Ligures
Encyclopedia
Liguria
Liguria is a coastal region of north-western Italy, the third smallest of the Italian regions. Its capital is Genoa. It is a popular region with tourists for its beautiful beaches, picturesque little towns, and good food.-Geography:...
, a region of north-western Italy.
Classical sources
According to PlutarchPlutarch
Plutarch then named, on his becoming a Roman citizen, Lucius Mestrius Plutarchus , c. 46 – 120 AD, was a Greek historian, biographer, essayist, and Middle Platonist known primarily for his Parallel Lives and Moralia...
they called themselves Ambrones, but this does not necessarily indicate a relationship with the Ambrones
Ambrones
The Ambrones were a tribe that appeared briefly in the Roman sources relating to the 2nd century BC. They formed part of a coalition of peoples with the Cimbri of Jutland and the Teutones who were forced south by the flooding of their homeland.-History:...
of northern Europe. They were ignorant of their own origin.
Classical references and toponomastics suggest that the Ligurian sphere once extended further than the present boundary of Liguria
Liguria
Liguria is a coastal region of north-western Italy, the third smallest of the Italian regions. Its capital is Genoa. It is a popular region with tourists for its beautiful beaches, picturesque little towns, and good food.-Geography:...
http://img641.imageshack.us/f/italiabronz.png/. Ligurian toponyms have been found in Sicily
Sicily
Sicily is a region of Italy, and is the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea. Along with the surrounding minor islands, it constitutes an autonomous region of Italy, the Regione Autonoma Siciliana Sicily has a rich and unique culture, especially with regard to the arts, music, literature,...
, the Rhône
Rhône River
The Rhone is one of the major rivers of Europe, rising in Switzerland and running from there through southeastern France. At Arles, near its mouth on the Mediterranean Sea, the river divides into two branches, known as the Great Rhone and the Little Rhone...
valley, Corsica
Corsica
Corsica is an island in the Mediterranean Sea. It is located west of Italy, southeast of the French mainland, and north of the island of Sardinia....
and Sardinia
Sardinia
Sardinia is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea . It is an autonomous region of Italy, and the nearest land masses are the French island of Corsica, the Italian Peninsula, Sicily, Tunisia and the Spanish Balearic Islands.The name Sardinia is from the pre-Roman noun *sard[],...
.
Aeschylus represents Hercules as contending with the Ligures on the stony plains near the mouths of the Rhone, and Herodotus
Herodotus
Herodotus was an ancient Greek historian who was born in Halicarnassus, Caria and lived in the 5th century BC . He has been called the "Father of History", and was the first historian known to collect his materials systematically, test their accuracy to a certain extent and arrange them in a...
speaks of Ligures inhabiting the country above Massilia (modern Marseilles, founded by the Greeks
Greeks
The Greeks, also known as the Hellenes , are a nation and ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighboring regions. They also form a significant diaspora, with Greek communities established around the world....
). Thucydides also speaks of the Ligures having expelled the Sicanians, an Iberian
Iberian
Iberian refers to Iberia, which has two basic meanings, the disused, of Caucasian Iberia , and the modern sense of someone or something originating in the Iberian Peninsula, namely from Portugal and Spain...
tribe, from the banks of the river Sicanus, in Iberia. The Periplus of Pseudo-Scylax
Periplus of Pseudo-Scylax
The Periplus of Pseudo-Scylax is an ancient Greek periplus that ranks among the minor Greek geographers, dating from 4th or 3rd century BC. The name of Scylax applied to the text is thought to be a pseudepigraphical appeal to authority: Herodotus mentions a Scylax of Caryanda, a Greek navigator...
describes the Ligyes (Ligures) living along the Mediterranean coast from Antion (Antibes
Antibes
Antibes is a resort town in the Alpes-Maritimes department in southeastern France.It lies on the Mediterranean in the Côte d'Azur, located between Cannes and Nice. The town of Juan-les-Pins is within the commune of Antibes...
) as far as the mouth of the Rhone
Rhône
Rhone can refer to:* Rhone, one of the major rivers of Europe, running through Switzerland and France* Rhône Glacier, the source of the Rhone River and one of the primary contributors to Lake Geneva in the far eastern end of the canton of Valais in Switzerland...
