List of basic artificial intelligence topics

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to artificial intelligence:

Artificial intelligence (AI)
Artificial intelligence
Artificial intelligence is the intelligence of machines and the branch of computer science that aims to create it. AI textbooks define the field as "the study and design of intelligent agents" where an intelligent agent is a system that perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize its...

– branch of computer science

Computer science

Computer science or computing science is the study of the theoretical foundations of information and computation and of practical techniques for their implementation and application in computer systems...

that deals with intelligent behavior, learning, and adaptation in machine
Machine
A machine manages power to accomplish a task, examples include, a mechanical system, a computing system, an electronic system, and a molecular machine. In common usage, the meaning is that of a device having parts that perform or assist in performing any type of work...

s. Research in AI is concerned with producing machines to automate tasks requiring intelligent behavior.

Branches of artificial intelligence

Symbolic
- Good Old Fashioned AI
  GOFAI
  In artificial intelligence research, GOFAI describes the oldest original approach to achieving artificial intelligence, based on logic and problem solving...
  
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Sub-symbolic
- Early cybernetics and brain simulation
- Behavior based AI
  - Subsumption architecture
    Subsumption architecture
    Subsumption architecture is a reactive robot architecture heavily associated with behavior-based robotics. The term was introduced by Rodney Brooks and colleagues in 1986...
- Nouvelle AI
  Nouvelle AI
  During the late 1980s, the approach now known as nouvelle AI was pioneered at the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory by Rodney Brooks. Nouvelle AI is different from classical artificial intelligence in that it tries not to reach for human-level performance, but rather tries to create systems...
- Computational intelligence (CI)
  Computational intelligence
  Computational intelligence is a set of Nature-inspired computational methodologies and approaches to address complex problems of the real world applications to which traditional methodologies and approaches are ineffective or infeasible. It primarily includes Fuzzy logic systems, Neural Networks...
  - Computational creativity
    Computational creativity
    Computational creativity is a multidisciplinary endeavour that is located at the intersection of the fields of artificial intelligence, cognitive psychology, philosophy, and the arts.The goal of computational creativity is to model, simulate or replicate creativity using a computer, to...
    
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  - Neural network
    Neural network
    The term neural network was traditionally used to refer to a network or circuit of biological neurons. The modern usage of the term often refers to artificial neural networks, which are composed of artificial neurons or nodes...
    
    s –
    - Hybrid neural network
      Hybrid neural network
      The term hybrid neural network can have two meanings:#biological neural networks interacting with artificial neuronal models, and#Artificial neural networks with a symbolic part ....
      
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    - Recurrent neural network
      Recurrent neural network
      A recurrent neural network is a class of neural network where connections between units form a directed cycle. This creates an internal state of the network which allows it to exhibit dynamic temporal behavior. Unlike feedforward neural networks, RNNs can use their internal memory to process...
      
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  - Fuzzy systems –
  - Evolutionary computation
    Evolutionary computation
    In computer science, evolutionary computation is a subfield of artificial intelligence that involves combinatorial optimization problems....
    
    , including:
    - Evolutionary algorithm
      Evolutionary algorithm
      In artificial intelligence, an evolutionary algorithm is a subset of evolutionary computation, a generic population-based metaheuristic optimization algorithm. An EA uses some mechanisms inspired by biological evolution: reproduction, mutation, recombination, and selection...
      
      s –
      - Genetic algorithm
        Genetic algorithm
        A genetic algorithm is a search heuristic that mimics the process of natural evolution. This heuristic is routinely used to generate useful solutions to optimization and search problems...
        
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    - Brain Emotional Learning Based Intelligent Controller
      BELBIC
      In recent years, the use of biologically inspired methods such as the evolutionary algorithm have been increasingly employed to solve and analyze complex computational problems...
    - Swarm intelligence
      Swarm intelligence
      Swarm intelligence is the collective behaviour of decentralized, self-organized systems, natural or artificial. The concept is employed in work on artificial intelligence...
      
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      - Ant colony optimization
        Ant colony optimization
        In computer science and operations research, the ant colony optimization algorithm ' is a probabilistic technique for solving computational problems which can be reduced to finding good paths through graphs....
        
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Statistical AI

Some applications of artificial intelligence

Computer Audition
Computer Audition
Computer Audition is general field of study of algorithms and systems for audio understanding by machine. Since the notion of what it means for a machine to "hear" is very broad and somewhat vague, computer audition attempts to bring together several disciplines that originally dealt with specific...

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- Speech recognition
  Speech recognition
  Speech recognition converts spoken words to text. The term "voice recognition" is sometimes used to refer to recognition systems that must be trained to a particular speaker—as is the case for most desktop recognition software...
- Speaker recognition
  Speaker recognition
  Speaker recognition is the computing task of validating a user's claimed identity using characteristics extracted from their voices .There is a difference between speaker recognition and speech recognition . These two terms are frequently confused, as is voice recognition...
Computer vision
Computer vision
Computer vision is a field that includes methods for acquiring, processing, analysing, and understanding images and, in general, high-dimensional data from the real world in order to produce numerical or symbolic information, e.g., in the forms of decisions...
- Object recognition
  Object recognition
  Object recognition in computer vision is the task of finding a given object in an image or video sequence. Humans recognize a multitude of objects in images with little effort, despite the fact that the image of the objects may vary somewhat in different view points, in many different sizes / scale...
- Intelligent word recognition
  Intelligent word recognition
  Intelligent Word Recognition, or IWR, is the recognition of unconstrained handwritten words. IWR recognizes entire handwritten words or phrases instead of character-by-character, like its predecessor, Optical Character Recognition...
  
