Kukrit Pramoj
Encyclopedia
Mom Rajawongse Kukrit Pramoj (Thai
คึกฤทธิ์ ปราโมช; RTGS:
Khuek-rit Pramot) (April 20, 1911 - October 9, 1995) was a Thai
politician and scholar. He was Speaker of the House of Representatives of Thailand
1973-1974 and was the thirteenth Prime Minister of Thailand
, serving in office from 1975-1976.
. He finished his Bachelor's degree in Philosophy, Politics, and Economics
(PPE) from Queen's College, University of Oxford
. Upon returning to Thailand, his first job was in the field of banking; but his true vocation
was his mastery of many forms of arts, including politics and journalism.
Shocked by the portrayal of their revered nineteenth-century king, Mongkut
, in the musical The King and I
, Kukrit and his brother, Seni Pramoj
wrote The King of Siam speaks in 1948. They sent their manuscript to the American politician and diplomat Abbot Low Moffat who drew on it for his biography entitled Mongkut the King of Siam (ISBN 9748298124), and in 1961, donated the Pramoj manuscript to the Southeast Asian Collection, Asian Division, Library of Congress
. He wrote passionately for Siam Rath , the newspaper that he founded. As a means of showing how Thai society adjusted to life in modern society, in 1953 he began a series of stories on the life and times of fictional Mae Ploy . who as a young girl enters the service of a princess of Rama V's Royal Household, and dies the same day as Rama VIII. These were later collected in Si Phaendin and translated in English as Four Reigns
. His unique sense of humour offered a satirical view of his age.
As a scholar, he also wrote many non-fiction works ranging from history and religion to astrology. Most notable are his epics and many short stories portraying various aspects of life and documenting contemporary history. His Many Lives Lai Chiwit) was also translated into English. He was a leading authority on traditional Thai culture and had a polymath
ic range of interests from Thailand's classical dance to literature. Most famous for his literary works, he was named a National Artist of Thailand for literature in 1985, the inaugural year for the honor. And he received The Special Commemorative Prize of The Fukuoka Asian Culture Prizes
in 1990, the inaugural year for the prizes again. His works encompass many subjects from humour to drama.
He was also known as a staunch loyalist and served the monarchy for his entire life. He is considered one of the great statesmen of Thailand
.
His former home is now a heritage museum
which is preserved; paying homage to his life and Thai traditions.
decided to use Thailand as the location for the fictional country portrayed in his film The Ugly American
, Pramoj was appointed as cultural advisor to make sure the film accurately portrayed monarchy in a Buddhist country. Englund had difficulty casting the part of the fictional Prime Minister, but he was so impressed by Pramoj's cultural refinement and mastery of English that he offered him the part, saying, "I can't think of anyone who could play it better." Pramoj accepted, saying, according to Englund, "We are all actors anyway, and I think you're right that I could play it better than anyone." Probably because of this, after he became a real-life Prime Minister of Thailand in 1975, the word "Sarkhan" has entered the Thai languague as a nickname of Thailand itself, often with a slight self-depreciating or mocking tone.
Standing in 2 acres (8,093.7 m²) of land, surrounded by landscaped gardens, the house is a similar concept to the Jim Thompson House
in Bangkok. Five small traditional Thai houses were dismantled and reassembled at the present site to make one house. The house is filled with artefacts and books collected by the owner.
Additions to the original house include air conditioning, a modern bathroom, and a lift was installed when the owner became too frail to climb up and down stairs.
The M.R. Kukrit Heritage Home is situated at 19 Soi Phra Pinit, South Sathorn Road
, Sathon
District, Bangkok 10120. Tel. +66 (0)2 286 8185. The nearest BTS Skytrain station is Chong Nonsi
. English speaking guides are available to show visitors around. Photography is not allowed inside the house. The entrance fee is Bt50 for adults and Bt20 for children and students.
Thai alphabet
Thai script , is used to write the Thai language and other, minority, languages in Thailand. It has forty-four consonants , fifteen vowel symbols that combine into at least twenty-eight vowel forms, and four tone marks ....
คึกฤทธิ์ ปราโมช; RTGS:
Royal Thai General System of Transcription
The Royal Thai General System of Transcription is the official system for rendering Thai language words in the Latin alphabet, published by the Royal Institute of Thailand...
