Reinhard Keiser
Encyclopedia
Reinhard Keiser was a popular German opera composer based in Hamburg
. He wrote over a hundred opera
s, and in 1745 Johann Adolph Scheibe
considered him an equal to Johann Kuhnau
, George Frideric Handel
and Georg Philipp Telemann
(also related to the Hamburg Opera), but his work was largely forgotten for many decades.
(in present Saxony-Anhalt
), son of the organist and teacher Gottfried Keiser (born about 1650), and educated by other organists in the town and then from 11 at the Thomas School in Leipzig
, where his teachers included Johann Schelle
and Johann Kuhnau
, direct predecessors of Johann Sebastian Bach
.
In 1694, he became court-composer to the duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, though he had probably come to the court already as early as 1692 to study its renowned operas, which had been going on since 1691, when the city had built a 1200-seater opera-house. Keiser put on his first opera Procris und Cephalus there and, the same year, his opera Basilius was put on at Hamburg and, as the musicologist Johann Mattheson
noted, "received with great success and applause."
This was a fruitful period for him - composing not only operas, but arias, duets, cantatas, sérénades, church music and big oratorios, background music - all for the city's use.
About 1697 he settled permanently in Hamburg, and became the chief composer at the highly renowned Gänsemarktoper (now rebuilt as the Hamburg State Opera
) in Hamburg from 1697 to 1717, however was actually first the director in 1702, and wasn't at various times from then to 1717, almost each time due to political instabilites. From 1703 to 1709, Keiser changed the opera house from being a public institution to a commercial venture with two to three performances a week, in contrast to the opera houses intended for the nobility.
He helped transition opera from the mid-baroque idea of it, to the late-baroque idea of it. He not only did that, but even introduced a more varied type of aria into his operas, with more passive arias, and also faster arias being introduced into his bilinugal and non-bilinugal operas all by the 1703-04 season, with his five-star works, Nebukadnezar, and Salomon. With Keiser's operas is the framework of his younger rival, Händel's works.
Early in 1704, when he was conducting the operas Nebukadnezar and Salomon in Hamburg, the season had to be unexpectedly concluded, for reasons most likely related to government affairs. So he went to Brunswick, and afterward Weissenfels, to reconnect with areas he was previously active in. He ended up coming out with a masterpiece, Almira, at Weissenfells, in July. He stayed there for a while, spending many holidays there, eventually heading back to Hamburg shortly after Easter in 1705, to produce a comeback to Georg Friedrich Händel's Nero, produced in February 1705. Surely Keiser would be able to produce a success to the 20 year old composer's ambitious work.
Keiser would have to face Händel again, but this time he would be at home, and Händel had switched to the phonetic Italian version of his name, Georgio Friderico Hendel. Hendel would put on what was planned as a double opera, but was in fact two, Florindo, and Daphne; he did that in January 1708, coming back from Italy. Keiser would counter that by eventually coming out with La forza dell'amore oder Die von Paris entführte Helena and Desiderius, König der Langobarden in the 1708-09 season, but not as the theater's manager, but as someone responding to political insecurities causing the opera company to be disorderly. Keiser worked in the background.
Keiser would continue as the director probably when things got more stable in the city, maybe in 1710, and he advanced in composing, coming with his own passionmusik in 1712, which Hendel would readily challenge in 1716.
In 1718, with the Hamburg Opera defunct, he left Hamburg to seek other employment, going to Thuringia and then Stuttgart. From this period three manuscripts of sonatas in trio for flute, violin and basso continuo survive. During the summer 1721, he returned to Hamburg, but only a few weeks later made a rapid exit to Copenhagen with a Hamburg opera troop, probably because of the growing influence of Georg Philipp Telemann
, engaged by the city magistrate in Keiser's absence. Between 1721 and 1727, Keiser traveled back and forth between Hamburg and Copenhagen, receiving the title of Master of the Danish Royal Chapel.
.