; then intermingled with the Iberians from the Rhone to Emporion in Spain. People with Ligurian names were living south of Placentia
Placentia
Placentia may refer to:* Palace of Placentia, an English Royal Palace* Placentia, California, United States* Placentia, Italy* Placentia, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada* Battle of Placentia* Placentia Bay, the name of two ships of the Royal Navy...
, in Italy, as late as 102 AD.
19th century origins theories
In the 19th century, the Ligures' question got the attentions of not a few scholars. Amédée ThierryAmedée Simon Dominique Thierry
Amédée Simon Dominique Thierry , French journalist and historian, was the younger brother of Augustin.- Biography :Thierry was born in Blois, Loir-et-Cher....
, a French historian, linked them to the Iberians
Iberians
The Iberians were a set of peoples that Greek and Roman sources identified with that name in the eastern and southern coasts of the Iberian peninsula at least from the 6th century BC...
, while Karl Müllenhoff
Karl Mullenhoff
Karl Viktor Müllenhoff was a German philologist and a student of Teutonic antiquities.-Biography:...
, professor of Germanic antiquities at the Universities of Kiel and Berlin, studying the sources of the Ora maritima by Avienus
Avienus
Avienus was a Latin writer of the 4th century AD. According to an inscription from Bulla Regia, his full name was Postumius Rufius Festus Avienius.He was a native of Volsinii in Etruria, from the distinguished family of the Rufii Festi...
(a Latin
Latin
Latin is an Italic language originally spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. It, along with most European languages, is a descendant of the ancient Proto-Indo-European language. Although it is considered a dead language, a number of scholars and members of the Christian clergy speak it fluently, and...
poet who lived in the 4th century AD, but who used as source for his own work a Phoenicia
Phoenicia
Phoenicia , was an ancient civilization in Canaan which covered most of the western, coastal part of the Fertile Crescent. Several major Phoenician cities were built on the coastline of the Mediterranean. It was an enterprising maritime trading culture that spread across the Mediterranean from 1550...
n Periplum
Periplum
Periplum is defined in the Oxford English Dictionary as having come from the poetry of Ezra Pound, specifically in The Pisan Cantos, Cantos LXXIV to LXXXIV of a larger work known collectively as The Cantos....
of the 6th century BC), held that the name Ligurians generically referred to various peoples who lived in Western Europe
Western Europe
Western Europe is a loose term for the collection of countries in the western most region of the European continents, though this definition is context-dependent and carries cultural and political connotations. One definition describes Western Europe as a geographic entity—the region lying in the...
, including the Celts, but thought the real Ligurians were a Pre-Indo-European
Neolithic Europe
Neolithic Europe refers to a prehistoric period in which Neolithic technology was present in Europe. This corresponds roughly to a time between 7000 BC and c. 1700 BC...
population.
Dominique-François-Louis Roget, Baron de Belloguet, claimed a "Gallic
Gauls
The Gauls were a Celtic people living in Gaul, the region roughly corresponding to what is now France, Belgium, Switzerland and Northern Italy, from the Iron Age through the Roman period. They mostly spoke the Continental Celtic language called Gaulish....
" origin.
In favor of a Pre-Indo-European origin thesis were Henri d'Arbois de Jubainville, 19th-century French historian, who argued that the Ligurians, together with the Iberians
Iberians
The Iberians were a set of peoples that Greek and Roman sources identified with that name in the eastern and southern coasts of the Iberian peninsula at least from the 6th century BC...
, constituted the remains of the native population that had spread in Western Europe with the Cardium Pottery
Cardium Pottery
Cardium Pottery or Cardial Ware is a Neolithic decorative style that gets its name from the imprinting of the clay with the shell of the Cardium edulis, a marine mollusk...
culture cardial ceramic, and Arturo Issel
Arturo Issel
Arturo Issel was an Italian geologist, palaeontologist, malacologist and archaeologist. He is noted for first defining the Tyrrhenian Stage in 1914...