Khuek-rit Pramot) (April 20, 1911 - October 9, 1995) was a Thai
Thailand
Thailand , officially the Kingdom of Thailand , formerly known as Siam , is a country located at the centre of the Indochina peninsula and Southeast Asia. It is bordered to the north by Burma and Laos, to the east by Laos and Cambodia, to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia, and to the...
politician and scholar. He was Speaker of the House of Representatives of Thailand
House of Representatives of Thailand
The House of Representatives of the Kingdom of Thailand is the lower house of the National Assembly of Thailand, the legislative branch of the Thai Government. The system of government of Thailand is that of a Constitutional Monarchy and a Parliamentary Democracy. The system of the Thai...
1973-1974 and was the thirteenth Prime Minister of Thailand
Prime Minister of Thailand
The Prime Minister of Thailand is the head of government of Thailand. The Prime Minister is also the chairman of the Cabinet of Thailand. The post has existed since the Revolution of 1932, when the country became a constitutional monarchy....
, serving in office from 1975-1976.
Early years
Of royal descent, M.R. Kukrit Pramoj was born into an aristocratic family. Like all upper class Thais of his generation, his parents sent him and his siblings to boarding schools in England including Trent CollegeTrent College
Trent College is a co-educational, HMC independent day and boarding school. There are 760 pupils in the Senior School and 330 pupils in the Junior School, The Elms School...
. He finished his Bachelor's degree in Philosophy, Politics, and Economics
Philosophy, Politics, and Economics
Philosophy, politics, and economics is a popular interdisciplinary undergraduate/graduate degree which combines study from the three disciplines...
(PPE) from Queen's College, University of Oxford
University of Oxford
The University of Oxford is a university located in Oxford, United Kingdom. It is the second-oldest surviving university in the world and the oldest in the English-speaking world. Although its exact date of foundation is unclear, there is evidence of teaching as far back as 1096...
. Upon returning to Thailand, his first job was in the field of banking; but his true vocation
Vocation
A vocation , is a term for an occupation to which a person is specially drawn or for which they are suited, trained or qualified. Though now often used in non-religious contexts, the meanings of the term originated in Christianity.-Senses:...
was his mastery of many forms of arts, including politics and journalism.
Shocked by the portrayal of their revered nineteenth-century king, Mongkut
Mongkut
Phra Bat Somdet Phra Poramenthramaha Mongkut Phra Chom Klao Chao Yu Hua , or Rama IV, known in foreign countries as King Mongkut , was the fourth monarch of Siam under the House of Chakri, ruling from 1851-1868...
, in the musical The King and I
The King and I
The King and I is a stage musical, the fifth by the team of Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II. The work is based on the 1944 novel Anna and the King of Siam by Margaret Landon and derives from the memoirs of Anna Leonowens, who became governess to the children of King Mongkut of Siam in...
, Kukrit and his brother, Seni Pramoj
Seni Pramoj
Mom Rajawongse Seni Pramoj was three times the prime minister of Thailand and a politician in the Democrat Party. A member of the Thai royal family, he was a descendant of King Rama II.-Biography:...
wrote The King of Siam speaks in 1948. They sent their manuscript to the American politician and diplomat Abbot Low Moffat who drew on it for his biography entitled Mongkut the King of Siam (ISBN 9748298124), and in 1961, donated the Pramoj manuscript to the Southeast Asian Collection, Asian Division, Library of Congress
Library of Congress
The Library of Congress is the research library of the United States Congress, de facto national library of the United States, and the oldest federal cultural institution in the United States. Located in three buildings in Washington, D.C., it is the largest library in the world by shelf space and...
. He wrote passionately for Siam Rath , the newspaper that he founded. As a means of showing how Thai society adjusted to life in modern society, in 1953 he began a series of stories on the life and times of fictional Mae Ploy . who as a young girl enters the service of a princess of Rama V's Royal Household, and dies the same day as Rama VIII. These were later collected in Si Phaendin and translated in English as Four Reigns
Four Reigns
The Four Reigns , a novel by Kukrit Pramoj, shows how individuals in Thai society adjust to change in the face of historic events. The story first develops under the palace life of minor courtiers during a time of absolute monarchy and explicit observance of traditional Buddhist mores...
. His unique sense of humour offered a satirical view of his age.
