List of Orphean operas
Encyclopedia
Opera
Opera is an art form in which singers and musicians perform a dramatic work combining text and musical score, usually in a theatrical setting. Opera incorporates many of the elements of spoken theatre, such as acting, scenery, and costumes and sometimes includes dance...
s based on the Orphean myths
Orpheus
Orpheus was a legendary musician, poet, and prophet in ancient Greek religion and myth. The major stories about him are centered on his ability to charm all living things and even stones with his music; his attempt to retrieve his wife from the underworld; and his death at the hands of those who...
, and especially the story of Orpheus' journey to the underworld to rescue his wife, Eurydice
Eurydice
Eurydice in Greek mythology, was an oak nymph or one of the daughters of Apollo . She was the wife of Orpheus, who loved her dearly; on their wedding day, he played joyful songs as his bride danced through the meadow. One day, a satyr saw and pursued Eurydice, who stepped on a venomous snake,...
, were amongst the earliest examples of the art form and continue to be written into the 21st century. Orpheus, the Greek hero
Greek hero cult
Hero cults were one of the most distinctive features of ancient Greek religion. In Homeric Greek, "hero" refers to a man who was fighting on either side during the Trojan War...
whose songs could charm both gods and wild beasts and coax the trees and rocks into dance, has achieved an emblematic status as a metaphor for the power of music. The following is an annotated list of operas (and works in related genres) based on his myth. The works are listed with their composers and arranged by date of first performance. In cases where the opera was never performed, the approximate date of composition is given.
17th century
- 1600 – Jacopo PeriJacopo PeriJacopo Peri was an Italian composer and singer of the transitional period between the Renaissance and Baroque styles, and is often called the inventor of opera...
– Euridice, the first genuine opera whose music survives to this day. - 1602 – Giulio CacciniGiulio CacciniGiulio Caccini , also known as Giulio Romano, was an Italian composer, teacher, singer, instrumentalist and writer of the very late Renaissance and early Baroque eras. He was one of the founders of the genre of opera, and one of the single most influential creators of the new Baroque style...
– EuridiceEuridice (Caccini)Euridice is an opera in a prologue and one act by the Italian composer Giulio Caccini. The libretto, by Ottavio Rinuccini, had already been set by Caccini's rival Jacopo Peri in 1600. Caccini's version of Euridice was first performed at the Pitti Palace, Florence on 5 December 1602... - 1607 – Claudio MonteverdiClaudio MonteverdiClaudio Giovanni Antonio Monteverdi – 29 November 1643) was an Italian composer, gambist, and singer.Monteverdi's work, often regarded as revolutionary, marked the transition from the Renaissance style of music to that of the Baroque period. He developed two individual styles of composition – the...
– Monteverdi's L'Orfeo, widely regarded as the first operatic masterwork. - 1616 – Domenico Belli – Orfeo dolente, a set of intermediIntermedioThe intermedio, or intermezzo, in the Italian Renaissance, was a theatrical performance or spectacle with music and often dance which was performed between the acts of a play to celebrate special occasions in Italian courts. It was one of the important predecessors to opera, and an influence on...
presented between the acts of TassoTorquato TassoTorquato Tasso was an Italian poet of the 16th century, best known for his poem La Gerusalemme liberata , in which he depicts a highly imaginative version of the combats between Christians and Muslims at the end of the First Crusade, during the siege of Jerusalem...
's Aminta - 1619 – Stefano LandiStefano LandiStefano Landi was an Italian composer and teacher of the early Baroque Roman School. He was an influential early composer of opera, and wrote the earliest opera on a historical subject: Sant'Alessio .-Biography:Landi was born in Rome, the capital of the Papal States.In 1595 he joined the Collegio...
