriosus and bulbus cordis are divided by the aortic septum. This makes its appearance in three portions....
  
  
• Valves of the heart

• Visceral veins
  • vitelline veins
    Vitelline veins
    -Path:They run upward at first in front, and subsequently on either side of the intestinal canal.They unite on the ventral aspect of the canal, and beyond this are connected to one another by two anastomotic branches, one on the dorsal, and the other on the ventral aspect of the duodenal portion of...
    
     or omphalomesenteric veins
    • sinusoids
    • venæ advehentes
    • venæ revehentes
  • umbilical veins
    • ductus venosus
      Ductus venosus
      In the fetus, the ductus venosus shunts approximately half of the blood flow of the umbilical vein directly to the inferior vena cava. Thus, it allows oxygenated blood from the placenta to bypass the liver. In conjunction with the other fetal shunts, the foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus, it...
      
      

• Parietal veins
  • ducts of Cuvier
    Ducts of Cuvier
    During development of the veins, the first indication of a parietal system consists in the appearance of two short transverse veins, the ducts of Cuvier , which open, one on either side, into the sinus venosus. Each of these ducts receives an ascending and descending vein...
    
    
    • cardinal veins
      Cardinal veins
      The precardinal veins or anterior cardinal veins contribute to the formation of the internal jugular veins and together with the common cardinal vein form the superior vena cava. In an anastomosis by anterior cardinal veins, the left brachiocephalic vein is produced.-External links:*...
      
      
    • primitive jugular veins
• Inferior vena cava
  Inferior vena cava
  The inferior vena cava , also known as the posterior vena cava, is the large vein that carries de-oxygenated blood from the lower half of the body into the right atrium of the heart....
  
  
  • subcardinal veins

• inferior vena cava
  Inferior vena cava
  The inferior vena cava , also known as the posterior vena cava, is the large vein that carries de-oxygenated blood from the lower half of the body into the right atrium of the heart....
  
  
  • right superior venæ cavæ and left superior venæ cavæ
  • left innominate vein
  • vestigial fold of Marshall
  • oblique vein of Marshall
• Venous sinuses of the Dura mater
  Dura mater
  The dura mater , or dura, is the outermost of the three layers of the meninges surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It is derived from Mesoderm. The other two meningeal layers are the pia mater and the arachnoid mater. The dura surrounds the brain and the spinal cord and is responsible for...
  
  

• thoracic cavity
  Thoracic cavity
  The thoracic cavity is the chamber of the human body that is protected by the thoracic wall ....
  
  
• pericardium
  Pericardium
  The pericardium is a double-walled sac that contains the heart and the roots of the great vessels.-Layers:...
  
  
• pleura
• Cavity of the Thorax
  Thorax
  The thorax is a division of an animal's body that lies between the head and the abdomen.-In tetrapods:...
  
  
• Upper opening of the thorax
• Lower opening of the thorax

• fibrous pericardium
  Fibrous pericardium
  The fibrous pericardium is the most superficial layer of the pericardium. It is made up of dense connective tissue, a loose connective tissue which acts to protect the heart, anchoring it to the surrounding walls, and preventing it from overfilling with blood...
  
   (outer sac)
  • superior sternopericardiac ligament
  • inferior sternopericardiac ligament
• serous pericardium
  Serous pericardium
  The serous pericardium is deeper than the fibrous pericardium. It contains two layers, both of which function in lubricating the heart to prevent friction from occurring during heart activity:...
  
   (inner sac)
  • epicardium
    Epicardium
    Epicardium describes the outer layer of heart tissue . When considered as a part of the pericardium, it is the inner layer, or visceral pericardium, continuous with the serous layer....
    
    
  • arterial mesocardium
  • venous mesocardium
  • oblique sinus
  • transverse sinus
• ligament of the left vena cava
  Ligament of the left vena cava
  Between the left pulmonary artery and subjacent pulmonary vein is a triangular fold of the serous pericardium; it is known as the ligament of the left vena cava ....
  
   (vestigial fold of Marshall)
• vein of the left atrium (oblique vein of Marshall)

Component parts

• atrium
• ventricle
  Ventricle (heart)
  In the heart, a ventricle is one of two large chambers that collect and expel blood received from an atrium towards the peripheral beds within the body and lungs. The Atria primes the Pump...
  