After the dissolution of the opera troop, Keiser returned once more to Hamburg, but changes in its modus operandi made repeating past success difficult. Three operas from the period between 1722 and 1734 survive. Personal relations with Telemann remained good, with Telemann programming several productions of Keiser's operas.
In 1728 he became the St. Mary's Cathedral precentor
of Hamburg, and wrote largely church music there until his death in 1739.
Now attributed to Friedrich Nicolaus Brauns
(1637-1718)
Hamburg
-History:The first historic name for the city was, according to Claudius Ptolemy's reports, Treva.But the city takes its modern name, Hamburg, from the first permanent building on the site, a castle whose construction was ordered by the Emperor Charlemagne in AD 808...
. He wrote over a hundred opera
Opera
Opera is an art form in which singers and musicians perform a dramatic work combining text and musical score, usually in a theatrical setting. Opera incorporates many of the elements of spoken theatre, such as acting, scenery, and costumes and sometimes includes dance...
s, and in 1745 Johann Adolph Scheibe
Johann Adolph Scheibe
Johann Adolph Scheibe was a Danish composer, who in 1737 published an influential criticism of Johann Sebastian Bach's music.-References:*This article was initially translated from the Danish Wikipedia....
considered him an equal to Johann Kuhnau
Johann Kuhnau
Johann Kuhnau was a German composer, organist and harpsichordist.-Biography :Kuhnau was born in Geising, Saxony. He grew up in a religious Lutheran family. At age nine, he auditioned successfully for the Kreuzschule in Dresden...
, George Frideric Handel
George Frideric Handel
George Frideric Handel was a German-British Baroque composer, famous for his operas, oratorios, anthems and organ concertos. Handel was born in 1685, in a family indifferent to music...
and Georg Philipp Telemann
Georg Philipp Telemann
Georg Philipp Telemann was a German Baroque composer and multi-instrumentalist. Almost completely self-taught in music, he became a composer against his family's wishes. After studying in Magdeburg, Zellerfeld, and Hildesheim, Telemann entered the University of Leipzig to study law, but eventually...
(also related to the Hamburg Opera), but his work was largely forgotten for many decades.
Biography
Keiser was born in TeuchernTeuchern
Teuchern is a town in the Burgenlandkreis district, in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. It is situated approx. 10 km southeast of Weißenfels....
(in present Saxony-Anhalt
Saxony-Anhalt
Saxony-Anhalt is a landlocked state of Germany. Its capital is Magdeburg and it is surrounded by the German states of Lower Saxony, Brandenburg, Saxony, and Thuringia.Saxony-Anhalt covers an area of...
), son of the organist and teacher Gottfried Keiser (born about 1650), and educated by other organists in the town and then from 11 at the Thomas School in Leipzig
Leipzig
Leipzig Leipzig has always been a trade city, situated during the time of the Holy Roman Empire at the intersection of the Via Regia and Via Imperii, two important trade routes. At one time, Leipzig was one of the major European centres of learning and culture in fields such as music and publishing...
, where his teachers included Johann Schelle
Johann Schelle
Johann Schelle was a German baroque composer.Schelle was born in Geising and died in Leipzig. He was the cantor of the Thomanerchor from 1677 to 1701....
and Johann Kuhnau
Johann Kuhnau
Johann Kuhnau was a German composer, organist and harpsichordist.-Biography :Kuhnau was born in Geising, Saxony. He grew up in a religious Lutheran family. At age nine, he auditioned successfully for the Kreuzschule in Dresden...
, direct predecessors of Johann Sebastian Bach
Johann Sebastian Bach
Johann Sebastian Bach was a German composer, organist, harpsichordist, violist, and violinist whose sacred and secular works for choir, orchestra, and solo instruments drew together the strands of the Baroque period and brought it to its ultimate maturity...
.
In 1694, he became court-composer to the duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, though he had probably come to the court already as early as 1692 to study its renowned operas, which had been going on since 1691, when the city had built a 1200-seater opera-house. Keiser put on his first opera Procris und Cephalus there and, the same year, his opera Basilius was put on at Hamburg and, as the musicologist Johann Mattheson
Johann Mattheson
Johann Mattheson was a German composer, writer, lexicographer, diplomat and music theorist.Mattheson was born and died in Hamburg. He was a close friend of George Frideric Handel, although he nearly killed him in a sudden quarrel, during a performance of Mattheson's opera Cleopatra in 1704...
noted, "received with great success and applause."