– La morte d'OrfeoLa morte d'OrfeoLa morte d'Orfeo is an opera in five acts by the Italian composer Stefano Landi. It was first performed in Rome in 1619. The work is styled a tragicomedia pastorale . The libretto, which may be by the composer himself, is inspired by La favola d'Orfeo by Angelo Poliziano... - 1638 – Heinrich SchützHeinrich SchützHeinrich Schütz was a German composer and organist, generally regarded as the most important German composer before Johann Sebastian Bach and often considered to be one of the most important composers of the 17th century along with Claudio Monteverdi...
– Orpheus und Euridice (music lost) - 1647 – Luigi Rossi – OrfeoOrfeo (Rossi)Orfeo is an opera in three acts, a prologue and an epilogue by the Italian composer Luigi Rossi. The libretto, by Francesco Buti, is based on the myth of Orpheus and Eurydice. Orfeo was first performed at the Palais-Cardinal, Paris on 2 March 1647...
, one of the first operas to be performed in France. Rossi's own wife died while he was composing the score. - 1654 – Carlo d'Aquino – Orfeo
- 1659 – Johann Jakob Löwe von Eisenach – Orpheus von Thracien
- 1672 – Antonio SartorioAntonio SartorioAntonio Sartorio was an Italian composer active mainly in Italy and in Hamburg, Germany. He was a leading composer of operas in his native Venice in the 1660s and 1670s and was also known for composing in other genres of vocal music...
– OrfeoOrfeo (Sartorio)Orfeo is an opera in three acts by the Italian composer Antonio Sartorio. The libretto, by Aurelio Aureli, is based on the myth of Orpheus and Eurydice. It was first performed at the Teatro San Salvatore, Venice in 1672... - 1673 – Matthew LockeMatthew Locke (composer)Matthew Locke was an English Baroque composer and music theorist.-Biography:As a boy, Locke was trained in the choir of Exeter Cathedral, under Edward Gibbons, the brother of Orlando Gibbons...
– Orpheus and Euridice, a masqueMasqueThe masque was a form of festive courtly entertainment which flourished in 16th and early 17th century Europe, though it was developed earlier in Italy, in forms including the intermedio...
presented between the acts of Elkanah SettleElkanah SettleElkanah Settle was an English poet and playwright.He was born at Dunstable, and entered Trinity College, Oxford, in 1666, but left without taking a degree. His first tragedy, Cambyses, King of Persia, was produced at Lincoln's Inn Fields in 1667...
's The Empress of Morocco - 1676 – Giuseppe di Dia – Orfeo
- 1677 – Francesco della Torre – Orfeo
- 1683 – Johann Philipp Krieger – Orpheus und Eurydice
- 1683 – Antonio DraghiAntonio DraghiAntonio Draghi was a Baroque composer. He possibly was the brother of Giovanni Battista Draghi.Draghi was born at Rimini in Italy, and was one of the most prolific composers of his time. His contribution to the development of Italian opera was particularly significant...
– La lira d' Orfeo - c 1685 – Marc-Antoine CharpentierMarc-Antoine CharpentierMarc-Antoine Charpentier, , was a French composer of the Baroque era.Exceptionally prolific and versatile, he produced compositions of the highest quality in several genres...
– La descente d'Orphée aux enfersLa descente d'Orphée aux enfersLa descente d'Orphée aux enfers is a chamber opera in two acts by the French composer Marc-Antoine Charpentier. It was probably composed in early 1686 and probably was performed either in the private apartment of the Dauphin that spring, or at Fontainebleau in the fall... - 1689 – Bernardo SabadiniBernardo SabadiniBernardo Sabadini was an Italian opera composer. He may have been a native of Venice. A number of his operas appear to have been revisions of works by other composers to an unknown extent...
– Orfeo - 1690 – Louis LullyLouis LullyLouis Lully was a French musician and the eldest son of Jean-Baptiste Lully.Nearly disinherited by his father following dissolute behaviour and imprisonment, Louis did not have the brilliant career anticipated for him, not only because of his behaviour but also for lack of talent...
