A

• Actino-pnp RNA motif
  Actino-pnp RNA motif
  The Actino-pnp RNA motif is a conserved structure found in actinobacteria that is apparently in the 5' untranslated regions of genes predicted to encode exoribonucleases. The RNA element's function is likely analogous to an RNA structure found upstream of polynucleotide phosphorylase genes in E....
  
  
• AdoCbl riboswitch
  AdoCbl riboswitch
  AdoCbl riboswitch is a cis-regulatory riboswitch element present in untranslated regions of mRNA where binding adenosylcobalamin causes a change in gene expression. This riboswitch has been shown to be conserved across several strains of bacteria and has an influence over the expression of the...
  
  
• Alfalfa mosaic virus coat protein binding (CPB) RNA
  Alfalfa mosaic virus coat protein binding (CPB) RNA
  The Alfalfa mosaic virus coat protein binding RNA is an RNA element which is found in the 3' UTR of the genome. AMV CPB can stimulate the translation of AMV RNA by between 50 and 100-fold. This family contains at least two coat protein binding sites which are thought to be essential for efficient...
  
  
• Alfalfa mosaic virus RNA 1 5' UTR stem-loop
  Alfalfa mosaic virus RNA 1 5' UTR stem-loop
  The Alfalfa mosaic virus RNA 1 5' UTR stem-loop represents a putative stem-loop structure found in the 5' UTR in RNA 1 of alfalfa mosaic virus. RNA 1 is responsible for encoding the viral replicase protein P1. This family is required for negative strand RNA synthesis in in the alfalfa mosaic virus...
  
  
• Alpha operon ribosome binding site
  Alpha operon ribosome binding site
  The alpha operon ribosome binding site in bacteria is surrounded by this complex pseudoknotted RNA structure. Translation of the mRNA produces 4 ribosomal protein products, one of which acts as a translational repressor by binding to the nested pseudoknot region...
  
  
• Antizyme RNA frameshifting stimulation element
  Antizyme RNA frameshifting stimulation element
  Antizyme RNA frameshifting stimulation element is a structural element which is found in antizyme mRNA and is known to promote frameshifting. Antizyme genes have two partially overlapping open reading frames, the second, which encodes the functional protein requires +1 translational frameshifting...
  
  
• APC internal ribosome entry site (IRES)
  APC internal ribosome entry site (IRES)
  The APC internal ribosome entry site is an RNA element which is located in the coding sequence of the APC gene. APC is a tumour suppressor gene which is associated with the inherited disease adenomatous polyposis coli . It is thought that IRES-mediated translation of APC is important for an...
  
  
• Aphthovirus internal ribosome entry site (IRES)
  Aphthovirus internal ribosome entry site (IRES)
  This family represents the internal ribosome entry site of the aphthoviruses. IRES elements allow cap and end-independent translation of mRNA in the host cell...
  
  
• Apolipoprotein B (apoB) 5' UTR cis-regulatory element
  Apolipoprotein B (apoB) 5' UTR cis-regulatory element
  The apolipoprotein B 5' UTR cis regulatory element is an RNA element located in the 5' UTR of the human apoB mRNA. This structured element increases translation of the apoB protein or a reporter gene....
  
  
• AREsite
  AREsite
  AREsite is a database of AU-rich elements in vertebrate mRNA 3'-untranslated regions . AU-rich elements are involved in the control of gene expression. They are the most common determinant of RNA stability in mammalian cells....
  
  
• AtoC RNA motif
  AtoC RNA motif
  The atoC RNA motif is a conserved RNA-like structure identified by bioinformatics. It consistently appears upstream of protein-coding gene that are predicted to encode oxidoreductase activity, dihydropteroate synthase or DNA-binding response regulators....
  
  
• ATPC RNA motif
  ATPC RNA motif
  The ATPC RNA motif is a conserved RNA structure found in certain cyanobacteria. It is apparently ubiquitous in Prochlorococcus marinus, and is present in many species in the genus Synechococcus...
  
  
• AU-rich element
  AU-rich element
  AU-rich elements are one of the most common types of regulatory elements found in mRNAs. They are involved in the control of gene expression. They are the most common determinant of RNA stability in mammalian cells....
  
  

B

• Bag-1 internal ribosome entry site (IRES)
  Bag-1 internal ribosome entry site (IRES)
  The bag-1 internal ribosome entry site is a cis-acting element located in the 5 ' untranslated region of the BAG-1 protein mRNA. Its effects apoptosis through IRES mediated translation of the BAG-1 protein....
  