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- Optical mark recognition
  Optical mark recognition
  Optical Mark Recognition is the process of capturing human-marked data from document forms such as surveys and tests.-OMR background:...
  - Handwriting recognition
    Handwriting recognition
    Handwriting recognition is the ability of a computer to receive and interpret intelligible handwritten input from sources such as paper documents, photographs, touch-screens and other devices. The image of the written text may be sensed "off line" from a piece of paper by optical scanning or...
  - Optical character recognition
    Optical character recognition
    Optical character recognition, usually abbreviated to OCR, is the mechanical or electronic translation of scanned images of handwritten, typewritten or printed text into machine-encoded text. It is widely used to convert books and documents into electronic files, to computerize a record-keeping...
    - Automatic number plate recognition
      Automatic number plate recognition
      Automatic number plate recognition is a mass surveillance method that uses optical character recognition on images to read the license plates on vehicles. They can use existing closed-circuit television or road-rule enforcement cameras, or ones specifically designed for the task...
- Facial recognition system
  Facial recognition system
  A facial recognition system is a computer application for automatically identifying or verifying a person from a digital image or a video frame from a video source...
  
  s
  - Silent speech interface
    Silent speech interface
    Silent speech interface is a device that allows speech communication without using the sound made when people vocalize their speech sounds. As such it is a type of electronic lip reading. It works by the computer identifying the phonemes that an individual pronounces from nonauditory sources of...
Expert system
Expert system
In artificial intelligence, an expert system is a computer system that emulates the decision-making ability of a human expert. Expert systems are designed to solve complex problems by reasoning about knowledge, like an expert, and not by following the procedure of a developer as is the case in...

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- Decision support system
  Decision support system
  A decision support system is a computer-based information system that supports business or organizational decision-making activities. DSSs serve the management, operations, and planning levels of an organization and help to make decisions, which may be rapidly changing and not easily specified in...
  
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  - Clinical decision support system
    Clinical decision support system
    Clinical decision support system is an interactive decision support system Computer Software, which is designed to assist physicians and other health professionals with decision making tasks, as determining diagnosis of patient data. A working definition has been proposed by Dr...
Information extraction
Information extraction
Information extraction is a type of information retrieval whose goal is to automatically extract structured information from unstructured and/or semi-structured machine-readable documents. In most of the cases this activity concerns processing human language texts by means of natural language...
- Activity recognition
  Activity recognition
  Activity recognition aims to recognize the actions and goals of one or more agents from a series of observations on the agents' actions and the environmental conditions...
- Concept mining
  Concept Mining
  Concept mining is an activity that results in the extraction of concepts from artifacts. Solutions to the task typically involve aspects of artificial intelligence and statistics, such as data mining and text mining...
  - Data mining
    Data mining
    Data mining , a relatively young and interdisciplinary field of computer science is the process of discovering new patterns from large data sets involving methods at the intersection of artificial intelligence, machine learning, statistics and database systems...
  - Text mining
    Text mining
    Text mining, sometimes alternately referred to as text data mining, roughly equivalent to text analytics, refers to the process of deriving high-quality information from text. High-quality information is typically derived through the devising of patterns and trends through means such as...
- Image retrieval
  Image retrieval
  An image retrieval system is a computer system for browsing, searching and retrieving images from a large database of digital images. Most traditional and common methods of image retrieval utilize some method of adding metadata such as captioning, keywords, or descriptions to the images so that...
  - Automatic image annotation
    Automatic image annotation
    Automatic image annotation is the process by which a computer system automatically assigns metadata in the form of captioning or keywords to a digital image...
Machine learning
Machine learning
Machine learning, a branch of artificial intelligence, is a scientific discipline concerned with the design and development of algorithms that allow computers to evolve behaviors based on empirical data, such as from sensor data or databases...
- Constrained Conditional Models
  Constrained Conditional Models
  A Constrained Conditional Model is a machine learning and inference framework that augments the learning of conditional models with declarative constraints. The constraint can be used as a way to incorporate expressive prior knowledge into the model and bias the assignments made by the learned...
  
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- Neural modeling fields
  Neural modeling fields
  Neural modeling field is a mathematical framework for machine learning which combines ideas from neural networks, fuzzy logic, and model based recognition. It has also been referred to as modeling fields, modeling fields theory , Maximum likelihood artificial neural networks .This framework has...
  
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Natural language processing
Natural language processing
Natural language processing is a field of computer science and linguistics concerned with the interactions between computers and human languages; it began as a branch of artificial intelligence....
- Language identification
  Language identification
  Language identification is the process of determining which natural language given content is in. Traditionally, identification of written language - as practiced, for instance, in library science - has relied on manually identifying frequent words and letters known to be characteristic of...
- Natural language user interface
  Natural language user interface
  Natural Language User Interfaces are a type of computer human interface where linguistic phenomena such as verbs, phrases and clauses act as UI controls for creating, selecting and modifying data in software applications....
- Natural language understanding
  Natural language understanding
  Natural language understanding is a subtopic of natural language processing in artificial intelligence that deals with machine reading comprehension....
  
