Johannes de Garlandia (philologist)
Encyclopedia
Johannes de Garlandia or John of Garland was a philologist
and university teacher. His dates of birth and death are unknown, but he probably lived from about 1190 to about 1270. Of English origin, he studied at Oxford
and then at the medieval University of Paris
, where he was teaching by 1220; he lived and taught on the Left Bank at the Clos de Garlande (whose name survived till recently in the Rue Galande); this is the origin of the name by which he is usually known. The main facts of his life are stated in his long poem De triumphis ecclesiae ("On the triumphs of the Church").
In 1229, he was one of the first Masters of the new University of Toulouse
. His poem Epithalamium Beatae Mariae Virginis was presented in 1230 to the Papal legate Romanus de Sancto Angelo, one of the founders of the university. He was in Toulouse during the turbulent events of 1229-1231, which he describes in De Triumphis. After the death of bishop Foulques of Toulouse
in 1231, the Cathars regained influence at Toulouse, university teachers ceased to be paid, and many considered it too dangerous to remain in the city. Johannes de Garlandia was one of those who escaped, disguising himself as a serf or slave.
He returned to Paris, where Roger Bacon
heard him lecture. He was still there in 1245, writing his poem De triumphis ecclesiae; he finished it in 1252. He was probably still alive in 1270.
Garland's grammatical
works were much used in England, and were often printed by Richard Pynson
and Wynkyn de Worde
. He was also a voluminous Latin poet. The best known of his poems beside the De Triumphis Ecclesiae is Epithalamium beatae Mariae Virginis, contained in the same manuscript, not yet published. Among his other works are his Dictionarius, a Latin vocabulary; Compendium totius grammatices printed at Deventer
in 1489; and two metrical treatises, entitled Synonyma and Equivoca, frequently printed at the close of the 15th century.
A treatise
on alchemy
, Compendium alchimiae, often printed under his name, was by a 14th-century writer named Martin Ortolan, or Lortholain. The 11th century writings on computus
by Garlandus have occasionally been attributed to Johannes de Garlandia.
Philology
Philology is the study of language in written historical sources; it is a combination of literary studies, history and linguistics.Classical philology is the philology of Greek and Classical Latin...
and university teacher. His dates of birth and death are unknown, but he probably lived from about 1190 to about 1270. Of English origin, he studied at Oxford
University of Oxford
The University of Oxford is a university located in Oxford, United Kingdom. It is the second-oldest surviving university in the world and the oldest in the English-speaking world. Although its exact date of foundation is unclear, there is evidence of teaching as far back as 1096...
and then at the medieval University of Paris
University of Paris
The University of Paris was a university located in Paris, France and one of the earliest to be established in Europe. It was founded in the mid 12th century, and officially recognized as a university probably between 1160 and 1250...
, where he was teaching by 1220; he lived and taught on the Left Bank at the Clos de Garlande (whose name survived till recently in the Rue Galande); this is the origin of the name by which he is usually known. The main facts of his life are stated in his long poem De triumphis ecclesiae ("On the triumphs of the Church").
In 1229, he was one of the first Masters of the new University of Toulouse
University of Toulouse
The Université de Toulouse is a consortium of French universities, grandes écoles and other institutions of higher education and research, named after one of the earliest universities established in Europe in 1229, and including the successor universities to that earlier university...
. His poem Epithalamium Beatae Mariae Virginis was presented in 1230 to the Papal legate Romanus de Sancto Angelo, one of the founders of the university. He was in Toulouse during the turbulent events of 1229-1231, which he describes in De Triumphis. After the death of bishop Foulques of Toulouse
Folquet de Marselha
Folquet de Marselha, alternatively Folquet de Marseille, Foulques de Toulouse, Fulk of Toulouse came from a Genoese merchant family who lived in Marseille...
in 1231, the Cathars regained influence at Toulouse, university teachers ceased to be paid, and many considered it too dangerous to remain in the city. Johannes de Garlandia was one of those who escaped, disguising himself as a serf or slave.
He returned to Paris, where Roger Bacon
Roger Bacon
Roger Bacon, O.F.M. , also known as Doctor Mirabilis , was an English philosopher and Franciscan friar who placed considerable emphasis on the study of nature through empirical methods...
heard him lecture. He was still there in 1245, writing his poem De triumphis ecclesiae; he finished it in 1252. He was probably still alive in 1270.