  
• Bamboo mosaic potexvirus (BaMV) cis-regulatory element
  Bamboo mosaic potexvirus (BaMV) cis-regulatory element
  The Bamboo mosaic potexvirus cis-regulatory element represents a cloverleaf-like cis-regulatory element found in the 3' UTR of the bamboo mosaic virus. This family is thought to play an important role in the initiation of minus-strand RNA synthesis and may also be involved in the regulation of...
  
  
• Bamboo mosaic virus satellite RNA cis-regulatory element
  Bamboo mosaic virus satellite RNA cis-regulatory element
  The bamboo mosaic virus satellite RNA cis-regulatory element is an RNA element found in the 5' UTR of the genome of the bamboo mosaic virus. This element is thought to be essential for efficient RNA replication.-See also:...
  
  
• Bovine leukaemia virus RNA packaging signal
  Bovine leukaemia virus RNA packaging signal
  This family represents the bovine leukaemia virus RNA encapsidation signal which is essential for efficient viral replication....
  
  

E

• Enterobacteria greA leader
  Enterobacteria greA leader
  The Enterobacteria greA leader is a putative attenuator element identified by bioinformatics within bacteria of the γ-proteobacterial Enterobacteriales order. It is located upstream of the rnk gene, encoding a transcription elongation factor, and presents a Rho-independent terminator at the 3' end...
  
  
• Enterobacteria rnk leader
  Enterobacteria rnk leader
  The Enterobacteria rnk leader is a putative attenuator element identified by bioinformatics within bacteria of the γ-proteobacterial Enterobacteriales order. It is located upstream of the rnk gene, encoding a nucleoside diphosphate kinase regulator, and presents a Rho-independent terminator at the...
  
  
• Enteroviral 3' UTR element
  Enteroviral 3' UTR element
  In molecular biology, the enteroviral 3' UTR element is an RNA structure found in the 3' UTR of various enteroviruses. The overall structure forms the origin of replication for the initiation of strand RNA synthesis...
  
  
• Enterovirus 5' cloverleaf cis-acting replication element
  Enterovirus 5' cloverleaf cis-acting replication element
  The Enterovirus 5' cloverleaf cis-acting replication element is an RNA element found in the 5' UTR of Enterovirus genomes. The element has a cloverleaf like secondary structure and is known to be a multifunctional cis-acting replication element , required for the initiation of negative strand RNA...
  
  
• Enterovirus cis-acting replication element
  Enterovirus cis-acting replication element
  Enterovirus cis-acting replication element is a small RNA hairpin in the coding region of protein 2C as the site in PV1 RNA that is used as the primary template for the in vitro uridylylation. The first step in the replication of the plus-stranded poliovirus RNA is the synthesis of a complementary...
  
  

F

• FIE3 (ftz instability element 3') element
  FIE3 (ftz instability element 3') element
  The FIE3 element is an RNA element found in the 3' UTR of the fushi tarazu mRNA.The fushi tarazu gene is essential for the establishment of the Drosophila embryonic body plan. When first expressed in early embryogenesis, fushi tarazu mRNA is uniformly distributed over most of the embryo...
  
  
• Flavivirus capsid hairpin cHP
  Flavivirus capsid hairpin cHP
  The Flavivirus capsid hairpin cHP is a conserved RNA hairpin structure identified within the capsid coding region of several flavivirus genomes. These positive strand RNA genomes are translated as a single polypeptide and subsequently cleaved into constituent proteins, the first of which is the...
  
  
• Flg-Rhizobiales RNA motif
  Flg-Rhizobiales RNA motif
  The flg-Rhizobiales RNA motif is an RNA structure that is conserved in certain bacteria. All known flg-Rhizobiales RNAs are located in the presumptive 5' untranslated regions of operons that contain genes whose functions relate to the creation of flagellar basal bodies...
  
  

H

• Heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) internal ribosome entry site (IRES)
  Heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) internal ribosome entry site (IRES)
  The heat shock protein 70 internal ribosome entry site is an RNA element that allows cap independent translation during conditions such as heat shock and stress. It has been shown that the 216 nucleotide long 5' UTR contains internal ribosome entry site activity....
  
  
• Hepatitis C alternative reading frame stem-loop
  Hepatitis C alternative reading frame stem-loop
  Hepatitis C alternative reading frame stem-loop is a conserved secondary structure motif identified in the RNA genome of the Hepatitis C virus which is proposed to have an important role in regulating translation and repression of the viral genome....
  