– Orphée - 1698 – Reinhard KeiserReinhard KeiserReinhard Keiser was a popular German opera composer based in Hamburg. He wrote over a hundred operas, and in 1745 Johann Adolph Scheibe considered him an equal to Johann Kuhnau, George Frideric Handel and Georg Philipp Telemann , but his work was largely forgotten for many...
– Die sterbende Eurydice oder Orpheus - 1699 – André CampraAndré CampraAndré Campra was a French composer and conductor.Campra was one of the leading French opera composers in the period between Jean-Baptiste Lully and Jean-Philippe Rameau. He wrote several tragédies en musique, but his chief claim to fame is as the creator of a new genre, opéra-ballet...
– Orfeo nell'inferni, Italian-language intermedio of Le carnaval de VeniseLe carnaval de VeniseLe carnaval de Venise is an opéra-ballet in a prologue and three acts by the French composer André Campra. The libretto is by Jean-François Regnard. It was first performed at the Académie royale de musique on 20 January 1699.-Roles:*****-Sources:**The Viking Opera Guide ed. Holden 8*...
18th century
- 1701 – John WeldonJohn Weldon (musician)John Weldon was an English composer.Born at Chichester in the south of England, he was educated at Eton, where he was a chorister, and later received musical instruction from Henry Purcell...
– Orpheus and Euridice - 1715 – Johann FuxJohann FuxJohann Joseph Fux was an Austrian composer, music theorist and pedagogue of the late Baroque era. He is most famous as the author of Gradus ad Parnassum, a treatise on counterpoint, which has become the single most influential book on the Palestrina style of Renaissance polyphony...
– Orfeo ed Euridice - 1722 – Georg Caspar SchürmannGeorg Caspar SchürmannGeorg Caspar Schürmann was a German Baroque composer. His name also appears as Schurmann and in Hochdeutsch as Scheuermann.-Life:...
– Orpheus - 1726 – Georg Philipp TelemannGeorg Philipp TelemannGeorg Philipp Telemann was a German Baroque composer and multi-instrumentalist. Almost completely self-taught in music, he became a composer against his family's wishes. After studying in Magdeburg, Zellerfeld, and Hildesheim, Telemann entered the University of Leipzig to study law, but eventually...
– OrpheusOrpheus (Telemann)Orpheus is an opera in three acts by the German composer Georg Philipp Telemann. It was first performed in a concert version at the Theater am Gänsemarkt, Hamburg on 9 March 1726... - 1740 – John Frederick LampeJohn Frederick LampeJohn Frederick Lampe was a musician.He was born in Saxony, but came to England in 1724 and played the bassoon in opera houses. His wife, Isabella Lampe, was sister-in-law to the composer Thomas Arne with whom Lampe collaborated on a number of concert seasons...
– Orpheus and Eurydice - c. 1740 – Jean-Philippe RameauJean-Philippe RameauJean-Philippe Rameau was one of the most important French composers and music theorists of the Baroque era. He replaced Jean-Baptiste Lully as the dominant composer of French opera and is also considered the leading French composer for the harpsichord of his time, alongside François...
– (unfinished project) - 1749 – Giovanni Alberto RistoriGiovanni Alberto RistoriGiovanni Alberto Ristori was an Italian opera composer and conductor. He was the son of Tommaso Ristori, the leader of an opera troupe belonging to the King of Poland and Elector of Saxony August II the Strong...
– I lamenti d'Orfeo - 1750 – Georg Christoph WagenseilGeorg Christoph WagenseilGeorg Christoph Wagenseil was an Austrian composer.He was born in Vienna, and became a favorite pupil of the Vienna court'sKapellmeister, Johann Joseph Fux. Wagenseil himself composed for the...
– Euridice - 1752 – Carl Heinrich GraunCarl Heinrich GraunCarl Heinrich Graun was a German composer and tenor singer. Along with Johann Adolf Hasse, he is considered to be the most important German composer of Italian opera of his time.-Biography:...