As a scholar, he also wrote many non-fiction works ranging from history and religion to astrology. Most notable are his epics and many short stories portraying various aspects of life and documenting contemporary history. His Many Lives Lai Chiwit) was also translated into English. He was a leading authority on traditional Thai culture and had a polymath
Polymath
A polymath is a person whose expertise spans a significant number of different subject areas. In less formal terms, a polymath may simply be someone who is very knowledgeable...
ic range of interests from Thailand's classical dance to literature. Most famous for his literary works, he was named a National Artist of Thailand for literature in 1985, the inaugural year for the honor. And he received The Special Commemorative Prize of The Fukuoka Asian Culture Prizes
Fukuoka Asian Culture Prize
The is an award established by Fukuoka City and the Yokatopia Foundation to honor the outstanding work of individuals or organizations in preserving or creating Asian culture...
in 1990, the inaugural year for the prizes again. His works encompass many subjects from humour to drama.
He was also known as a staunch loyalist and served the monarchy for his entire life. He is considered one of the great statesmen of Thailand
Thailand
Thailand , officially the Kingdom of Thailand , formerly known as Siam , is a country located at the centre of the Indochina peninsula and Southeast Asia. It is bordered to the north by Burma and Laos, to the east by Laos and Cambodia, to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia, and to the...
.
His former home is now a heritage museum
M.R. Kukrit's House
M.R. Kukrit's House is a heritage museum on South Sathon Road in downtown Bangkok, Thailand dedicated to the former Prime Minister of Thailand M R Kukrit Pramoj ....
which is preserved; paying homage to his life and Thai traditions.
Biography
- Born on April 20, 1911 at Sing Buri ProvinceSing Buri ProvinceSing Buri is one of the central provinces of Thailand. Neighboring provinces are Nakhon Sawan, Lop Buri, Ang Thong, Suphan Buri and Chai Nat....
- Great-grandmother Ampha, was of Chinese descent and was a consort of Rama IIBuddha Loetla NabhalaiPhra Bat Somdet Phra Poramenthramaha Isarasundhorn Phra Buddha Loetla Nabhalai , or Rama II , was the second monarch of Siam under the House of Chakri, ruling from 1809-1824. In 1809, Isarasundhorn succeeded his father Buddha Yodfa Chulaloke, the founder of Chakri dynasty, as Buddha Loetla Nabhalai...
- Son of Brigadier General HH Prince Khamrob and Mom Daeng (BunnagBunnagThe House of Bunnag was a powerful Siamese noble family of the Persian descent of the early Rattanakosin. By the nineteenth century, its power and influence reached its zenith. The family was favored by Chakri monarchs and monopolized high-ranking titles. Three Somdet Chao Phrayas came from the...
) and younger brother of M.R. Seni PramojSeni PramojMom Rajawongse Seni Pramoj was three times the prime minister of Thailand and a politician in the Democrat Party. A member of the Thai royal family, he was a descendant of King Rama II.-Biography:... - Served as a corporal during the Franco-Thai War in 1940.
- Married to M.R. Pakpring Thongyai
- Two Children, a son and daughter
- Died October 9, 1995
- Established the conservative Social Action PartySocial Action Party- History :The Social Action Party was formed by the more liberal members of the Democrat Party in 1974 under the leadership of Kukrit Pramoj. After Kukrit resigned the office of the party leader in December 1985, the former minister of foreign affairs and deputy party leader, Siddhi Savetsila, led...
Education
- Suankularb Wittayalai SchoolSuankularb Wittayalai SchoolSuankularb Wittayalai School is an all-boys secondary school for grades 7th through 12th in Thailand. Founded by King Chulalongkorn in 1882, Suankularb is the oldest public secondary school in the country...
- Trent CollegeTrent CollegeTrent College is a co-educational, HMC independent day and boarding school. There are 760 pupils in the Senior School and 330 pupils in the Junior School, The Elms School...
, Derbyshire - Studied at The Queen's College, Oxford University with B.A(Hons) in Philosophy, Politics and Economics in 1933 and M.A.(Oxon) in 1982.
Achievements
- M.R. Kukrit founded the Progress Party, the first political party in Thailand in 1945-1946.
- Appeared on screen with Marlon BrandoMarlon BrandoMarlon Brando, Jr. was an American movie star and political activist. "Unchallenged as the most important actor in modern American Cinema" according to the St...
in the movie The Ugly AmericanThe Ugly AmericanThe Ugly American is the title of a 1958 political novel by Eugene Burdick and William Lederer. The novel became a bestseller, was influential at the time, and is still in print...