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- Machine translation
  Machine translation
  Machine translation, sometimes referred to by the abbreviation MT is a sub-field of computational linguistics that investigates the use of computer software to translate text or speech from one natural language to another.On a basic...
  - Statistical semantics
    Statistical semantics
    Statistical semantics is the study of "how the statistical patterns of human word usage can be used to figure out what people mean, at least to a level sufficient for information access"...
- Question answering
  Question answering
  In information retrieval and natural language processing , question answering is the task of automatically answering a question posed in natural language...
Robotics
Robotics
Robotics is the branch of technology that deals with the design, construction, operation, structural disposition, manufacture and application of robots...
Speech generating device
Vehicle infrastructure integration
Vehicle infrastructure integration
Vehicle Infrastructure Integration is an initiative fostering research and applications development for a series of technologies directly linking road vehicles to their physical surroundings, first and foremost in order to improve road safety...
Video game AI
- Computer chess
  Computer chess
  Computer chess is computer architecture encompassing hardware and software capable of playing chess autonomously without human guidance. Computer chess acts as solo entertainment , as aids to chess analysis, for computer chess competitions, and as research to provide insights into human...
- Computer Go
  Computer Go
  Computer Go is the field of artificial intelligence dedicated to creating a computer program that plays Go, a traditional board game.-Performance:...
- General Game Playing
  General Game Playing
  General Game Playing is the design of artificial intelligence programs to be able to play more than one game successfully. For many games like chess, computers are programmed to play these games using a specially designed algorithm, which cannot be transferred to another context. For example, a...
Virtual Intelligence
Virtual Intelligence
The emergence of virtual world technologies has provided new applications of artificial intelligence technologies within these immersive environments...

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Philosophy of artificial intelligence

The philosophy of artificial intelligence attempts to answer such questions as:* Can a machine act intelligently? Can it solve any problem that a person would solve by thinking?...

Artificial brain
Artificial brain
Artificial brain is a term commonly used in the media to describe research that aims to develop software and hardware with cognitive abilities similar to the animal or human brain...

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Philosophical views of artificial consciousness –
- User illusion –
Artificial intelligence and law
Artificial intelligence and law
Artificial intelligence and Law is a subfield of artificial intelligence mainly concerned with applications of AI to legal informatics problems and original research on those problems...

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Chinese Room
Chinese room
The Chinese room is a thought experiment by John Searle, which first appeared in his paper "Minds, Brains, and Programs", published in Behavioral and Brain Sciences in 1980...

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Cognitive science
Cognitive science
Cognitive science is the interdisciplinary scientific study of mind and its processes. It examines what cognition is, what it does and how it works. It includes research on how information is processed , represented, and transformed in behaviour, nervous system or machine...
- Artificial consciousness
  Artificial consciousness
  Artificial consciousness , also known as machine consciousness or synthetic consciousness, is a field related to artificial intelligence and cognitive robotics whose aim is to define that which would have to be synthesized were consciousness to be found in an engineered artifact .Neuroscience...
- Embodied cognitive science
  Embodied cognitive science
  Embodied Cognitive Science is an interdisciplinary field of research, the aim of which is to explain the mechanisms underlying intelligent behavior...
  - Embodied cognition
    Embodied cognition
    Philosophers, psychologists, cognitive scientists and artificial intelligence researchers who study embodied cognition and the embodied mind believe that the nature of the human mind is largely determined by the form of the human body. They argue that all aspects of cognition, such as ideas,...
    
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Ethics of artificial intelligence
Ethics of artificial intelligence
The ethics of artificial intelligence is the part of the ethics of technology specific to robots and other artificially intelligent beings. It is typically divided into roboethics, a concern with the moral behavior of humans as they design, construct, use and treat artificially intelligent beings,...

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Philosophy of the Mind –
- Computational theory of mind
  Computational theory of mind
  In philosophy, the computational theory of mind is the view that the human mind is an information processing system and that thinking is a form of computing. The theory was proposed in its modern form by Hilary Putnam in 1961 and developed by Jerry Fodor in the 60s and 70s...
  
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- Functionalism
  Functionalism (philosophy of mind)
  Functionalism is a theory of the mind in contemporary philosophy, developed largely as an alternative to both the identity theory of mind and behaviourism. Its core idea is that mental states are constituted solely by their functional role — that is, they are causal relations to other mental...
  
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Physical symbol system
Physical symbol system
A physical symbol system takes physical patterns , combining them into structures and manipulating them to produce new expressions....

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Synthetic intelligence
Synthetic intelligence
Synthetic intelligence is an alternative term for artificial intelligence which emphasizes that the intelligence of machines need not be an imitation or any way artificial; it can be a genuine form of intelligence. John Haugeland proposes an analogy with artificial and synthetic diamonds—only the...

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Turing Test
Turing test
The Turing test is a test of a machine's ability to exhibit intelligent behaviour. In Turing's original illustrative example, a human judge engages in a natural language conversation with a human and a machine designed to generate performance indistinguishable from that of a human being. All...