– Orfeo - 1762 – Christoph Willibald GluckChristoph Willibald GluckChristoph Willibald Ritter von Gluck was an opera composer of the early classical period. After many years at the Habsburg court at Vienna, Gluck brought about the practical reform of opera's dramaturgical practices that many intellectuals had been campaigning for over the years...
– Orfeo ed EuridiceOrfeo ed EuridiceOrfeo ed Euridice is an opera composed by Christoph Willibald Gluck based on the myth of Orpheus, set to a libretto by Ranieri de' Calzabigi. It belongs to the genre of the azione teatrale, meaning an opera on a mythological subject with choruses and dancing...
(French version, Orphée et Euridice, 1774) - 1767 – François-Hippolyte BarthélémonFrançois-Hippolyte BarthélémonFrançois Hippolyte Barthélemon was a French violinist, pedagogue, and composer active in England.-Biography:François Barthélemon was born in Bordeaux , France. He received his education in Paris, where he studied musical composition and violin, and performed in the orchestra of the Comédie-Italienne...
– The Burletta of Orpheus - 1775 – Antonio TozziAntonio TozziAntonio Tozzi was an Italian opera composer.He was born at Bologna, Italy. He studied with Padre Martini and became a member of the Accademia Filarmonica di Bologna in 1761. His first opera Tigrane, was performed in Venice in 1762. His La morte di Dimone of 1763 was an early opera semiseria. In...
– Orfeo ed Euridice - 1776 – Ferdinando BertoniFerdinando BertoniFerdinando Bertoni was an Italian composer and organist.He was born in Salò, and began his music studies in Brescia, not far from his birthplace. Around 1740 he went to Bologna, where he studied till 1745 with the famous music theorist Giovanni Battista Martini...
– Orfeo ed Euridice (to the same libretto as Gluck's more famous work) - 1781 – Luigi Torelli – Orfeo
- 1785 – Friedrich Benda – Orpheus
- 1786 – Johann Gottlieb NaumannJohann Gottlieb NaumannJohann Gottlieb Naumann was a German composer, conductor, and Kapellmeister.- Life :...
– Orpheus og Eurydice - 1788 – Carl Ditters von DittersdorfCarl Ditters von Dittersdorf----August Carl Ditters von Dittersdorf was an Austrian composer, violinist and silvologist.-1739-1764:...
– Orpheus der Zweyte - 1788 – Johann Friedrich ReichardtJohann Friedrich ReichardtJohann Friedrich Reichardt was a German composer, writer and music critic.-Early life:Reichardt was born in Königsberg, East Prussia, to lutenist and Stadtmusiker Johann Reichardt . Johann Friedrich began his musical training, in violin, keyboard, and lute, as a child...
– Orpheus - 1789 – Vittorio Trento – Orfeo negli Elisi
- 1791 – Joseph HaydnJoseph HaydnFranz Joseph Haydn , known as Joseph Haydn , was an Austrian composer, one of the most prolific and prominent composers of the Classical period. He is often called the "Father of the Symphony" and "Father of the String Quartet" because of his important contributions to these forms...
– L'anima del filosofo, ossia Orfeo ed Euridice - 1791 – Ferdinando PaerFerdinando Paer-Biography:Paer was born at Parma. His father was a trumpeter with the Ducal Bodyguards and also performed at church and court events. His name, Ferdinando, was after Duke Ferdinand of Parma and was given to him by Archduchess Maria Amalia of Austria, Duke Ferdinand's wife...
– Orphée et Euridice - 1792 – Peter WinterPeter WinterPeter Winter was a German opera composer who followed Mozart and preceded Weber, acting as a bridge between the two in the development of German opera....
