Jinpyeong of Silla
Encyclopedia
Jinpyeong of Silla is the 26th king of the Silla Dynasty
, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea
. King Jinpyeong followed in the footsteps of King Jinheung
by reorganizing the central ruling system, and as many conflicts with Baekje
and Goguryeo
arose, sent emissaries to improve relations and strengthen ties between Silla
and the Chinese dynasties Sui
and Tang
. King Jinpyeong is also known for his promotion of Buddhism
as a spiritual guide for the kingdom and encouraging Buddhist teachings.
and his mother Lady Mano, the daughter of Galmunwang
Kim Reepjong. According to the 12c history book Samguk Sagi
, he was big in stature with a notable face, possessed great determination and sharp intelligence as a youth. He ascended to the throne when King Jinji
died in 579.
He married queen Maya, the daughter of Galmunwang
Bokseung. King Jinpyeong was succeeded by his daughter Seondeok
. Another daughter, Princess Cheonmyoung, was the mother of King Muyeol
. According to records in Samguk Yusa
, a third daughter Princess Seonhwa, married King Mu of Baekje. King Jinpyeong also had other sons and daughters through different wives and concubines.
in 579 when King Jinji
was dethroned by opposing nobles (especially Lady Mishil) in the fourth year of his reign. As King Jinpyeong ascended to the throne at the age of 14, the state affairs were mainly managed by powerful ministers (members of the Hwabaek) led by the Sangdaedeung
. In the political turmoil, the Hwabaek set on reorganizing the government and administration bodies, measures continued by the adult king, who also supported the rearrangement of the state from an expansion-oriented system to a bureaucratic political system.
Buddhism was embraced during this era, as King Jinpyeong actively sent envoys and monks to China to study and help in diplomatic relations. Buddhism in Silla developed as a strong nation-protecting religion.
to look after state affairs and in 580, the second year of his reign, appointed Ichan Hujik (hangul:후직, hanja:后稷) as head of the military. King Jinpyeong relied heavily on these two heads of office and was able to solidify his kingdom on both internal affairs and international relations. He also gave the rank of Galmunwang
to his two brothers, solidifying power and support in his court.
King Jinpyeong continued to restructure and reorganize during his reign; in 581 he set up Wihwabu (hangul:위화부, hanja:位和府), an administration department to manage government officials and personnel, and in 583 Seonbuseo (hangul:선부서, hanja:船府署), a department for the management of the country's ships. He established an independent era reign name
in 584, the department Jobu (hangul:조부, hanja:調府) to overlook taxes and obligatory labor, and Seungbu (hangul:승부, hanja:乘府) to manage wagons and coaches. Three officials were appointed to manage the major three palaces in 585, and in 586 the department Yebu (hangul:예부, hanja:禮部) was established to overlook rituals and ceremonies. In 588, he placed Ichan Sueulbu (hangul:이찬 수을부, hanja 伊飡 首乙夫) as the highest government official of Sangdaedeung
, and a special department that looked after foreign diplomats, Younggaekbu (hangul:영객부, hanja:領客府) was set up in 591.
The King also made reforms in the regional counties and prefecture system. New district Bukhansanju (hangul:북한산주, hanja:北漢山州) was set up in preparation of attacks from Goguryeo
in 604, and in 614 Ilseonju (hangul:일선주, hanja:一善州) was set up in preparation against Baekje
.
In 622, King Jinji
's son Kim Yong Chun was appointed as the first Naeseongsasin (hangul:내성사신, hanja:內省私臣), an official who looks after the management of the three major palaces. The reformations continued with the department of the palace guards Siwibu (hangul:시위부, hanja:侍衛府); the department Sangsaseo (hangul:상사서, hanja:賞賜署), which looks after national heroes and their families; and Daedoseo (hangul:대도서, hanja:大道署) which looked after affairs regarding Buddhism.
in 585 to study Buddhism returned in 602 with emissaries, and the monk Wongwang
(hangul:원광, hanja:圓光), who had gone to study in China in 589, also returned with emissaries in 600. The monk Damyuk (hangul:담육, hanja:曇育) also went to study at the Sui Dynasty
in 596, with emissaries and gifts sent from King Jinpyeong.