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History of artificial intelligence

Main article: History of artificial intelligence
History of artificial intelligence
The history of artificial intelligence began in antiquity, with myths, stories and rumors of artificial beings endowed with intelligence or consciousness by master craftsmen; as Pamela McCorduck writes, AI began with "an ancient wish to forge the gods."...

Progress in artificial intelligence
Progress in artificial intelligence
Artificial intelligence has been used in a wide range of fields including medical diagnosis, stock trading, robot control, law, scientific discovery and toys...
Timeline of artificial intelligence
Timeline of artificial intelligence
-To 1900:-1900–1950:-1950s:-1960s:-1970s:-1980s:-1990s:-2000 and Beyond:...

AI effect
AI effect
The AI effect occurs when onlookers discount the behavior of an artificial intelligence program by arguing that it is not real intelligence....
AI winter
AI winter
In the history of artificial intelligence, an AI winter is a period of reduced funding and interest in artificial intelligence research. The process of hype, disappointment and funding cuts are common in many emerging technologies , but the problem has been particularly acute for AI...

Artificial intelligence in fiction

Main article: Artificial intelligence in fiction
Artificial intelligence in fiction
Artificial intelligence is a common topic in science fiction, whether it is in literature, film, television or theatre. Science fiction sometimes focuses on the dangers of artificial intelligence, and sometimes on its positive potential.- Myths :...

Angel F
Angel F
Angel_F is a fictional child artificial intelligence that has been used in worldwide art performances focused on the issues of digital liberties, intellectual property and on the evolution of language and behaviour in information society...

(2007) –
The Matrix
The Matrix
The Matrix is a 1999 science fiction-action film written and directed by Larry and Andy Wachowski, starring Keanu Reeves, Laurence Fishburne, Carrie-Anne Moss, Joe Pantoliano, and Hugo Weaving...

(1999)
The Terminator
The Terminator
The Terminator is a 1984 science fiction action film directed by James Cameron, co-written by Cameron and William Wisher Jr., and starring Arnold Schwarzenegger, Michael Biehn, and Linda Hamilton. The film was produced by Hemdale Film Corporation and distributed by Orion Pictures, and filmed in Los...

(1984)

Artificial intelligence and the future

Seed AI
Seed AI
Seed AI is a hypothesized type of strong artificial intelligence capable of recursive self-improvement. Having improved itself it would become better at improving itself, potentially leading to an exponential increase in intelligence...

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Singularitarianism
Singularitarianism
Singularitarianism is a technocentric ideology and social movement defined by the belief that a technological singularity—the creation of a superintelligence—will likely happen in the medium future, and that deliberate action ought to be taken to ensure that the Singularity benefits...
Strong AI
Strong AI
Strong AI is artificial intelligence that matches or exceeds human intelligence — the intelligence of a machine that can successfully perform any intellectual task that a human being can. It is a primary goal of artificial intelligence research and an important topic for science fiction writers and...

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Technological singularity
Technological singularity
Technological singularity refers to the hypothetical future emergence of greater-than-human intelligence through technological means. Since the capabilities of such an intelligence would be difficult for an unaided human mind to comprehend, the occurrence of a technological singularity is seen as...

Concepts in artificial intelligence

Action selection
Action selection
Action selection is a way of characterizing the most basic problem of intelligent systems: what to do next. In artificial intelligence and computational cognitive science, "the action selection problem" is typically associated with intelligent agents and animats—artificial systems that exhibit...

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Affective computing
Affective computing
Affective computing is the study and development of systems and devices that can recognize, interpret, process, and simulate human affects. It is an interdisciplinary field spanning computer sciences, psychology, and cognitive science...

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AI box
AI box
An AI box is an isolated hardware system where an artificial intelligence is kept constrained inside a simulated world and not allowed to affect the external world. Such a box would have extremely proscribed inputs and outputs; maybe only a plaintext channel. However, a sufficient intelligent AI...

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AI-complete
AI-complete
In the field of artificial intelligence, the most difficult problems are informally known as AI-complete or AI-hard, implying that the difficulty of these computational problems is equivalent to solving the central artificial intelligence problem—making computers as intelligent as people, or strong...

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Algorithmic probability
Algorithmic probability
In algorithmic information theory, algorithmic probability is a method of assigning a probability to each hypothesis that explains a given observation, with the simplest hypothesis having the highest probability and the increasingly complex hypotheses receiving increasingly small probabilities...

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Automated reasoning
Automated reasoning
Automated reasoning is an area of computer science dedicated to understand different aspects of reasoning. The study in automated reasoning helps produce software which allows computers to reason completely, or nearly completely, automatically...

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Autonomic Computing
Autonomic Computing
Autonomic Computing refers to the self-managing characteristics of distributed computing resources, adapting to unpredictable changes whilst hiding intrinsic complexity to operators and users...

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Autonomic Networking
Autonomic Networking
Autonomic Networking follows the concept of Autonomic Computing, an initiative started by IBM in 2001. Its ultimate aim is to create self-managing networks to overcome the rapidly growing complexity of the Internet and other networks and to enable their further growth, far beyond the size of...

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Backward chaining
Backward chaining
Backward chaining is an inference method that can be described as working backward from the goal...

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Bayesian network
Bayesian network
A Bayesian network, Bayes network, belief network or directed acyclic graphical model is a probabilistic graphical model that represents a set of random variables and their conditional dependencies via a directed acyclic graph . For example, a Bayesian network could represent the probabilistic...