– Orpheus und Euridice - 1793 – Prosper-Didier DeshayesProsper-Didier DeshayesProsper-Didier Deshayes was an opera composer and dancer who lived and worked in France. In 1764 he was a balletmaster at the Comédie-Française. By 1774 he had become an assistant at the Paris Opéra...
– Le petit Orphée (parody of Gluck's opera) - 1796 – Luigi Lamberti – Orfeo
- 1796 – Francesco Morolin – Orfeo ed Euridice
- c.1796, before 1797 – Antoine DauvergneAntoine DauvergneAntoine Dauvergne was a French composer and violinist. Dauvergne served as master of the Chambre du roi, director of the Concert Spirituel from 1762 to 1771, and director of the Opéra three times between 1769 and 1790...
– Orphée (not performed) - 1798 – Gottlob Bachmann – Der Tod des Orpheus/Orpheus und Euridice
19th century
- 1802 – Carl Conrad Cannabich – Orpheus
- 1807 – Friedrich August KanneFriedrich August Kanne-Biography:Kanne was born on 8 March 1778 in Delitzsch, Saxony. He studied theology and medicine it Leipzig and Wittenberg, then literature and composition in Dresden. At the end of 1804, he moved to Vienna and worked briefly as a music tutor to Franz Joseph Maximilian of the House of Lobkowicz...
– Orpheus - 1813 – Ferdinand KauerFerdinand KauerFerdinand August Kauer , was an Austrian composer and pianist.-Biography:Kauer was born in Klein-Thaya near Znaim in South Moravia. He studied in Znaim, Tyrnau, and Vienna, and later settled in Vienna around 1777. In 1781 he joined Karl von Marinelli's newly formed company at Vienna as leader and...
– Orpheus und Euridice, oder So geht es im Olympus zu - 1814 – Marchese Francesco Sampieri – Orfeo (cantata?)
- 1858 – Jacques OffenbachJacques OffenbachJacques Offenbach was a Prussian-born French composer, cellist and impresario. He is remembered for his nearly 100 operettas of the 1850s–1870s and his uncompleted opera The Tales of Hoffmann. He was a powerful influence on later composers of the operetta genre, particularly Johann Strauss, Jr....
– Orpheus in the UnderworldOrpheus in the UnderworldOrphée aux enfers is an opéra bouffon , or opéra féerie in its revised version, by Jacques Offenbach. The French text was written by Ludovic Halévy and later revised by Hector-Jonathan Crémieux.... - 1860 – Gustav Michaelis – Orpheus auf der Oberwelt
- 1867 – Karl Ferdinand Konradin – Orpheus im Dorfe (operetta)
20th century
- 1907 – Fernando de Azevedo e Silva – A morte de Orfeu
- 1907–16 – Claude DebussyClaude DebussyClaude-Achille Debussy was a French composer. Along with Maurice Ravel, he was one of the most prominent figures working within the field of impressionist music, though he himself intensely disliked the term when applied to his compositions...
– (unfinished project) - 1913 – Jean Roger-DucasseJean Roger-DucasseJean Jules Amable Roger-Ducasse was a French composer.-Biography:Jean Roger-Ducasse studied at the Paris Conservatoire with Emile Pessard and André Gedalge, and was the star pupil and close friend of Gabriel Fauré...
– Orphée, premiered at the Opéra Garnier in a production mounted by Ida RubinsteinIda RubinsteinIda Lvovna Rubinstein was a Russian ballerina, actress, patron and Belle Époque figure.- Early life :Born in Kharkov, or possibly St. Petersburg,p408 into a wealthy Jewish family, Rubinstein was orphaned at an early age. She had, by the standard of Russian ballet, little formal training. Tutored...
. - 1925 – Gian Francesco MalipieroGian Francesco MalipieroGian Francesco Malipiero was an Italian composer, musicologist, music teacher and editor.-Early years:Born in Venice into an aristocratic family, the grandson of the opera composer Francesco Malipiero, Gian Francesco Malipiero was prevented by family troubles from pursuing his musical education in...