  
• Hepatitis C stem-loop IV
  Hepatitis C stem-loop IV
  The Hepatitis C stem-loop IV is part of a putative RNA element found in the NS5B coding region. This element along with stem-loop VII, is important for colony formation, though its exact function and mechanism are unknown.-See also:...
  
  
• Hepatitis C virus (HCV) cis-acting replication element (CRE)
  Hepatitis C virus (HCV) cis-acting replication element (CRE)
  The Hepatitis C virus cis-acting replication element is an RNA element which is found in the coding region of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase NS5B...
  
  
• Hepatitis C virus 3'X element
  Hepatitis C virus 3'X element
  The Hepatitis C virus 3'X element is an RNA element which contains three stem-loop structures that are essential for replication.-See also:*Hepatitis C alternative reading frame stem-loop*Hepatitis C virus cis-acting replication element...
  
  
• Hepatitis C virus stem-loop VII
  Hepatitis C virus stem-loop VII
  Hepatitis C virus stem-loop VII is a regulatory element found in the coding region of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene, NS5B. Similarly to stem-loop IV, the stem-loop structure is important for colony formation, though its exact function and mechanism are unknown.-See also:*Hepatitis C...
  
  
• Hepatitis E virus cis-reactive element
  Hepatitis E virus cis-reactive element
  The Hepatitis E virus cis-reactive element is a RNA element that is thought to be essential for "some step in gene expression". The mutation of this element resulted in Hepatitis E strains which were unable to infect Rhesus macaques ....
  
  
• HIV gag stem loop 3 (GSL3)
  HIV gag stem loop 3 (GSL3)
  HIV gag stem loop 3 is an RNA element that is known to direct specific packaging of HIV-1 genomic RNA. Deletion of GSL3 leads to decreases in both viral RNA packaging and dimerisation....
  
  
• HopC RNA motif
  HopC RNA motif
  The hopC RNA motif is a predicted cis-regulatory element identified by a bioinformatic screen for conserved RNA secondary structures. hopC RNAs are exclusively found within bacteria classified within the genus Helicobacter, some of which are human pathogens that infect the stomach and can cause...
  
  
• Human parechovirus 1 (HPeV1) cis regulatory element (CRE)
  Human parechovirus 1 (HPeV1) cis regulatory element (CRE)
  The Human Parechovirus 1 cis regulatory element is an RNA element which is located in the 5'-terminal 112 nucleotides of the genome of human parechovirus 1 . The element consists of two stem-loop structures together with a pseudoknot...
  
  
• Human rhinovirus internal cis-acting regulatory element (CRE)
  Human rhinovirus internal cis-acting regulatory element (CRE)
  Human rhinovirus internal cis-acting regulatory element isa CRE from the human rhinoviruses. The CRE is located within the genome segment encoding the capsid proteins so is found in a protein coding region...
  
  

M

• Magnesium responsive RNA element
• Mason-Pfizer monkey virus packaging signal
  Mason-Pfizer monkey virus packaging signal
  Mason-Pfizer monkey virus packaging signal is a regulatory element located in the 5' UTR and is required for specific RNA encapsidation....
  
  
• Mnt IRES
  Mnt IRES
  The Mnt internal ribosome entry site is an RNA element. Mnt is a transcriptional repressor related to the Myc/Mad family of transcription factors. It is thought that this IRES allows efficient Mnt synthesis when cap-dependent translation initiation is reduced.-See also:*N-myc IRES*Tobamovirus...
  
  
• MraW RNA motif
  MraW RNA motif
  The mraW RNA motif is a conserved, structured RNA found in certain bacteria. Specifically, it is predicted in many, though not all, species of actinobacteria, and especially within the genus Mycobacterium. Structurally, the motif consists of a hairpin with a highly conserved terminal loop sequence...
  
  

N

• N-myc IRES
  N-myc internal ribosome entry site (IRES)
  The N-myc internal ribosome entry site is an RNA element found in the n-myc gene. The myc family of genes when expressed are known to be involved in the control of cell growth, differentiation and apoptosis...
  
  
• Nanos 3' UTR translation control element
  Nanos 3' UTR translation control element
  Nanos 3' UTR translation control element is a cis-regulatory element in the 3' untranslated region of the messenger RNA which encodes the Nanos protein. The Nanos protein in Drosophila is required for correct morphogenesis in the Drosophila embryo...
  