This was a fruitful period for him - composing not only operas, but arias, duets, cantatas, sérénades, church music and big oratorios, background music - all for the city's use.
About 1697 he settled permanently in Hamburg, and became the chief composer at the highly renowned Gänsemarktoper (now rebuilt as the Hamburg State Opera
Hamburg State Opera
The Hamburg State Opera is one of the leading opera companies in Germany.Opera in Hamburg dates back to 2 January 1678 when the "Opern-Theatrum" was inaugurated with a performance of a biblical Singspiel by Johann Theile...
) in Hamburg from 1697 to 1717, however was actually first the director in 1702, and wasn't at various times from then to 1717, almost each time due to political instabilites. From 1703 to 1709, Keiser changed the opera house from being a public institution to a commercial venture with two to three performances a week, in contrast to the opera houses intended for the nobility.
He helped transition opera from the mid-baroque idea of it, to the late-baroque idea of it. He not only did that, but even introduced a more varied type of aria into his operas, with more passive arias, and also faster arias being introduced into his bilinugal and non-bilinugal operas all by the 1703-04 season, with his five-star works, Nebukadnezar, and Salomon. With Keiser's operas is the framework of his younger rival, Händel's works.
Early in 1704, when he was conducting the operas Nebukadnezar and Salomon in Hamburg, the season had to be unexpectedly concluded, for reasons most likely related to government affairs. So he went to Brunswick, and afterward Weissenfels, to reconnect with areas he was previously active in. He ended up coming out with a masterpiece, Almira, at Weissenfells, in July. He stayed there for a while, spending many holidays there, eventually heading back to Hamburg shortly after Easter in 1705, to produce a comeback to Georg Friedrich Händel's Nero, produced in February 1705. Surely Keiser would be able to produce a success to the 20 year old composer's ambitious work.
Keiser would have to face Händel again, but this time he would be at home, and Händel had switched to the phonetic Italian version of his name, Georgio Friderico Hendel. Hendel would put on what was planned as a double opera, but was in fact two, Florindo, and Daphne; he did that in January 1708, coming back from Italy. Keiser would counter that by eventually coming out with La forza dell'amore oder Die von Paris entführte Helena and Desiderius, König der Langobarden in the 1708-09 season, but not as the theater's manager, but as someone responding to political insecurities causing the opera company to be disorderly. Keiser worked in the background.
Keiser would continue as the director probably when things got more stable in the city, maybe in 1710, and he advanced in composing, coming with his own passionmusik in 1712, which Hendel would readily challenge in 1716.
In 1718, with the Hamburg Opera defunct, he left Hamburg to seek other employment, going to Thuringia and then Stuttgart. From this period three manuscripts of sonatas in trio for flute, violin and basso continuo survive. During the summer 1721, he returned to Hamburg, but only a few weeks later made a rapid exit to Copenhagen with a Hamburg opera troop, probably because of the growing influence of Georg Philipp Telemann
Georg Philipp Telemann
Georg Philipp Telemann was a German Baroque composer and multi-instrumentalist. Almost completely self-taught in music, he became a composer against his family's wishes. After studying in Magdeburg, Zellerfeld, and Hildesheim, Telemann entered the University of Leipzig to study law, but eventually...
, engaged by the city magistrate in Keiser's absence. Between 1721 and 1727, Keiser traveled back and forth between Hamburg and Copenhagen, receiving the title of Master of the Danish Royal Chapel.
.
After the dissolution of the opera troop, Keiser returned once more to Hamburg, but changes in its modus operandi made repeating past success difficult. Three operas from the period between 1722 and 1734 survive. Personal relations with Telemann remained good, with Telemann programming several productions of Keiser's operas.