  
• grooves
  • coronary sulcus
    Coronary sulcus
    The atria of the heart are separated from the ventricles by the coronary sulcus ; this contains the trunks of the nutrient vessels of the heart, and is deficient in front, where it is crossed by the root of the pulmonary artery.-External links:*...
    
     (auriculoventricular groove)

• grooves
  • interatrial groove
    Interatrial groove
    The interatrial groove, separating the two atria, is scarcely marked on the posterior surface, while anteriorly it is hidden by the pulmonary artery and aorta....
    
    
  • anterior longitudinal sulcus
    Anterior longitudinal sulcus
    The ventricles of the heart are separated by two grooves, one of which, the anterior longitudinal sulcus , is situated on the sternocostal surface of the heart, close to its left margin. The other groove separating the ventricles is the posterior interventricular sulcus....
    
    
  • posterior longitudinal sulcus
    Posterior longitudinal sulcus
    The ventricles are separated by two grooves, one of which, the anterior longitudinal sulcus, is situated on the sternocostal surface of the heart, close to its left margin...
    
    
  • incisura apicis cordis
    Incisura apicis cordis
    The anterior longitudinal sulcus and posterior longitudinal sulcus extend from the base of the ventricular portion to a notch, the incisura apicis cordis , on the acute margin of the heart just to the right of the apex....
    
    
• base (basis cordis
  Basis cordis
  The base of the heart, directed superiorly, posteriorly, and to the right, is separated from the 5th, 6th, 7th, and 8th thoracic vertebrae by the esophagus, aorta, and thoracic duct....
  
  )
• apex (apex cordis)

• sternocostal surface
  Sternocostal surface
  The sternocostal surface of the heart is directed forward, upward, and to the left.Its lower part is convex, formed chiefly by the right ventricle, and traversed near its left margin by the anterior longitudinal sulcus....
  
  
• diaphragmatic surface
  Diaphragmatic surface
  The diaphragmatic surface of the heart, directed downward and slightly backward, is formed by the ventricles, and rests upon the central tendon and a small part of the left muscular portion of the diaphragm....
  
  
• right margin
  Right margin
  The right margin of the heart is long, and is formed by the right atrium above and the right ventricle below.* The atrial portion is rounded and almost vertical; it is situated behind the third, fourth, and fifth right costal cartilages about 1.25 cm...
  
  
  • acute margin
• left margin (obtuse margin)

• Right atrium
  Right atrium
  The right atrium is one of four chambers in the hearts of mammals and archosaurs...
  
   (atrium dextrum; right auricle)
• sinus venarum
• auricula
• Sinus venarum (sinus venosus
  Sinus venosus
  The sinus venosus is a large quadrangular cavity which precedes the atrium on the venous side of the chordate heart. In humans, it exists distinctly only in the embryonic heart, where it is found between the two venae cavae...
  
  )

• Auricula (auricula dextra; right auricular appendix
  Right auricular appendix
  The right atrial appendage is a small conical muscular pouch attached to the right atrium of the heart.-Anatomy:Its margins present a dentated edge...
  
  )
• terminal sulcus
  Terminal sulcus (heart)
  The separation of the right atrial pectinate muscle from the sinus venarum is indicated externally by a groove, the terminal sulcus , which extends from the front of the superior vena cava to the front of the inferior vena cava, and represents the line of union of the sinus venosus of the embryo...
  
  
• terminal crest
• musculi pectinati
  Musculi pectinati
  In the right atrium, behind the crest, the internal surface is smooth. While in front of it, the muscular fibers of the wall are raised into parallel ridges resembling the teeth of a comb, and hence named the musculi pectinati ....
  
  

• inferior vena cava
  Inferior vena cava
  The inferior vena cava , also known as the posterior vena cava, is the large vein that carries de-oxygenated blood from the lower half of the body into the right atrium of the heart....
  
  
• atrial septum
• coronary sinus
  Coronary sinus
  The coronary sinus is a collection of veins joined together to form a large vessel that collects blood from the myocardium of the heart. It is present in all mammals, including humans...
  
  
• foramina venarum minimarum
  Foramina venarum minimarum
  The foramina venarum minimarum are the orifices of minute veins , which return blood directly from the muscular substance of the heart....
  
   (foramina Thebesii)
• minute veins (venœ cordis minimœ)
• atrioventricular opening
  Atrioventricular opening
  Atrioventricular opening can refer to:* Right atrioventricular opening* Left atrioventricular opening...
  