– L'OrfeideL'OrfeideL'Orfeide is an opera composed by Gian Francesco Malipiero who also wrote the Italian libretto, partly based on the myth of Orpheus and incorporating texts by Italian Renaissance poets. The work consists of three parts – La morte delle maschere , Sette canzoni , and Orfeo, ovvero L'ottava canzone...
, cycle in three parts: I.La morte delle maschere, II.Sette canzoni, III. Orfeo - 1925 – Darius MilhaudDarius MilhaudDarius Milhaud was a French composer and teacher. He was a member of Les Six—also known as The Group of Six—and one of the most prolific composers of the 20th century. His compositions are influenced by jazz and make use of polytonality...
– Les malheurs d'Orphée, chamber operaChamber operaChamber opera is a designation for operas written to be performed with a chamber ensemble rather than a full orchestra.The term and form were invented by Benjamin Britten in the 1940s, when the English Opera Group needed works that could easily be taken on tour and performed in a variety of small...
with a libretto by Armand LunelArmand LunelArmand Lunel was a French writer and the last known speaker of Shuadit , a now-extinct Occitan language... - 1926 – Ernst KrenekErnst KrenekErnst Krenek was an Austrian of Czech origin and, from 1945, American composer. He explored atonality and other modern styles and wrote a number of books, including Music Here and Now , a study of Johannes Ockeghem , and Horizons Circled: Reflections on my Music...
– Orpheus und EurydikeOrpheus und EurydikeOrpheus und Eurydike is an opera by Ernst Krenek. The German text is based on a play by Oskar Kokoschka.Kokoschka began writing his play during his convalescence and it premiered in 1921, one year before Rilke's Sonnets to Orpheus appeared... - 1932 – Alfredo CasellaAlfredo CasellaAlfredo Casella was an Italian composer, pianist and conductor.- Life and career :Casella was born in Turin; his family included many musicians; his grandfather, a friend of Paganini's, was first cello in the San Carlo Theatre in Lisbon and eventually was soloist in the Royal Chapel in Turin...
– La favola d'Orfeo, chamber opera after PolizianoPolizianoAngelo Ambrogini, commonly known by his nickname, anglicized as Politian, Italian Poliziano, Latin Politianus was an Italian Renaissance classical scholar and poet, one of the revivers of Humanist Latin...
's L'Orfeo - 1951 – Pierre SchaefferPierre SchaefferPierre Henri Marie Schaeffer was a French composer, writer, broadcaster, engineer, musicologist and acoustician of the 20th century. His innovative work in both the sciences —particularly communications and acoustics— and the various arts of music, literature and radio presentation after the end...
– Orphée 51 - 1953 – Pierre SchaefferPierre SchaefferPierre Henri Marie Schaeffer was a French composer, writer, broadcaster, engineer, musicologist and acoustician of the 20th century. His innovative work in both the sciences —particularly communications and acoustics— and the various arts of music, literature and radio presentation after the end...
, Pierre HenryPierre HenryPierre Henry is a French composer, considered a pioneer of the musique concrète genre of electronic music.-Biography:...
– Orphée 53 - 1978 – Hans Werner HenzeHans Werner HenzeHans Werner Henze is a German composer of prodigious output best known for "his consistent cultivation of music for the theatre throughout his life"...
– Orpheus (Viennese version 1986) - 1986 – Harrison BirtwistleHarrison BirtwistleSir Harrison Paul Birtwistle CH is a British contemporary composer.-Life:Birtwistle was born in Accrington, a mill town in Lancashire some 20 miles north of Manchester. His interest in music was encouraged by his mother, who bought him a clarinet when he was seven, and arranged for him to have...