In 1728 he became the St. Mary's Cathedral precentor
Precentor
A precentor is a person who helps facilitate worship. The details vary depending on the religion, denomination, and era in question. The Latin derivation is "præcentor", from cantor, meaning "the one who sings before" ....
of Hamburg, and wrote largely church music there until his death in 1739.
Major operas
(First performances in Hamburg, Theater am Gänsemarkt, unless stated otherwise)- Basilius (Der königliche Schäfer oder Basilius in Arkadien) (probably Braunschweig, 1693)
- Cephalus und Procris (Braunschweig, 1694)
- Der geliebte Adonis (1697)
- Janus (Der bei dem allgemeinen Welt-Frieden von dem Großen Augustus geschlossene Tempel des Janus) (1698)
- Iphigenia (Die wunderbar errettete Iphigenia) (1699)
- Herkules und Hebe (Die Verbindung des großen Herkules mit der schönen Hebe) (1699)
- La forza della virtù oder Die Macht der Tugend (1700)
- Störtebeker und Jödge Michels (2 sections, 1701)
- Die sterbende Eurydice oder Orpheus (2 sections, 1702)
- Claudius (produced early in 1703)
- Nebukadnezar, König zu Babylon (produced during the 1703-04 opera season)
- Salomon (produced during the 1703-04 opera season)
- Almira (Weissenfels, July 1704)
- OctaviaOctavia (opera)The Roman Unrest, or The Noble-Minded Octavia , commonly called Octavia, is a singspiel in three acts by Reinhard Keiser to a German libretto by Barthold Feind...
(produced in August 1705) - Die kleinmütige Selbst-Mörderin Lucretia oder Die Staats-Torheit des Brutus (1705)
- Masagniello (1706)
- Der angenehme Betrug (1707)
- La forza dell'amore oder Die von Paris entführte Helena (1709)
- Desiderius, König der Langobarden (1709)
- Der durch den Fall des großen Pompejus erhöhete Julius Caesar (1710)
- Der hochmütige, gestürzte und wieder erhabene CroesusCroesus (opera)Der hochmütige, gestürzte und wieder erhabene Croesus is a three-act opera composed by Reinhard Keiser...
(1710, revised edition 1730) - L'inganno fedele oder Der getreue Betrug (1714)
- Fredegunda (opera) (1715)
- L'Amore verso la patria oder Der sterbende Cato (1715)
- Das zerstörte Troja oder Der durch den Tod Helenens versöhnte Achilles (1716)
- Die großmütige Tomyris (1717)
- Jobates und Bellerophon (1717)
- Ulysses (opera)|Ulysses (Copenhagen 1722)
- Bretislaus oder Die siegende Beständigkeit (1725)
- Der lächerliche Printz Jodelet (opera) (1726)
- Lucius Verus oder Die siegende Treue (1728)
Oratorios
- Der blutige und sterbende Jesus, Hamburg (1704), on words of Christian Friedrich HunoldChristian Friedrich HunoldChristian Friedrich Hunold was a German author who wrote under the pseudonym Menantes.- Biography :...
- lost. - Thränen unter dem Kreutze Jesu, Hamburg (1711); revised as Der zum Tode verurtheilte und gekreutzigte Jesus, MS in Berlin D-Bsb, excerpts in Seelige Erlösungs-Gedancken Hamburg (1715)
- Brockespassion. Hamburg (1712) MS in Berlin.
- Der siegende David. Hamburg (1717) MS in Berlin.
Now attributed to Friedrich Nicolaus Brauns
Friedrich Nicolaus Brauns
Friedrich Nicolaus Brauns or Bruhns was a German composer and music director in Hamburg.Brauns was born in Lollfuß, Schleswig. In 1682 he succeeded Nicolaus Adam Strungk in charge of the Hamburger Ratsmusik, later also taking on the charge of St. Mary's Cathedral. He died in Hamburg...
(1637-1718)
- Johannes-Passion
- Markus-Passion Jesus Christus ist umb unsrer Missetät willen verwundt Hamburg 1705.