  

P

• P27 cis-regulatory element
  P27 cis-regulatory element
  The p27 cis-regulatory element is a structured G/C rich RNA element which is involved in controlling cell cycle regulated translation of the p27kip protein in human cells....
  
  
• Potassium channel RNA editing signal
  Potassium channel RNA editing signal
  The potassium channel RNA editing signal is an RNA element found in human Kv1.1 and its homologues which directs the efficient modification of an adenosine to inosine by an adenosine deaminase acting on RNA . The ADAR modification causes an isoleucine/valine recoding event which lies in the...
  
  
• Potato virus X cis-acting regulatory element
  Potato virus X cis-acting regulatory element
  The Potato virus X cis-acting regulatory element is a cis-acting regulatory element found in the 3' UTR of the Potato virus X genome. This element has been found to be required for minus strand RNA accumulation and is essential for efficient viral replication....
  
  
• PotC RNA motif
  PotC RNA motif
  The potC RNA motif is a conserved RNA structure discovered using bioinformatics. The RNA is detected only in genome sequences derived from DNA that was extracted from uncultivated marine bacteria...
  
  
• Poxvirus AX element late mRNA cis-regulatory element
  Poxvirus AX element late mRNA cis-regulatory element
  The Poxvirus AX element late mRNA family represents a cis-regulatory element present at the 3' end of poxvirus late ATI mRNA and is known as the AX element. The AX element is involved in directing the efficient production and orientation-dependent formation of late RNAs. It is likely that this...
  
  
• Prion pseudoknot
  Prion pseudoknot
  The prion pseudoknot is predicted RNA pseudoknot structure found in prion protein mRNA. It has been suggested that this element has a possible effect in prion protein translation. The human prion protein contains 5 copies of a 24 nucleotide repeat that contains this structure....
  
  
• Pseudomonas rnk leader
  Pseudomonas rnk leader
  The Pseudomonas rnk leader is a putative attenuator element identified by bioinformatics within bacteria of the γ-proteobacterial Pseudomonas genus. It is located upstream of the rnk gene, encoding a nucleoside diphosphate kinase regulator, and presents a Rho-independent terminator at the 3' end...
  
  
• Pseudomonas rpsL leader
  Pseudomonas rpsL leader
  The Pseudomonas rpsL leader is a putative attenuator RNA element identified by bioinformatics searches within bacteria of the Pseudomonadaceae phylum. It is located upstream of the operon encoding ribosomal proteins S12 and S7 , and presents a Rho-independent terminator at the 3' end...
  
  
• PyrR binding site
  PyrR binding site
  The PyrR binding site is an RNA element that is found upstream of a variety of genes involved in pyrimidine biosynthesis and transport.The RNA structure permits binding of PyrR protein which regulates pyrimidine biosynthesis in Bacillus subtilis. When the protein binds, a downstream terminator...
  
  

R

• R2 RNA element
  R2 RNA element
  The R2 RNA element is a non-long terminal repeat retrotransposable element that inserts at a specific site in the 28S ribosomal RNA genes of most insect genomes...
  
  
• RbcL 5' UTR RNA stabilising element
  RbcL 5' UTR RNA stabilising element
  The rbcL 5' UTR RNA stabilising element is an RNA element from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii that is thought to be involved in the stabilisation of the rbcL gene which codes for large subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase. Mutations in this family can lead to a 50-fold acceleration in...
  
  
• Red clover necrotic mosaic virus translation enhancer elements
• Regulatory region of repZ gene
  Regulatory region of repZ gene
  The regulatory region of the repZ gene, which encodes the replication initiator of plasmid ColIb-P9, contains a pseudoknot. This acts as a molecular switch controlling translation of repZ and repY.-External links:*...
  
  
• Retrovirus direct repeat 1 (dr1)
  Retrovirus direct repeat 1 (dr1)
  The direct repeat 1 element is an RNA element commonly found in the 3' UTR of Avian sarcoma, Rous sarcoma and Avian leukosis viruses . dr1 is required for efficient viral replication and is thought to be involved in genomic RNA packaging although this may not be its only role....
  
  
• Ribosomal protein L10 leader
  Ribosomal protein L10 leader
  This family is a putative ribosomal protein leader autoregulatory structure found in B. subtilis and other low-GC Gram-positive bacteria. It is located in the 5' untranslated regions of mRNAs encoding ribosomal proteins L10 and L12...
  