, a Genoese
Genoese
Genoese may refer to:* A person from Genoa* The Genoese dialect a variant of main Ligurian language* The Republic of Genoa, a state in Liguria from ca. 1100 to 1805 with various possessions in the Mediterranean...
geologist and paleontologist, who considered them direct descendants of the Cro-Magnon
Cro-Magnon
The Cro-Magnon were the first early modern humans of the European Upper Paleolithic. The earliest known remains of Cro-Magnon-like humans are radiometrically dated to 35,000 years before present....
men that lived throughout Gaul
Gaul
Gaul was a region of Western Europe during the Iron Age and Roman era, encompassing present day France, Luxembourg and Belgium, most of Switzerland, the western part of Northern Italy, as well as the parts of the Netherlands and Germany on the left bank of the Rhine. The Gauls were the speakers of...
from the Mesolithic
Mesolithic
The Mesolithic is an archaeological concept used to refer to certain groups of archaeological cultures defined as falling between the Paleolithic and the Neolithic....
.
Ligurian language
Little is known of the Ligurian language. Only place-names and personal names remain. It appears to be an Indo-EuropeanIndo-European languages
The Indo-European languages are a family of several hundred related languages and dialects, including most major current languages of Europe, the Iranian plateau, and South Asia and also historically predominant in Anatolia...
branch with both Italic
Italic languages
The Italic subfamily is a member of the Indo-European language family. It includes the Romance languages derived from Latin , and a number of extinct languages of the Italian Peninsula, including Umbrian, Oscan, Faliscan, and Latin.In the past various definitions of "Italic" have prevailed...
and particularly strong Celtic
Celtic languages
The Celtic languages are descended from Proto-Celtic, or "Common Celtic"; a branch of the greater Indo-European language family...
affinities. Strabo tells us that they were of a different race from the Celts (by which he means Gauls
Gauls
The Gauls were a Celtic people living in Gaul, the region roughly corresponding to what is now France, Belgium, Switzerland and Northern Italy, from the Iron Age through the Roman period. They mostly spoke the Continental Celtic language called Gaulish....
) who inhabited the rest of the Alps, though they resembled them in their mode of life.
Physical appearance
LucanLucan
Lucan is the common English name of the Roman poet Marcus Annaeus Lucanus.Lucan may also refer to:-People:*Arthur Lucan , English actor*Sir Lucan the Butler, Knight of the Round Table in Arthurian legend...
in his Pharsalia
Pharsalia
The Pharsalia is a Roman epic poem by the poet Lucan, telling of the civil war between Julius Caesar and the forces of the Roman Senate led by Pompey the Great...
(c. 61 AD) described Ligurian tribes as being long-haired, and their hair a shade of auburn (a reddish-brown):
History
The Ligures seem to have been ready to engage as mercenary troops in the service of others. Ligurian auxiliaries are mentioned in the army of the Carthaginian general Hamilcar in 480 BC. Greek leaders in Sicily continued to recruit their mercenary forces from the same quarter as late as the time of Agathocles.The Ligures fought long and hard against the Romans
Ancient Rome
Ancient Rome was a thriving civilization that grew on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 8th century BC. Located along the Mediterranean Sea and centered on the city of Rome, it expanded to one of the largest empires in the ancient world....
, but were assimilated by them during the 2nd century BC.
Tribes
Numerous tribes of Ligures are mentioned by ancient historians, among them:- AlpiniAlpiniThe Alpini, , are the elite mountain warfare soldiers of the Italian Army. They are currently organized in two operational brigades, which are subordinated to the Alpini Corps Command. The singular is Alpino ....
(or Montani) (in the hinterland of SavonaSavonaSavona is a seaport and comune in the northern Italian region of Liguria, capital of the Province of Savona, in the Riviera di Ponente on the Mediterranean Sea....
) - ApuaniApuaniThe Apuani were one of the most formidable and powerful of the Ligurian tribes who lived in ancient north-western Italy, mentioned repeatedly by Livy...
(in LunigianaLunigianaThe Lunigiana is an historical territory of Italy, which today falls within the provinces of La Spezia and Massa Carrara. Its borders derive from the ancient Roman settlement, later the medieval diocese of Luni, which no longer exists....
) - Bimbelli
- BagienniBagienniThe Bagienni were an ancient Ligurian people of north-western Italy mentioned in Pliny the Elder’s Naturalis Historia. They were based in various areas of what is today south-western Piedmont, but particularly in the upper part of the Tanaro valley. They were also present in the Val Trebbia in...