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Bio-inspired computing –
- Artificial immune system
  Artificial immune system
  In computer science, Artificial immune systems are a class of computationally intelligent systems inspired by the principles and processes of the vertebrate immune system...
  
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Blackboard system
Blackboard system
A blackboard system is an artificial intelligence application based on the blackboard architectural model, where a common knowledge base, the "blackboard", is iteratively updated by a diverse group of specialist knowledge sources, starting with a problem specification and ending with a solution...

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Chatterbot
Chatterbot
A chatter robot, chatterbot, chatbot, or chat bot is a computer program designed to simulate an intelligent conversation with one or more human users via auditory or textual methods, primarily for engaging in small talk. The primary aim of such simulation has been to fool the user into thinking...

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Combs method
Combs method
The Combs method is a method of writing fuzzy logic rules described by William E. Combs in 1997. It is designed to prevent combinatorial explosion in fuzzy logic rules....

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Commonsense reasoning
Commonsense reasoning
Commonsense reasoning is the branch of Artificial intelligence concerned with replicating human thinking. There are several components to this problem, including:* Developing adequately broad and deep commonsense knowledge bases....

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Computational humor
Computational humor
Computational humor is a branch of computational linguistics and artificial intelligence which uses computers in humor research. It is not to be confused with computer humor ....

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Computer-assisted proof
Computer-assisted proof
A computer-assisted proof is a mathematical proof that has been at least partially generated by computer.Most computer-aided proofs to date have been implementations of large proofs-by-exhaustion of a mathematical theorem. The idea is to use a computer program to perform lengthy computations, and...

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Conceptual dependency theory
Conceptual dependency theory
Conceptual dependency theory is a model of natural language understanding used in artificial intelligence systems.Roger Schank at Stanford University introduced the model in 1969, in the early days of artificial intelligence...

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Darwin machine
Darwin Machine
A Darwin machine is a machine that, like a Turing machine, involves an iteration process that yields a high-quality result, but, whereas a Turing machine uses logic, the Darwin machine uses rounds of variation, selection, and inheritance.In its original connotation, a Darwin machine is any process...

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Description logic
Description logic
Description logic is a family of formal knowledge representation languages. It is more expressive than propositional logic but has more efficient decision problems than first-order predicate logic....

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Frame problem
Frame problem
In artificial intelligence, the frame problem was initially formulated as the problem of expressing a dynamical domain in logic without explicitly specifying which conditions are not affected by an action. John McCarthy and Patrick J. Hayes defined this problem in their 1969 article, Some...

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Game theory
Game theory
Game theory is a mathematical method for analyzing calculated circumstances, such as in games, where a person’s success is based upon the choices of others...

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Grammar systems theory
Grammar systems theory
Grammar systems theory is a field of theoretical computer science that studies systems of finite collections of formal grammars generating a formal language. Each grammar works on a string, a so-called sequential form that represents an environment...

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Informatics (academic field)
Informatics (academic field)
Informatics is the science of information, the practice of information processing, and the engineering of information systems. Informatics studies the structure, algorithms, behavior, and interactions of natural and artificial systems that store, process, access and communicate information...

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Intelligent control
Intelligent control
Intelligent control is a class of control techniques, that use various AI computing approaches like neural networks, Bayesian probability, fuzzy logic, machine learning, evolutionary computation and genetic algorithms.- Overview :...

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Kinect –
LIDA (cognitive architecture)
LIDA (cognitive architecture)
The LIDA cognitive architecture is an integrated artificial cognitive system that attempts to model a broad spectrum of cognition in biological systems, from low-level perception/action to high-level reasoning. Developed primarily by Stan Franklin and colleagues at the University of Memphis, the...

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Means-ends analysis
Means-ends analysis
Means-Ends Analysis is a technique used in Artificial Intelligence for controlling search in problem solving computer programs.It is also a technique used at least since the 1950s as a creativity tool, most frequently mentioned in engineering books on design methods...

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Moravec's paradox
Moravec's paradox
Moravec's paradox is the discovery by artificial intelligence and robotics researchers that, contrary to traditional assumptions, high-level reasoning requires very little computation, but low-level sensorimotor skills require enormous computational resources. The principle was articulated by Hans...

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Music and artificial intelligence
Music and Artificial Intelligence
Research in artificial intelligence is known to have impacted medical diagnosis, stock trading, robot control, and several other fields. Perhaps less popular is the contribution of AI in the field of music...

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Ordered Weighted Averaging (OWA) Aggregation Operators
Ordered Weighted Averaging (OWA) Aggregation Operators
Introduced by Ronald R. Yager, the Ordered Weighted Averaging operators, commonly called OWA operators, provide a parameterized class of mean type aggregation operators. Many notable mean operators such as the max, arithmetic average, median and min, are members of this class...

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PEAS
PEAS
P.E.A.S. is an acronym in artificial intelligence that stands for Performance, Environment, Actuators, Sensors.-Performance:Performance is a function that measures the quality of the actions the agent did....

– Performance, Environment, Actuators, Sensors
Percept (artificial intelligence)
Percept (artificial intelligence)
A percept is the input that an intelligent agent is perceiving at any given moment. It is essentially the same concept as a percept in psychology, except that it is being perceived not by the brain but by the agent. A percept is detected by a sensor, often a camera, processed accordingly, and acted...