   (tricuspid orifice)
• valve of the inferior vena cava
  Valve of the inferior vena cava
  The valve of the inferior vena cava lies at the junction of the inferior vena cava and right atrium.In fetal life, the Eustachian valve helps direct the flow of oxygen-rich blood through the right atrium into the left atrium via the foramen ovale...
  
   (valvula venœ cavœ inferioris; Eustachian valve)

• valve of the coronary sinus
  Valve of the coronary sinus
  The valve of the coronary sinus is a semicircular fold of the lining membrane of the right atrium, at the orifice of the coronary sinus.The valve may vary in size, or be completely absent....
  
   (valvula sinus coronarii; Thebesian valve)
• fossa ovalis
  Fossa ovalis
  Fossa ovalis can refer to:* Fossa ovalis , also called the saphenous opening* Fossa ovalis , an embryonic remnant of the foramen ovale...
  
  
• limbus fossæ ovalis (annulus ovalis)
• intervenous tubercle
  Intervenous tubercle
  The intervenous tubercle is a small projection on the posterior wall of the right atrium, above the fossa ovalis.It is distinct in the hearts of quadrupeds, but in man is scarcely visible....
  
   (tuberculum intervenosum; tubercle of Lower)

• Right ventricle
  Right ventricle
  The right ventricle is one of four chambers in the human heart. It receives deoxygenated blood from the right atrium via the tricuspid valve, and pumps it into the pulmonary artery via the pulmonary valve and pulmonary trunk....
  
   (ventriculus dexter)
• conus arteriosus
  Conus arteriosus
  The conus arteriosus is a conical pouch formed from the upper and left angle of the right ventricle in the chordate heart, from which the pulmonary trunk arises....
  
  
• tendon of the conus arteriosus
• Openings
  • right atrioventricular orifice
    Right atrioventricular orifice
    The right atrioventricular orifice is the large oval aperture of communication between the right atrium and ventricle.Situated at the base of the atrium, it measures about 4 cm...
    
    
  • opening of the pulmonary artery
    Opening of the pulmonary artery
    The opening of the pulmonary artery is circular in form, and situated at the summit of the conus arteriosus, close to the ventricular septum....
    
    
• Valves
  • tricuspid valve
    Tricuspid valve
    The tricuspid valve, or right atrioventricular valve, is on the right dorsal side of the mammalian heart, between the right atrium and the right ventricle. The normal tricuspid valve usually has three leaflets and three papillary muscles. They are connected to the papillary muscles by the chordae...
    
     (valvula tricuspidalis)
    • anterior cusp (infundibular cusp)
    • posterior cusp (marginal cusp)
    • medial cusp (septal cusp)

• Valves
  • tricuspid valve
    Tricuspid valve
    The tricuspid valve, or right atrioventricular valve, is on the right dorsal side of the mammalian heart, between the right atrium and the right ventricle. The normal tricuspid valve usually has three leaflets and three papillary muscles. They are connected to the papillary muscles by the chordae...
    
     (valvula tricuspidalis)
    • chordæ tendineæ
  • trabeculæ carneæ (columnœ carneœ)
    • musculi papillares
    • moderator band
  • pulmonary semilunar valves

• Valves
  • pulmonary semilunar valves
    • thickened nodule (corpus Arantii)
    • lunulæ
    • sinuses of Valsalva

• Left atrium
  Left atrium
  The left atrium is one of the four chambers in the human heart. It receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins, and pumps it into the left ventricle, via the mitral valve.-Foramen ovale:...
  
   (atrium sinistum; left auricle)
• principal cavity
• Auricula (auricula sinistra; left auricular appendix
  Left auricular appendix
  The left atrial appendage is a muscular pouch connected to the left atrium of the heart.It has a distinct embryologic origin.-Terminology:...
  
  )
• pulmonary veins
• left atrioventricular opening
  Left atrioventricular opening
  The left atrioventricular opening is placed below and to the left of the aortic orifice.It is a little smaller than the corresponding aperture of the opposite side....
  
  

• Left ventricle
  Left ventricle
  The left ventricle is one of four chambers in the human heart. It receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium via the mitral valve, and pumps it into the aorta via the aortic valve.-Shape:...
  
   (ventriculus sinister)
• openings
  • left atrioventricular opening
    Left atrioventricular opening
    The left atrioventricular opening is placed below and to the left of the aortic orifice.It is a little smaller than the corresponding aperture of the opposite side....
    