(1963), in which he played Prime Minister Kwen Sai and spoke both Thai and English. - Established diplomatic ties with China in 1975.
- Named National Artist in Literature 1985.
- Received the Fukuoka Asian Culture PrizeFukuoka Asian Culture PrizeThe is an award established by Fukuoka City and the Yokatopia Foundation to honor the outstanding work of individuals or organizations in preserving or creating Asian culture...
in 1990. - Founded the Khon Thammasat Troupe at Thammasat UniversityThammasat UniversityThammasat University , or in brief TU , is Thailand's second oldest university. Officially established on 27 June 1934, the university was originally named by founder Pridi Banomyong, University of Moral Science and Politics , reflecting the political fervor of the time...
, Khon being the highest form of dance drama in Thai classical dramatic arts.
Acting career
When George EnglundGeorge Englund
George Englund is an American film editor, director, producer and actor. At one time he was married to Cloris Leachman, the actress. He was born in Washington, D.C. Was best friends with Marlon Brando. He wrote a memoir about their friendship.-Television:* Golden Girls television series * The Ugly...
decided to use Thailand as the location for the fictional country portrayed in his film The Ugly American
The Ugly American
The Ugly American is the title of a 1958 political novel by Eugene Burdick and William Lederer. The novel became a bestseller, was influential at the time, and is still in print...
, Pramoj was appointed as cultural advisor to make sure the film accurately portrayed monarchy in a Buddhist country. Englund had difficulty casting the part of the fictional Prime Minister, but he was so impressed by Pramoj's cultural refinement and mastery of English that he offered him the part, saying, "I can't think of anyone who could play it better." Pramoj accepted, saying, according to Englund, "We are all actors anyway, and I think you're right that I could play it better than anyone." Probably because of this, after he became a real-life Prime Minister of Thailand in 1975, the word "Sarkhan" has entered the Thai languague as a nickname of Thailand itself, often with a slight self-depreciating or mocking tone.
M.R. Kukrit Heritage Home
The home that M.R. Kukrit built for himself in Bangkok has been registered by the Department of Fine Arts as 'Home of an Important Person'. It is open to the public on Saturdays, Sundays and official Thai holidays between 10am and 5pm.Standing in 2 acres (8,093.7 m²) of land, surrounded by landscaped gardens, the house is a similar concept to the Jim Thompson House
Jim Thompson House
The Jim Thompson House is a museum in Bangkok. It is a complex of various old Thai structures that the American businessman Jim Thompson collected in from all parts of Thailand in the 1950s and 60s...
in Bangkok. Five small traditional Thai houses were dismantled and reassembled at the present site to make one house. The house is filled with artefacts and books collected by the owner.
Additions to the original house include air conditioning, a modern bathroom, and a lift was installed when the owner became too frail to climb up and down stairs.
The M.R. Kukrit Heritage Home is situated at 19 Soi Phra Pinit, South Sathorn Road
Sathon Road
Sathon Road is a major road that passes through Sathon district in central Bangkok, Thailand. It is an important transportation link between Phra Nakhon and Thonburi sides of Bangkok....
, Sathon
Sathon
Sathon or Sathorn is one of the 50 districts of Bangkok, Thailand. The district is bounded by six other districts : Bang Rak, Pathum Wan, Khlong Toei, Yan Nawa, Bang Kho Laem, and Khlong San ....
District, Bangkok 10120. Tel. +66 (0)2 286 8185. The nearest BTS Skytrain station is Chong Nonsi
Chong Nonsi BTS Station
Chong Nonsi Station is a BTS skytrain station, on the in Bang Rak District, Bangkok, Thailand. The station is located on Naradhiwas Rajanagarindra Road above Chong Nonsi canal, in the heart of Bangkok business area between Sathon and Si Lom Road....
. English speaking guides are available to show visitors around. Photography is not allowed inside the house. The entrance fee is Bt50 for adults and Bt20 for children and students.
Novels
- Sam Kok Chabap Nai Thun (สามก๊กฉบับนายทุน; 1951) ISBN 9749906160
- Phai Daeng (ไผ่แดง; 1954) ISBN 9749906187
- Based on Giovanni Guareschi's 1950 novel The Little World of Don CamilloDon CamilloDon Camillo is the main character created by the Italian writer and journalist Giovannino Guareschi , and is based on the historical Roman Catholic priest, WW II partisan and detainee of the concentration camps of Dachau and Mauthausen, Don Camillo Valota . Don Camillo is one of two protagonists,...