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Perceptual Computing
Perceptual Computing
Perceptual Computing is an application of Zadeh's theory of computing with words on the field of assisting people to make subjective judgments.-Perceptual Computer:...

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Rule-based system
Rule-based system
In computer science, rule-based systems are used as a way to store and manipulate knowledge to interpret information in a useful way. They are often used in artificial intelligence applications and research.-Applications:...

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Self-management (computer science)
Self-management (computer science)
Self-Management is the process by which computer systems shall manage their own operation without human intervention. Self-Management technologies are expected to pervade the next generation of network management systems....

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Soft computing
Soft computing
Soft computing is a term applied to a field within computer science which is characterized by the use of inexact solutions to computationally-hard tasks such as the solution of NP-complete problems, for which an exact solution cannot be derived in polynomial time.-Introduction:Soft Computing became...

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Software agent
Software agent
In computer science, a software agent is a piece of software that acts for a user or other program in a relationship of agency, which derives from the Latin agere : an agreement to act on one's behalf...

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- Intelligent agent
  Intelligent agent
  In artificial intelligence, an intelligent agent is an autonomous entity which observes through sensors and acts upon an environment using actuators and directs its activity towards achieving goals . Intelligent agents may also learn or use knowledge to achieve their goals...
  
  / Rational agent
  Rational agent
  In economics, game theory, decision theory, and artificial intelligence, a rational agent is an agent which has clear preferences, models uncertainty via expected values, and always chooses to perform the action that results in the optimal outcome for itself from among all feasible actions...
  
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  - Autonomous agent
    Autonomous agent
    An autonomous agent is an intelligent agent operating on an owner's behalf but without any interference of that ownership entity. An intelligent agent, however appears according to a multiply cited statement in a no longer accessible IBM white paper as follows:Intelligent agents are software...
    
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  - Automated planning and scheduling
    Automated planning and scheduling
    Automated planning and scheduling is a branch of artificial intelligence that concerns the realization of strategies or action sequences, typically for execution by intelligent agents, autonomous robots and unmanned vehicles. Unlike classical control and classification problems, the solutions are...
  - Control system
    Control system
    A control system is a device, or set of devices to manage, command, direct or regulate the behavior of other devices or system.There are two common classes of control systems, with many variations and combinations: logic or sequential controls, and feedback or linear controls...
    - Hierarchical control system
      Hierarchical control system
      A Hierarchical control system is a form of Control System in which a set of devices and governing software is arranged in a hierarchical tree. When the links in the tree are implemented by a computer network, then that hierarchical control system is also a form of Networked control system.-...
    - Networked control system
      Networked control system
      A Networked Control System is a control system wherein the control loops are closed through a real-time network. The defining feature of an NCS is that control and feedback signals are exchanged among the system's components in the form of information packages through a network.- Overview :The...
  - Distributed artificial intelligence
    Distributed artificial intelligence
    Distributed artificial intelligence is a subfield of artificial intelligence research dedicated to the development of distributed solutions for complex problems regarded as requiring intelligence...
    
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  - Multi-agent system
    Multi-agent system
    A multi-agent system is a system composed of multiple interacting intelligent agents. Multi-agent systems can be used to solve problems that are difficult or impossible for an individual agent or a monolithic system to solve...
    
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  - Monitoring and Surveillance Agents
    Monitoring and Surveillance Agents
    Monitoring and surveillance agents are a type of intelligent agent software that observes and reports on computer equipment. Monitoring and surveillance agents are often used to monitor complex computer networks to predict when a crash or some other defect may occur...
- Embodied agent –
- Situated
  Situated
  In artificial intelligence and cognitive science, the term situated refers to an agent which is embedded in an environment. The term situated is commonly used to refer to robots, but some researchers argue that software agents can also be situated if:...
  
  AI
Sussman Anomaly
Sussman Anomaly
The Sussman Anomaly is a problem in artificial intelligence, first described by Gerald Sussman, that illustrates a weakness of noninterleaved planning algorithms, which were prominent in the early 1970s. In the problem, three blocks rest on a table. The agent must stack the blocks such that A is...

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Wetware (brain)
Wetware (brain)
The term wetware is used to describe the embodiment of the concepts of the physical construct known as the central nervous system and the mental construct known as the human mind...

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AI projects

Automated Mathematician
Automated Mathematician
The Automated Mathematician is one of the earliest successful discovery systems. It was created by Doug Lenat in Lisp, and in 1977 led to Lenat being awarded the IJCAI Computers and Thought Award....

(1977) –
Allen (robot)
Allen (robot)
Allen was a robot introduced by Rodney Brooks and his team in the late 1980s, and was their first robot based on subsumption architecture. It had sonar distance and odometry onboard, and used an offboard lisp machine to simulate subsumption architecture. It resembled a footstool on wheels.Allen...

(late 1980s) –
Open Mind Common Sense
Open Mind Common Sense
Open Mind Common Sense is an artificial intelligence project based at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Media Lab whose goal is to build and utilize a large commonsense knowledge base from the contributions of many thousands of people across the Web.Since its founding in 1999, it has...