     (mitral orifice)
  • aortic opening
    Aortic opening
    The aortic opening is a circular aperture, in front and to the right of the atrioventricular, from which it is separated by the anterior cusp of the bicuspid valve.Its orifice is guarded by the aortic semilunar valves....
    
    
• valves
  • aortic semilunar valves
    • aortic vestibule
      Aortic vestibule
      The portion of the left ventricle immediately inferior to the aortic orifice is termed the aortic vestibule, and possesses fibrous instead of muscular walls....
      
      
  • bicuspid valve (mitral valve
    Mitral valve
    The mitral valve is a dual-flap valve in the heart that lies between the left atrium and the left ventricle...
    
    , valvula bicuspidalis)
    • aortic cusp
    • posterior cusp

• valves
  • aortic semilunar valves
    • aortic sinuses (sinuses of Valsalva)
• trabeculæ carneæ
  • musculi papillares
• Ventricular septum (septum ventriculorum; interventricular septum
  Interventricular septum
  Interventricular septum , abbreviated IVS, is the stout wall separating the lower chambers of the heart from one another....
  
  )
  • muscular ventricular septum
  • membranous ventricular septum

• fibrous rings of heart
  • trigonum fibrosum
• Cardiac muscular tissue
• Purkinje fibers
  Purkinje fibers
  For the nervous cells, see Purkinje cellPurkinje fibers are located in the inner ventricular walls of the heart, just beneath the endocardium...
  
  

• muscular structure of the heart
  • fibers of the atria
    • superficial fibers
    • deep fibers
    • annular fibers
  • fibers of the ventricles
    • superficial layers
    • deep layers
  • atrioventricular bundle of His
    • sinoatrial node
      Sinoatrial node
      The sinoatrial node is the impulse-generating tissue located in the right atrium of the heart, and thus the generator of normal sinus rhythm. It is a group of cells positioned on the wall of the right atrium, near the entrance of the superior vena cava...
      
      
    • atrioventricular node
      Atrioventricular node
      The atrioventricular node is a part of the electrical control system of the heart that coordinates heart rate. It electrically connects atrial and ventricular chambers...
      
      

• Vessels
  Blood vessel
  The blood vessels are the part of the circulatory system that transports blood throughout the body. There are three major types of blood vessels: the arteries, which carry the blood away from the heart; the capillaries, which enable the actual exchange of water and chemicals between the blood and...
  
   and Nerves
• Cardiac Cycle and the Actions of the Valves
  • cardiac cycle
    Cardiac cycle
    The cardiac cycle is a term referring to all or any of the events related to the flow or blood pressure that occurs from the beginning of one heartbeat to the beginning of the next. The frequency of the cardiac cycle is described by the heart rate. Each beat of the heart involves five major stages...
    
    
  • atrial systole
  • ventricular systole

• valve of the inferior vena cava
  Valve of the inferior vena cava
  The valve of the inferior vena cava lies at the junction of the inferior vena cava and right atrium.In fetal life, the Eustachian valve helps direct the flow of oxygen-rich blood through the right atrium into the left atrium via the foramen ovale...
  
  
• ductus arteriosus
  Ductus arteriosus
  In the developing fetus, the ductus arteriosus , also called the ductus Botalli, is a shunt connecting the pulmonary artery to the aortic arch. It allows most of the blood from the right ventricle to bypass the fetus's fluid-filled lungs. Upon closure at birth, it becomes the ligamentum arteriosum...
  
  
• hypogastric arteries
• umbilical arteries
• Fetal circulation
  Fetal circulation
  The fetal circulation is the circulatory system of a human fetus, often encompassing the entire fetoplacental circulation that also includes the umbilical cord and the blood vessels within the placenta that carry fetal blood....
  
  
• porta hepatis (transverse fissure of the liver)
• ductus venosus
  Ductus venosus
  In the fetus, the ductus venosus shunts approximately half of the blood flow of the umbilical vein directly to the inferior vena cava. Thus, it allows oxygenated blood from the placenta to bypass the liver. In conjunction with the other fetal shunts, the foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus, it...
  
  

See also

• List of images and subjects in Gray's Anatomy
• List of images in Gray's Anatomy: V. Angiology
• Gray's Anatomy
  Gray's Anatomy
  Gray's Anatomy is an English-language human anatomy textbook originally written by Henry Gray. The book is widely regarded as an extremely influential work on the subject, and has continued to be revised and republished from its initial publication in 1858 to the present day...