(or Vagienni) (in the area of Bene VagiennaBene VagiennaBene Vagienna is a comune in the Province of Cuneo in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 60 km south of Turin and about 30 km northeast of Cuneo....
) - BriniatesBriniatesThe Briniates were an ancient Ligurian tribe mentioned by Livy as being subjugated by Rome in 175 BCE. -References:*Smith, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography , s.v. Ligures...
(or Boactes) (in the area of BrugnatoBrugnatoBrugnato is a comune in the Province of La Spezia in the Italian region Liguria, located about 70 km southeast of Genoa and about 15 km northwest of La Spezia. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 1,205 and an area of 12.0 km².Brugnato borders the following municipalities:...
) - CavaresCavaresThe Cavares were a Gallic tribe, or a federation of tribes, located in the lower Rhone valley. Their strongholds were Avignon , Orange and Cavaillon...
(in modern ProvenceProvenceProvence ; Provençal: Provença in classical norm or Prouvènço in Mistralian norm) is a region of south eastern France on the Mediterranean adjacent to Italy. It is part of the administrative région of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur...
) - Celelates
- Cerdiciates
- Commoni
- Cosmonates (in the area of Castellazzo BormidaCastellazzo BormidaCastellazzo Bormida is a comune in the Province of Alessandria in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 70 km southeast of Turin and about 8 km southwest of Alessandria...
) - DeciatesDeciatesThe Deciates were a Ligurian tribe in the first few centuries BC. They lived in the Antibes area of what is now France, west of the river Var . The border with the Ligurian Oxybii being to the west of Antipolis and east of Forum Julii...
(in modern ProvenceProvenceProvence ; Provençal: Provença in classical norm or Prouvènço in Mistralian norm) is a region of south eastern France on the Mediterranean adjacent to Italy. It is part of the administrative région of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur...
, west of the river VarVar RiverThe Var is a river located in the southeast of France. The name Var originates from the Ligurian word for waterway.The Var flows through the Alpes-Maritimes département for most of its length, with a short stretch in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence département...
) - Epanterii
- Euburiates
- FriniatesFriniatesThe Friniates were an ancient Ligurian tribe on the north of the Apennines, near the sources of the Scultenna , which had been reduced to subjection by C. Flaminius in 187 BCE....
(in the area now called FrignanoFrignanoFrignano is a comune in the Province of Caserta in the Italian region Campania, located about 20 km northwest of Naples and about 15 km southwest of Caserta. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 8,570 and an area of 9.9 km².Frignano borders the following municipalities:...
) - GaruliGaruliThe Garuli were an ancient Ligurian tribe mentioned by Livy as being subjugated by Rome in 175 BCE. -References:*Smith, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography , s.v. Ligures...
- Genuates (or Genuenses) (in and around GenoaGenoaGenoa |Ligurian]] Zena ; Latin and, archaically, English Genua) is a city and an important seaport in northern Italy, the capital of the Province of Genoa and of the region of Liguria....
) - Helysici (near NarbonneNarbonneNarbonne is a commune in southern France in the Languedoc-Roussillon region. It lies from Paris in the Aude department, of which it is a sub-prefecture. Once a prosperous port, it is now located about from the shores of the Mediterranean Sea...
) - HercatesHercatesThe Hercates were an ancient Ligurian tribe mentioned by Livy as being subjugated by Rome in 175 BCE. -References:*Smith, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography , s.v. Ligures...
- Ilvates (or Iluates) (if different from the Iriates) (on the island of ElbaElbaElba is a Mediterranean island in Tuscany, Italy, from the coastal town of Piombino. The largest island of the Tuscan Archipelago, Elba is also part of the National Park of the Tuscan Archipelago and the third largest island in Italy after Sicily and Sardinia...
) - Iriates (or IlvatesIlvatesThe Ilvates were a Ligurian tribe, whose name is found only in the writings of Livy. He mentions them first as taking up arms in 200 BCE, in concert with the Gaulish tribes of the Insubres and Cenomani, to destroy the Roman colonies of Placentia and Cremona...