Garland's grammatical
Grammar
In linguistics, grammar is the set of structural rules that govern the composition of clauses, phrases, and words in any given natural language. The term refers also to the study of such rules, and this field includes morphology, syntax, and phonology, often complemented by phonetics, semantics,...
works were much used in England, and were often printed by Richard Pynson
Richard Pynson
Richard Pynson was one of the first printers of English books. The 500 books he printed were influential in the standardisation of the English language...
and Wynkyn de Worde
Wynkyn de Worde
Wynkyn de Worde was a printer and publisher in London known for his work with William Caxton, and is recognized as the first to popularize the products of the printing press in England....
. He was also a voluminous Latin poet. The best known of his poems beside the De Triumphis Ecclesiae is Epithalamium beatae Mariae Virginis, contained in the same manuscript, not yet published. Among his other works are his Dictionarius, a Latin vocabulary; Compendium totius grammatices printed at Deventer
Deventer
Deventer is a municipality and city in the Salland region of the Dutch province of Overijssel. Deventer is largely situated on the east bank of the river IJssel, but also has a small part of its territory on the west bank. In 2005 the municipality of Bathmen Deventer is a municipality and city in...
in 1489; and two metrical treatises, entitled Synonyma and Equivoca, frequently printed at the close of the 15th century.
A treatise
Treatise
A treatise is a formal and systematic written discourse on some subject, generally longer and treating it in greater depth than an essay, and more concerned with investigating or exposing the principles of the subject.-Noteworthy treatises:...
on alchemy
Alchemy
Alchemy is an influential philosophical tradition whose early practitioners’ claims to profound powers were known from antiquity. The defining objectives of alchemy are varied; these include the creation of the fabled philosopher's stone possessing powers including the capability of turning base...
, Compendium alchimiae, often printed under his name, was by a 14th-century writer named Martin Ortolan, or Lortholain. The 11th century writings on computus
Computus
Computus is the calculation of the date of Easter in the Christian calendar. The name has been used for this procedure since the early Middle Ages, as it was one of the most important computations of the age....
by Garlandus have occasionally been attributed to Johannes de Garlandia.
Works
- Ars lectoria ecclesiae, sive Accentarium (c. 1248)
- Commentaria in Doctrinali Alexandri de Villa-Dei
- Commentarius (1246)
- Compendium grammaticae; Clavis compendii (c. 1234)
- Composita verborum
- De mysteriis ecclesiae (1245)
- De orthographia
- De triumphis ecclesiaeDe triumphis ecclesiaeDe triumphis ecclesiae is a Latin epic in elegiac metre, written c. 1250 by Johannes de Garlandia, an English grammarian who taught at the universities of Toulouse and Paris...
(1252) - DictionariusDictionarius (Johannes de Garlandia)Dictionarius is a short work written about the year 1200 by the medieval English grammarian Johannes de Garlandia or John of Garland. For the use of his students at the University of Paris, he lists the trades and tradesmen that they saw around them every day in the streets of Paris, France...
(c. 1220) http://www.uni-giessen.de/gloning/at/john-de-garlande_1981-rubin_dictionarius.pdf - Dictionarius metricus
- Distigium, sive Cornutus
- Epithalamium beatae Mariae virginis (1230)
- Equivoca
- Exempla honestae vitae
- Integumenta super Ovidii Metamorphosin (c. 1234)
- Liber de constructionibus
- Miracula beatae Mariae virginis, sive Stella maris, sive Liber metricus (c. 1248)
- Morale scolariumMorale scolariumMorale scolarium is a book of mildly satirical elegiac poems composed in Latin in 1241 by Johannes de Garlandia, an English grammarian who taught at the universities of Toulouse and Paris. The text includes notes and interlinear glosses written by the author, aimed at students of Latin. Morale...
, sive Opus satiricum (1241) - Nomina et verba defectiva
- Parisiana poetriaParisiana poetriaParisiana poetria is a work by the medieval English grammarian Johannes de Garlandia or John of Garland. Written about 1240, it is a textbook of the writing of Latin prose, classical verse and medieval verse, aimed at his students at the University of Paris....
de arte prosaica, metrica et rhythmica (c. 1234) - Synonyma
- Unum omnium
- Verba deponentalia
Lost works
- Assertiones fidei (c. 1230)
- Conductum de Tholosa (c. 1230)
- Georgica spiritualia (c. 1230)
- Gesta apostolica (c. 1230)
- Memoriale (c. 1234)