(1999 - ) –
Mindpixel
Mindpixel
Mindpixel was a web-based collaborative artificial intelligence project which aimed to create a knowledgebase of millions of human validated true/false statements, or probabilistic propositions. It ran from 2000 to 2005.-Description:...

(2000–2005) –
Cognitive Assistant that Learns and Organizes
CALO
CALO was an artificial intelligence project that attempted to integrate numerous AI technologies into a cognitive assistant. CALO is an acronym for "Cognitive Assistant that Learns and Organizes". The name was inspired by the Latin word "calonis," which means "soldier’s servant"...

(2003–2008) –
Watson (2011) –

Notable AI software

OpenAIR
OpenAIR
OpenAIR is a message routing and communication protocol for artificial intelligence systems that has been gaining in popularity in recent years . The protocol is managed by Mindmakers, and is described on their site in the following manner:...

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OpenCog
OpenCog
OpenCog is a project that aims to build an open source artificial general intelligence framework. OpenCog Prime is a specific set of interacting components designed to give rise to human-equivalent artificial general intelligence...

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OpenIRIS
OpenIRIS
OpenIRIS is the open source version of IRIS, a Semantic Desktop that enables users to create a “personal map” across their office-related information objects.- Overview :...

–
RapidMiner –

Competitions and awards

Loebner Prize
Loebner prize
The Loebner Prize is an annual competition in artificial intelligence that awards prizes to the chatterbot considered by the judges to be the most human-like. The format of the competition is that of a standard Turing test. In each round, a human judge simultaneously holds textual conversations...

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Publications

Adaptive Behavior (journal)
Adaptive Behavior (journal)
Adaptive Behavior is a bimonthly peer-reviewed academic journal that covers research in the field of adaptive behavior in living organisms and autonomous artificial systems. The journal was established in 1992 and is the official journal of the International Society of Adaptive Behavior...

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AI Memo
AI Memo
The AI Memos are a series of influential memorandums and technical reports published by the MIT AI Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA...

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Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach
Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach
Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach is a college textbook on Artificial Intelligence, written by Stuart J. Russell and Peter Norvig. The third edition of the book was released 11 December 2009...

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Artificial Minds
Artificial Minds
Artificial Minds is a book written by Stan Franklin and published in 1995 by MIT Press.The book is a wide-ranging tour of the development of artificial intelligence as of the time it was written...

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Computational Intelligence –
Computing Machinery and Intelligence
Computing machinery and intelligence
Computing Machinery and Intelligence, written by Alan Turing and published in 1950 in Mind, is a seminal paper on the topic of artificial intelligence in which the concept of what is now known as the Turing test was introduced to a wide audience....

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Electronic Transactions on Artificial Intelligence –
IEEE Intelligent Systems
IEEE Intelligent Systems
IEEE Intelligent Systems, a bimonthly publication of the IEEE Computer Society. It is an AAAI-sponsored journal. Cosponsors are the British Computer Society and the European Coordinating Committee for Artificial Intelligence....

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IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
The IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence is a monthly journal published by the IEEE Computer Society. It presents the most important research results in areas including all traditional areas of computer vision and image understanding, all traditional areas of pattern...

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Neural Networks (journal) –
On Intelligence
On Intelligence
On Intelligence: How a New Understanding of the Brain will Lead to the Creation of Truly Intelligent Machines is a book by Palm Pilot-inventor Jeff Hawkins with New York Times science writer Sandra Blakeslee. The book explains Hawkins' memory-prediction framework theory of the brain and describes...

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Paradigms of AI Programming: Case Studies in Common Lisp
Paradigms of AI Programming: Case Studies in Common Lisp
Paradigms of AI Programming: Case Studies in Common Lisp is a well-known programming book by Peter Norvig about artificial intelligence programming using Common Lisp. -History:...

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What Computers Can't Do
What Computers Can't Do
Hubert Dreyfus has been a critic of artificial intelligence research since the 1960s. In a series of papers and books, including Alchemy and AI , What Computers Can't Do and Mind over Machine , he presented an assessment of AI's progress and a critique of the philosophical foundations of the field...

Organizations

Artificial General Intelligence Research Institute
Artificial General Intelligence Research Institute
Founded in 2001, the Artificial General Intelligence Research Institute's mission is to "foster the creation of powerful and ethically positive" Artificial General Intelligence. AGIRI hosts an online forum, publishes material on the development, application and implications for AGI, and hosts AGI...
Artificial Intelligence and Robotics Society
Artificial Intelligence and Robotics Society
The Artificial Intelligence and Robotics Society is a Robotics Society from Krishna Institute of Engineering and Technology, Ghaziabad, India. The society formed in 2008, by some robotics enthusiast students learning the deeps and highs of robotics and Artificial Intelligence at then newly built...
Artificial Intelligence Applications Institute
Artificial Intelligence Applications Institute
The Artificial Intelligence Applications Institute at the School of Informatics at the University of Edinburgh is a non-profit technology transfer organisation that promotes the benefits of the application of Artificial Intelligence research to commercial, industrial, and government organisations...
Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence
Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence
The Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence or AAAI is an international, nonprofit, scientific society devoted to advancing the scientific understanding of the mechanisms underlying thought and intelligent behavior and their embodiment in machines...
European Coordinating Committee for Artificial Intelligence
European Neural Network Society
European Neural Network Society
The European Neural Network Society is an association of scientists, engineers, students, and others seeking to learn about and advance understanding of artificial neural networks...
ILabs
ILabs
iLabs is a non-profit organization Milan based pursuing multidisciplinary research on radical extension of human life-span. It was founded in 1977 by Gabriele Rossi and Antonella Canonico, who advocate the scenario known as “Semi-Immortality”, an elaborate vision of an era of quasi-immortal...
International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence
International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence
The International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence is a non-profit organization incorporated in the U.S. state of California. Its major activity is organizing the biennial International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, the premier international gathering of artificial...
Knowledge Engineering and Machine Learning Group
Knowledge Engineering and Machine Learning Group
The Knowledge Engineering and Machine Learning group is a research group belonging to the Technical University of Catalonia - BarcelonaTech...
Society for the Study of Artificial Intelligence and the Simulation of Behaviour
Society for the Study of Artificial Intelligence and the Simulation of Behaviour
The Society for the Study of Artificial Intelligence and the Simulation of Behaviour or SSAISB or AISB is a nonprofit, scientific society devoted to advancing the scientific understanding of the mechanisms underlying thought and intelligent behaviour and their simulation and embodiment in machines...