– The Mask of OrpheusThe Mask of OrpheusThe Mask of Orpheus is an opera with music by Harrison Birtwistle and a libretto by Peter Zinovieff. It was premiered in London at the English National Opera on May 21, 1986 to great critical acclaim. A recorded version conducted by Andrew Davis and Martyn Brabbins has also received good reviews... - 1993 – Philip GlassPhilip GlassPhilip Glass is an American composer. He is considered to be one of the most influential composers of the late 20th century and is widely acknowledged as a composer who has brought art music to the public .His music is often described as minimalist, along with...
– Orphée, chamber opera with a libretto adapted by the composer from Jean CocteauJean CocteauJean Maurice Eugène Clément Cocteau was a French poet, novelist, dramatist, designer, playwright, artist and filmmaker. His circle of associates, friends and lovers included Kenneth Anger, Pablo Picasso, Jean Hugo, Jean Marais, Henri Bernstein, Marlene Dietrich, Coco Chanel, Erik Satie, María...
's film of the same name - 1996 – Lorenzo FerreroLorenzo FerreroLorenzo Ferrero is a contemporary Italian composer with a predilection for opera, a librettist, author, and book editor. He started composing at an early age and wrote over a hundred compositions thus far, including twelve operas, three ballets, and numerous orchestral, chamber music, solo...
– La nascita di Orfeo, musical action in one act, libretto by Lorenzo Ferrero and Dario Del Corno, premiered at the Teatro Filarmonico
21st century
- 2005 – Ricky Ian GordonRicky Ian GordonRicky Ian Gordon is an American composer of songs, stage musicals and opera. The death of his lover from AIDS inspired Dream True and Orpheus and Euridice...
– Orpheus and Euridice, an hour-long song cycle in two acts - 2010 – Anais MitchellAnais MitchellAnaïs Mitchell is an American singer-songwriter.-Early life:Anaïs Mitchell grew up on a farm in Addison County, Vermont and attended Middlebury College. Her father is a novelist and a retired college professor....
– HadestownHadestownHadestown is the fourth album by Vermont-based Anaïs Mitchell, and was released by Righteous Babe Records in the U.S. on March 9, 2010. The album, a concept album, follows a variation on the Ancient Greek myth of Orpheus and Eurydice, where Orpheus must embark on a quest to rescue his wife Eurydice...
, a 'folk opera' set in Depression eraGreat DepressionThe Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression in the decade preceding World War II. The timing of the Great Depression varied across nations, but in most countries it started in about 1929 and lasted until the late 1930s or early 1940s...
America (recording released 2010)
Sources
- Agnew, Vanessa, Enlightenment Orpheus: The Power of Music in Other Worlds, Oxford University Press, 2008, ISBN13: 9780195336665.
- Grove Music Online, ed. L. Macy – various entries on operas, composers and genres, grovemusic.com (accessed via subscription 22 August 2007)
- Rosand, Ellen, "Opera: III. Early opera, 1600–90", Grove Music Online, ed. L. Macy (accessed via subscription 27 April 2010)
- Spencer, Neil, "Anais Mitchell: Hadestown", The ObserverThe ObserverThe Observer is a British newspaper, published on Sundays. In the same place on the political spectrum as its daily sister paper The Guardian, which acquired it in 1993, it takes a liberal or social democratic line on most issues. It is the world's oldest Sunday newspaper.-Origins:The first issue,...
, 25 April 2010 (accessed 27 April 2010) - Sternfeld, Frederick W., "Orpheus", Grove Music Online, ed. L. Macy (accessed via subscription 15 August 2007)
- Whenham, JohnJohn WhenhamJohn Whenham is an English musicologist and academic who specializes in early Italian baroque music. He earned both a Bachelor of Music and a Master of Music from the University of Nottingham, and a Doctor of Philosophy from the University of Oxford...
, Claudio Monteverdi, Orfeo, Cambridge University Press, 1986. ISBN 0521284775
External links
- Reinhard Kapp, Chronological list of theatrical, musical, literary, and film works based on the Orpheus myth (in German)