  
• Ribosomal protein L13 leader
  Ribosomal protein L13 leader
  This family is a putative ribosomal protein leader autoregulatory structure found in B. subtilis and other low-GC Gram-positive bacteria. It is located in the 5' untranslated regions of mRNAs encoding the L13-S9 ribosomal protein operon....
  
  
• Ribosomal protein L19 leader
  Ribosomal protein L19 leader
  This family is a putative ribosomal protein leader autoregulatory structure found in B. subtilis and other low-GC Gram-positive bacteria. It is located in the 5' untranslated regions of mRNAs encoding ribosomal protein L19 ....
  
  
• Ribosomal protein L20 leader
  Ribosomal protein L20 leader
  This family is a putative ribosomal protein leader autoregulatory structure found in B. subtilis and other low-GC Gram-positive bacteria. It is located in the 5' untranslated regions of mRNAs encoding initiation factor 3 followed by ribosomal proteins L35 and L20...
  
  
• Ribosomal protein L21 leader
  Ribosomal protein L21 leader
  This family is a putative ribosomal protein leader autoregulatory structure found in B. subtilis and other low-GC Gram-positive bacteria. It is located in the 5' untranslated regions of mRNAs encoding ribosomal protein L21, a protein of unknown function, and ribosomal protein L27 .Other ribosomal...
  
  
• Ribosomal S15 leader
  Ribosomal S15 leader
  The E. coli ribosomal S15 leader is an RNA element that can form two alternative structures found in the ribosomal S15 protein. One of the two alternate structures is a series of three hairpins, the other includes a pseudoknot. This structure causes translational regulation of the S15 protein....
  
  
• RNase E 5' UTR element
  RNase E 5' UTR element
  In molecular biology, the RNase E 5' UTR element is a cis-acting element located in the 5'UTR of ribonuclease E messenger RNA .RNase E is a key regulatory enzyme in the pathway of mRNA degradation in Escherichia coli. It is able to auto-regulate the degradation of its own mRNA in response to...
  
  
• RncO
  RncO
  RncO is a bacterial non-coding RNA regulatory element found in the rnc leader sequence. The rnc operon is negatively auto-regulated by transcript stability. rnc, the first gene in the operon codes for RNase III which cleaves the long rncO stem II leading to transcript degradation and a reduction in...
  
  
• Rne-II RNA motif
  Rne-II RNA motif
  The rne-II RNA motif is a conserved RNA structure identified using bioinformatics. It is detected only in species classified within the family Pseudomonadaceae, a group of gammaproteobacteria. rne-II RNAs are consistently located in the presumed 5' untranslated regions of genes that encode...
  
  
• Rotavirus cis-acting replication element (CRE)
  Rotavirus cis-acting replication element (CRE)
  This family represents a rotavirus cis-acting replication element found at the 3'-end of rotavirus mRNAs. The family is thought to promote the synthesis of minus strand RNA to form viral dsRNA....
  
  
• Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) primer binding site (PBS)
  Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) primer binding site (PBS)
  This family represents a structured region around the Rous sarcoma virus primer binding site . This region is known to be required for the efficient initiation of reverse transcription....
  
  
• RtT RNA
  RtT RNA
  The RtT RNA is a RNA element that is released from the tyrT operon of Escherichia coli. The exact function of RtT is unknown although it is thought that it may be involved in changing the cellular response in relation to amino acid starvation.The functional prediction is strengthened when the tyrT...
  
  
• Rubella virus 3' cis-acting element
  Rubella virus 3' cis-acting element
  The Rubella virus 3' cis-acting element RNA family represents a cis-acting element found at the 3' UTR in the rubella virus. This family contains three conserved step loop structures. Calreticulin , which is known to bind calcium in most eukaryotic cells, is able to specifically bind to the first...
  
  

S

• S-element
  S-element
  The S-element is an RNA element found in p42d and related plasmids. The S-element has multiple functions and is believed to act as a negative regulator of repC transcription, and be required for efficient replication and act as a translational enhancer of repC....
  
  
• SerC leader
  SerC leader
  SerC leader is a putative regulatory RNA structure found upstream of the serC-serA operon in some alpha-proteobacteria. The final stem of the structure overlaps the ribosome binding site of the serC reading frame....
  
  
• Simian virus 40 late polyadenylation signal (SVLPA)
  Simian virus 40 late polyadenylation signal (SVLPA)
  The simian virus 40 late polyadenylation signal is an RNA element which promotes efficient polyadenylation....
  