. Translated into English as Red Bamboo in 1961
- Based on Giovanni Guareschi's 1950 novel The Little World of Don Camillo
- Su Si Thai Hao (ซูสีไทเฮา; 1957) ISBN 9749906152
- Jew (ยิว; 1967) ISBN 9749906225
- Si Phaendin (สี่แผ่นดิน) ISBN 9749906209
- Translated into English as Four ReignsFour ReignsThe Four Reigns , a novel by Kukrit Pramoj, shows how individuals in Thai society adjust to change in the face of historic events. The story first develops under the palace life of minor courtiers during a time of absolute monarchy and explicit observance of traditional Buddhist mores...
in 1981 by Tulachandra; ISBN 9747100665
- Translated into English as Four Reigns
- Kawao Thi Bang Phleng (กาเหว่าที่บางเพลง; 1989) ISBN 9749906195
- Based on John WyndhamJohn WyndhamJohn Wyndham Parkes Lucas Beynon Harris was an English science fiction writer who usually used the pen name John Wyndham, although he also used other combinations of his names, such as John Beynon and Lucas Parkes...
's 1957 science fictionScience fictionScience fiction is a genre of fiction dealing with imaginary but more or less plausible content such as future settings, futuristic science and technology, space travel, aliens, and paranormal abilities...
novel The Midwich CuckoosThe Midwich CuckoosThe Midwich Cuckoos is a science fiction novel written by English author John Wyndham, published in 1957. It has been filmed twice as Village of the Damned in 1960 and 1995.-Plot summary:...
. Adapted into a film of the same nameBlackbirds at BangplengBlackbirds at Bangpleng is a 1994 Thai science fiction horror film. Though it is based on a novel by the famous Thai writer and politician Kukrit Pramoj, the story closely mirrors The Midwich Cuckoos by John Wyndham, which itself was adapted into the 1960 film, Village of the Damned.-Plot:A...
in 1994.
- Based on John Wyndham
- Lai Chiwit (หลายชีวิต) ISBN 9746901192
- Translated in English as Many Lives in 1996; ISBN 9747100673
- Khun Chang Khun Phaen (ขุนช้างขุนแผน; 1989) ISBN 9746901664
- Farang Sakdina (ฝรั่งศักดินา) ISBN 9749906233
Plays
- Rashomon (ราโชมอน) ISBN 9749906330
- Based on Akira KurosawaAkira Kurosawawas a Japanese film director, producer, screenwriter and editor. Regarded as one of the most important and influential filmmakers in the history of cinema, Kurosawa directed 30 filmsIn 1946, Kurosawa co-directed, with Hideo Sekigawa and Kajiro Yamamoto, the feature Those Who Make Tomorrow ;...
's 1950 crime mystery film of the same nameRashomon (film)The bandit's storyTajōmaru, a notorious brigand , claims that he tricked the samurai to step off the mountain trail with him and look at a cache of ancient swords he discovered. In the grove he tied the samurai to a tree, then brought the woman there. She initially tried to defend herself with a...
.