, Iluates?) (in the territory of TortonaTortonaTortona is a comune of Piemonte, in the Province of Alessandria, Italy. Tortona is sited on the right bank of the Scrivia between the plain of Marengo and the foothills of the Ligurian Apennines.-History:...
, VogheraVogherathumb|250px|The Castle of Voghera in a 19th century etching.Voghera is a town and comune of Lombardy, Italy, in the province of Pavia...
and Libarna) - Ingauni
- Intemelii
- Langates (or Langenses) (north of the Genuates)
- LapiciniLapiciniThe Lapicini were an ancient Ligurian tribe mentioned by Livy as being subjugated by Rome in 175 BCE. -References:*Smith, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography , s.v. Ligures...
(or Lapicinii) - LaeviLaeviThe Laevi, or Levi were a Ligurian people in Gallia Transpadana, on the river Ticinus, who, in conjunction with the Marici, built the town of Ticinum .-References:...
(along the Ticino RiverTicino RiverThe river Ticino is a left-bank tributary of the Po River. It has given its name to the Swiss canton through which its upper portion flows.-The course:...
and in the area of PaviaPaviaPavia , the ancient Ticinum, is a town and comune of south-western Lombardy, northern Italy, 35 km south of Milan on the lower Ticino river near its confluence with the Po. It is the capital of the province of Pavia. It has a population of c. 71,000...
) - Libici (or Libui)
- Magelli (or Mucelli) (in the Mugello regionMugello regionMugello is a landscape north of Florence in northern Italy. It is separated by the Santerno river valley by the Futa Pass.The area was settled by a Ligurian tribe known as the Magelli, whence the name. Then the region was occupied by the Etruscans who have left many archeological traces and who...
) - MariciMarici (Ligures)The Marici were a Ligurian people. In the Third Book of his Natural History Pliny the Elder identifies them as the co-founders, along with the Laevi, of Ticinum, the modern Pavia....
(near the confluence of the rivers OrbaOrba (torrente)The Orba is a torrent of northern Italy. Its c. 70 km course runs northwards through Piedmont from its springs in the Apennines to its confluence with the Bormida, a right tributary of the Po...
, BormidaBormida RiverThe Bormida is a river of north-west Italy which rises in Liguria, as the Bormida di Millesimo and flows through Piedmont. After converging with the Bormida di Spigno near Bistagno, it joins the Tanaro, of which it is the major tributary, north-east of Alessandria.-References:...
and TanaroTanaro RiverThe Tanaro , known as Tanarus in ancient times, is a 276 km-long river in northwestern Italy. It rises in the Ligurian Alps, close to the border with France and is the most significant right-side tributary to the Po in terms of length, size of drainage basin and discharge.-Source:The Tanaro proper...
) - OxybiiOxybiiThe Oxybii were a Ligurian tribe living on the Mediterranean coast of France near Massallia. The border with the Ligurian Deciates being to the west of Antipolis and east of Forum Julii ....
(or Oxibii) (in modern ProvenceProvenceProvence ; Provençal: Provença in classical norm or Prouvènço in Mistralian norm) is a region of south eastern France on the Mediterranean adjacent to Italy. It is part of the administrative région of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur...
) - Sabates (in the area of Vado LigureVado LigureVado Ligure, in antiquity Vado Sabatia, is a town and comune in the province of Savona, Liguria, in northern Italy.- Economy :Vado has a large industrial and commercial port....
) - SalassiSalassiThe Salassi were an Alpine tribe whose lands lay on the Italian side of the Little St Bernard Pass across the Graian Alps to Lyons, and the Great St Bernard Pass over the Pennine Alps...
(in modern Aosta Valley) - Salluvii (or Saluvii) (if different from the SalyesSalyesThe powerful military tribal confederation of the Salyes or Salluvii in ancient geography, occupied the plain of the Druentia in southern Gaul between the Rhône River and the Alps...
) (in modern ProvenceProvenceProvence ; Provençal: Provença in classical norm or Prouvènço in Mistralian norm) is a region of south eastern France on the Mediterranean adjacent to Italy. It is part of the administrative région of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur...
) - SalyesSalyesThe powerful military tribal confederation of the Salyes or Salluvii in ancient geography, occupied the plain of the Druentia in southern Gaul between the Rhône River and the Alps...