  
• SpeF leader
  SpeF leader
  SpeF is a putative cis-acting element identified in several gram negative alpha proteobacteria. Its is proposed to be involved in regulating expression of genes involved in polyamide biosynthesis....
  
  
• Spi-1 (PU.1) 5' UTR regulatory element
  Spi-1 (PU.1) 5' UTR regulatory element
  The Spi-1 5' UTR regulatory element is an RNA element found in the 5' UTR of Spi-1 mRNA which is able to inhibit the translation Spi-1 transcripts by 8-fold. Spi-1 regulates myeloid gene expression during haemopoietic development. Mutations in this regulatory region of the 5' UTR can lead to...
  
  
• Sxy 5' UTR element
  Sxy 5' UTR element
  The Sxy 5' UTR element is an RNA element that controls expression of the sxy gene in H. influenzae. The sxy gene is a transcription factor that regulates competence which is the ability of bacteria to take up DNA from their environment. When the sxy gene is deleted the bacterium loses the ability...
  
  

T

• T-box leader
  T-box leader
  The T-box leader element is involved in the regulation of translation associated genes, usually in gram-positive bacteria. Typically T-box leaders are found upstream of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase genes and some amino acid biosynthetic genes. Uncharged tRNA acts as the effector for transcription...
  
  
• Togavirus 5' plus strand cis-regulatory element
  Togavirus 5' plus strand cis-regulatory element
  The Togavirus 5' plus strand cis-regulatory element is an RNA element which is thought to be essential for both plus and minus strand RNA synthesis....
  
  
• Tombusvirus 3' UTR region IV
  Tombusvirus 3' UTR region IV
  Tombusvirus 3' UTR is an important cis-regulatory region of the Tombus virus genome.Tomato bushy stunt virus is the prototype member of the Tombusviridae family. The genome of this virus is positive sense single stranded RNA. Replication occurs via a negative strand RNA intermediate...
  
  
• Tombusvirus 5' UTR
  Tombusvirus 5' UTR
  Tombusvirus 5' UTR is an important cis-regulatory region of the Tombus virus genome.Tomato bushy stunt virus is the prototype member of the Tombusviridae family. The genome of this virus is positive sense single stranded RNA. Replication occurs via a negative strand RNA intermediate...
  
  
• Tombusvirus internal replication element (IRE)
  Tombusvirus internal replication element (IRE)
  In virology, the tombusvirus internal replication element is a segment of RNA located within the region coding for p92 polymerase. This element is essential for viral replication; specifically, it is thought to be required at an early stage of replication, such as template recruitment and/or...
  
  
• Tobamovirus IRES
  Tobamovirus internal ribosome entry site (IRES)
  The Tobamovirus internal ribosome entry site is an element that allows cap and end-independent translation of mRNA in the host cell. The IRES achieves this by mediating the internal initiation of translation by recruiting a ribosomal 43S pre-initiation complex directly to the initiation codon and...
  
  
• Transfer RNA-like structures
  Transfer RNA-like structures
  Transfer RNA-like structures are RNA sequences, which have a similar tertiary structure to tRNA; they frequently contain a pseudoknot close to the 3' end. The presence of tRNA-like structures has been demonstrated in many plant virus RNA genomes...
  
  
• TrkB IRES
  TrkB IRES
  The TrkB internal ribosome entry site is an RNA element which is present in the 5' UTR sequence of the mRNA. TrkB is a neurotrophin receptor which is essential for the development and maintenance of the nervous system...
  
  
• Turnip crinkle virus (TCV) core promoter hairpin (Pr)
  Turnip crinkle virus (TCV) core promoter hairpin (Pr)
  The turnip crinkle virus core promoter hairpin is an RNA element located in the 3' UTR of the viral genome that is required for minus strand RNA synthesis. The picture shown is not the TCV core promoter, but an upstream hairpin that is also required for replication of the virus....
  
  
• Turnip crinkle virus (TCV) repressor of minus strand synthesis H5
  Turnip crinkle virus (TCV) repressor of minus strand synthesis H5
  The TCV hairpin 5 is an RNA element found in the turnip crinkle virus. This RNA element is composed of a stem-loop that contains a large symmetrical internal loop . H5 can repress minus-strand synthesis when the 3' side of the LSL pairs with the 4 bases at the 3'-terminus of the RNA....