- Based on Akira Kurosawa
Collected short stories and essays
- Phuean Non (เพื่อนนอน; short stories, 1952) ISBN 9749906314
- Sapphehera Khadi (สัพเพเหระคดี) ISBN 974923216X
Non-fiction
- Phama Sia Mueang (พม่าเสียเมือง; 1967) ISBN 9749906276, 9746900307
- Huang Mahannop (ห้วงมหรรณพ; 1959) ISBN 9746900609
- Chak Yipun (ฉากญี่ปุ่น; 1962) ISBN 9749906284
- Mueang Maya (เมืองมายา; 1965) ISBN 9746903527
- Khon Rak Ma (คนรักหมา; 1967) ISBN 9746901028
- Wai Run (วัยรุ่น; 1980) ISBN 9749906322
- Thamma Khadi (ธรรมคดี; 1983) ISBN 9749906306
- Khrong Kraduk Nai Tu (โครงกระดูกในตู้) ISBN 9746901311
- Chao Lok (เจ้าโลก) ISBN 9749906268
- Kritsadaphinihan An Bot Bang Mi Dai (กฤษฎาภินิหารอันบดบังมิได้) ISBN 9746901893, 9749906357
- Chang Nai Chiwit Khong Phom (ช้างในชีวิตของผม) ISBN 9746905147
- Phra Phutthasatsana Kap Khuekrit (พระพุทธศาสนากับคึกฤทธิ์) ISBN 9749336410
- Kho Khit Rueang Koet Kae Chep Tai (ข้อคิดเรื่อง เกิด แก่ เจ็บ ตาย) ISBN 9746903829
- Songkhram Phio (สงครามผิว) ISBN 974990625X
- Thok Khamen (ถกเขมร) ISBN 9746901052
- Banthoeng Roeng Rom (บันเทิงเริงรมย์) ISBN 9749906292
- Rueang Kham Khan (เรื่องขำขัน) ISBN 9746905074
- Kep Lek Phasom Noi (เก็บเล็กผสมน้อย) ISBN 9746904892
- Klai Rok (ไกลโรค) ISBN 9746904795
- Khon Khong Lok (คนของโลก) ISBN 9749906241
- Chom Suan (ชมสวน) ISBN 9749906349
- Talat Nad (ตลาดนัด) ISBN 9746904825
- Tham Haeng Ariya (ธรรมแห่งอริยะ) ISBN 9746904736
- Nam Phrik (น้ำพริก) ISBN 9746904833
- Beng Hek Phuu Thuk Kluen Thang Pen (เบ้งเฮ็ก ผู้ถูกกลืนทั้งเป็น; 2001 [Revised]) ISBN 9749906179
- Arokya (อโรคยา) ISBN 9746903357
- Sapphasat (สรรพสัตว์) ISBN 9746904442
- Khon Khong Lok (คนของโลก; 1967) ISBN 9749906241
- The King of Siam speaks, by Seni PramojSeni PramojMom Rajawongse Seni Pramoj was three times the prime minister of Thailand and a politician in the Democrat Party. A member of the Thai royal family, he was a descendant of King Rama II.-Biography:...
and Kukrit Pramoj ISBN 9748298124
- Most Thai were shocked by the portrayal of their revered nineteenth-century king, MongkutMongkutPhra Bat Somdet Phra Poramenthramaha Mongkut Phra Chom Klao Chao Yu Hua , or Rama IV, known in foreign countries as King Mongkut , was the fourth monarch of Siam under the House of Chakri, ruling from 1851-1868...
, in the musical The King and IThe King and IThe King and I is a stage musical, the fifth by the team of Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II. The work is based on the 1944 novel Anna and the King of Siam by Margaret Landon and derives from the memoirs of Anna Leonowens, who became governess to the children of King Mongkut of Siam in...
. The stage and screen versions were based on Margaret Landon's 1944 book entitled Anna and the King of SiamAnna and the King of Siam (book)Anna and the King of Siam is a 1944 semi-fictionalized biographical novel by Margaret Landon.In the early 1860s, Anna Leonowens, a widow with two young children, was invited to Siam by King Mongkut , who wanted her to teach his children and wives the English language and introduce them to British...
. To correct the record, well-known Thai intellectuals SeniSeni PramojMom Rajawongse Seni Pramoj was three times the prime minister of Thailand and a politician in the Democrat Party. A member of the Thai royal family, he was a descendant of King Rama II.-Biography:...
and Kukrit Pramoj wrote this account in 1948. The Pramoj brothers sent their manuscript to the American politician and diplomat Abbot Low Moffat (1901-1996), who drew on it for his biography entitled Mongkut the King of Siam (1961) ISBN 9748298124. Moffat donated the Pramoj manuscript to the Library in 1961. (Southeast Asian Collection, Asian Division, Library of Congress)
Translations
- Jonathan Livingston SeagullJonathan Livingston SeagullJonathan Livingston Seagull, written by Richard Bach, is a fable in novella form about a seagull learning about life and flight, and a homily about self-perfection...
by Richard BachRichard BachRichard David Bach is an American writer. He is widely known as the author of the hugely popular 1970s best-sellers Jonathan Livingston Seagull, Illusions: The Adventures of a Reluctant Messiah, and others. His books espouse his philosophy that our apparent physical limits and mortality are merely...
, translated as Jonathan Livingston Nang Nuan (จอนะธัน ลิวิงสตัน นางนวล; 1973)