(or Salii, or also Salluvii, Saluvii?) (in modern ProvenceProvenceProvence ; Provençal: Provença in classical norm or Prouvènço in Mistralian norm) is a region of south eastern France on the Mediterranean adjacent to Italy. It is part of the administrative région of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur...
) - StatielliStatielliThe Statielli, Statiellātes, or Statiellenses were a small Ligurian tribe which inhabited an area south of the river Padus . Their chief town was Aquae Statiellae , on the road from Vada Sabatia, near Savona to Dertona and Placentia....
(or Statiellates) (in the valleys of the OrbaOrba (torrente)The Orba is a torrent of northern Italy. Its c. 70 km course runs northwards through Piedmont from its springs in the Apennines to its confluence with the Bormida, a right tributary of the Po...
[left bank], BormidaBormida RiverThe Bormida is a river of north-west Italy which rises in Liguria, as the Bormida di Millesimo and flows through Piedmont. After converging with the Bormida di Spigno near Bistagno, it joins the Tanaro, of which it is the major tributary, north-east of Alessandria.-References:...
and TanaroTanaro RiverThe Tanaro , known as Tanarus in ancient times, is a 276 km-long river in northwestern Italy. It rises in the Ligurian Alps, close to the border with France and is the most significant right-side tributary to the Po in terms of length, size of drainage basin and discharge.-Source:The Tanaro proper...
) - Sueltri (or Suelteri)
- TauriniTauriniThe Taurini were an ancient Celto-Ligurian Alpine people, who occupied the upper valley of the river Po, in the centre of modern Piedmont.In 218 BC, they were attacked by Hannibal since his allies were the Insubres. The Taurini and the Insubres had a long-standing feud. Their chief town was...
(or TaurisciTaurisciThe Taurisci were a federation of Celtic tribes who dwelt in today's northern Slovenia before the coming of the Romans According to Pliny the Elder, they are the same people known as the Norici...
) - Tigulli (or Tigullii)
- Vediantii
- Veiturii (west of the Genuates, in and around Voltri [now a suburb of GenoaGenoaGenoa |Ligurian]] Zena ; Latin and, archaically, English Genua) is a city and an important seaport in northern Italy, the capital of the Province of Genoa and of the region of Liguria....
]) - Veleiates (or Veliates) (between VeleiaVeleia (Italy)Veleia, an ancient town of Aemilia, Italy, situated about 20 miles south of Placentia. It is mentioned by Pliny among the towns of the eighth region, though the Veleiates were Ligurians by race. Its inhabitants were, in the census of Vespasian, found to be remarkable for their longevity...
and Libarna) - Veneni
- VocontiiVocontiiThe Vocontii were a Gallic people who lived on the east bank of the Rhône.-Location:Their main towns were Lucus Augusti and Vasio , but they occupied an extensive territory stretching from Vercors in the north, the buttresses of Mont Ventoux in the south-west, Manosque in the south-east and...
(in modern ProvenceProvenceProvence ; Provençal: Provença in classical norm or Prouvènço in Mistralian norm) is a region of south eastern France on the Mediterranean adjacent to Italy. It is part of the administrative région of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur...
, on the east bank of the RhôneRhône RiverThe Rhone is one of the major rivers of Europe, rising in Switzerland and running from there through southeastern France. At Arles, near its mouth on the Mediterranean Sea, the river divides into two branches, known as the Great Rhone and the Little Rhone...
)
See also
- LiguriaLiguriaLiguria is a coastal region of north-western Italy, the third smallest of the Italian regions. Its capital is Genoa. It is a popular region with tourists for its beautiful beaches, picturesque little towns, and good food.-Geography:...
- Ligurian language
- SigynnaeSigynnaeThe Sigynnae were an obscure people of antiquity. They are variously located by ancient authors.According to Herodotus , they dwelt beyond the Danube, and their frontiers extended almost as far as the Eneti on the Adriatic. Their horses were small and flat-nosed with shaggy long hair, five fingers...
- Alpine raceAlpine raceThe Alpine race is an historical racial classification or sub-race of humans, considered a branch of the Caucasian race. The term is not commonly used today, but was popular in the early 20th century.-History:...
- Ancient peoples of Italy