Artificial intelligence scholars

1930s and 40s (generation 0):
Alan Turing

Alan Turing

Alan Mathison Turing, OBE, FRS , was an English mathematician, logician, cryptanalyst, and computer scientist. He was highly influential in the development of computer science, providing a formalisation of the concepts of "algorithm" and "computation" with the Turing machine, which played a...

, John Von Neumann

John von Neumann

John von Neumann was a Hungarian-American mathematician and polymath who made major contributions to a vast number of fields, including set theory, functional analysis, quantum mechanics, ergodic theory, geometry, fluid dynamics, economics and game theory, computer science, numerical analysis,...

, Norbert Wiener

Norbert Wiener

Norbert Wiener was an American mathematician.A famous child prodigy, Wiener later became an early researcher in stochastic and noise processes, contributing work relevant to electronic engineering, electronic communication, and control systems.Wiener is regarded as the originator of cybernetics, a...

, Claude Shannon, Nathaniel Rochester

Nathaniel Rochester (computer scientist)

Nathan Rochester designed the IBM 701, wrote the first assembler and participated in the founding of the field of artificial intelligence.- Early work :...

, Walter Pitts

Walter Pitts

Walter Harry Pitts, Jr. was a logician who worked in the field of cognitive psychology.He proposed landmark theoretical formulations of neural activity and emergent processes that influenced diverse fields such as cognitive sciences and psychology, philosophy, neurosciences, computer science,...

, Warren McCullough
1950s (the founders):
John McCarthy

John McCarthy (computer scientist)

John McCarthy was an American computer scientist and cognitive scientist. He coined the term "artificial intelligence" , invented the Lisp programming language and was highly influential in the early development of AI.McCarthy also influenced other areas of computing such as time sharing systems...

, Marvin Minsky

Marvin Minsky

Marvin Lee Minsky is an American cognitive scientist in the field of artificial intelligence , co-founder of Massachusetts Institute of Technology's AI laboratory, and author of several texts on AI and philosophy.-Biography:...

, Allen Newell

Allen Newell

Allen Newell was a researcher in computer science and cognitive psychology at the RAND corporation and at Carnegie Mellon University’s School of Computer Science, Tepper School of Business, and Department of Psychology...

and Herbert Simon

Herbert Simon

Herbert Alexander Simon was an American political scientist, economist, sociologist, and psychologist, and professor—most notably at Carnegie Mellon University—whose research ranged across the fields of cognitive psychology, cognitive science, computer science, public administration, economics,...

1960s (their students):
Edward Feigenbaum

Edward Feigenbaum

Edward Albert Feigenbaum is a computer scientist working in the field of artificial intelligence. He is often called the "father of expert systems."...

, Raj Reddy

Raj Reddy

Dabbala Rajagopal "Raj" Reddy , a Turing Award winner, is one of the early pioneers in Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence and has served on the faculty of Stanford and Carnegie Mellon University for over 40 years. He was the founding Director of the Robotics Institute at CMU...

, Seymour Papert

Seymour Papert

Seymour Papert is an MIT mathematician, computer scientist, and educator. He is one of the pioneers of artificial intelligence, as well as an inventor of the Logo programming language....

, and Ray Solomonoff

Ray Solomonoff

Ray Solomonoff was the inventor of algorithmic probability, and founder of algorithmic information theory, He was an originator of the branch of artificial intelligence based on machine learning, prediction and probability...

1980s
Judea Pearl

Judea Pearl

Judea Pearl is a computer scientist and philosopher, best known for developing the probabilistic approach to artificial intelligence and the development of Bayesian networks ....

, Rodney Brooks

Rodney Brooks

Rodney Allen Brooks is the former Panasonic professor of robotics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Since 1986 he has authored a series of highly influential papers which have inaugurated a fundamental shift in artificial intelligence research...

More recent scholars:
Hugo de Garis

Hugo de Garis

Hugo de Garis is a researcher in the sub-field of artificial intelligence known as evolvable hardware. He became known in the 1990s for his research on the use of genetic algorithms to evolve neural networks using three dimensional cellular automata inside field programmable gate arrays...

External links

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