Emissaries to China including Buddhist monks were continuously sent during King Jinpyeong's reign, and the two countries remained on amicable terms. In 608, when Silla was under attack from Baekje
and Goguryeo
, King Jinpyeong asked for Sui
's aid, with requests written by the monk Wongwang
. Sui complied and joined forces with Silla in their attacks of Goguryeo, and in 613 Emperor Yang of Sui
sent emissaries to Silla who participated in Buddhist ceremonies held by monk Wongwang at Hwangnyong Temple
.
Diplomatic relations with China continued throughout the Sui Dynasty and the following Tang Dynasty
. Gifts were sent with emissaries to Tang in 621 and the Emperor Gaozu
sent silks, folding screens of art with an official statement in return. These diplomatic relations continued in the following years and Silla used this relation to help their defense against Goguryeo by asking for Tang's assistance. Emperor Gaozu of Tang
sent governors to both Silla and Goguryeo in 626 to bring about truce in the two countries, albeit briefly.
and Goguryeo
. In 602, Baekje troops attacked the fortress Amak (hangul:아막성, hanja:阿莫城) but were turned back, and in 603 Gogguryeo attacked the fortress at Bukhansan
(hangul:북한산성, hanja:北漢山城) but were defeated when King Jinpyeong himself joined the battle.
Baekje continued with their attacks in 605, with continuous attacks from Goguryeo as well. King Jinpyeong sent the monk Wongwang
to Sui with request for aid against these attacks in 608. The aid from Sui came after Silla had lost many people and fortresses, and ultimately the joined forces failed in deterring Goguryeo's attacks.
Conflicts with Baekje
escalated in 611, when they attacked the fortress of Gajam (hangul:가잠성, hanja:椵岑城) and claimed it after a brutal battle of 100 days. Baekje continued with their attacks, including the fortress of Mosan (hangul:모산성, hanja:母山城) in 616, Neuknohyeon (hangul:늑노현, hanja:勒弩縣) in 623, and the three fortresses of Sokham (hangul:속함성, hanja:速含城), Gijam (hangul:기잠성, hanja:歧暫城), and Hyeolchaek (hangul:혈책성, hanja:穴柵城)in 624.
In 626 Baekje attacked the fortress of Jujae (hangul:주재성, hanja:主在城), and two additional fortresses were taken with many people taken hostage in 627. In 628, Silla defeated Baekje at the fortress of Gajam and in 629 generals Kim Yong Chun (김용춘), Kim Seo Hyeon (김서현), and Kim Yushin
(김유신) conquered Goguryeo
's fortress of Nangbi (hangul:낭비성, hanja:娘臂城).
and Goguryeo
took its toll on Silla and its people. Drought, famine and disquiet took over the land. Different political views within the ruling nobility were frequent; when King Jinpyeong decided his daughter Princess Deokman
as his heir the division grew even deeper, as many nobles were opposed to the idea of having a queen.
Political dissension reached its peak in May of 631, when Ichan Chilsuk (이찬 칠숙) and Achan Seokpum (아찬 석품) plotted an uprising. The revolt was discovered in advance and both were executed; Chilsuk was beheaded in public and his relatives executed
, while Seokpum was captured and executed by soldiers after running away. With the rebellion appeased, the power was left mainly in the hands of the King's supporters (the most important of them was Kim Yushin
, commander in chief of the royal army from 629), and it was in this political atmosphere that Princess Deokman was able to become Queen.
King Jinpyeong died in 632, in the 54th year of his reign. He is buried in Bomun-dong
, Gyeongju
. His tomb was designated a historical landmark by the Korean government in 1969.
, where the belt is said to be given from the heavens. In 579, when King Jinpyeong ascended to the throne, angels landed on the palace gardens and gave King Jinpyeong a gift from the Jade Emperor
. King Jinpyeong always wore this belt in rituals and ceremonies to the heavens. Along with the 9 story pagoda and statue of Buddha at Hwangnyong Temple
, the jade belt is considered as one of the three main treasures of Silla
. After the fall of Silla, King Gyeongsun
gave the belt to Goryeo
's Taejo
.
, where there is a description of a "fire burning under the ground of Mojiak (hangul:모지악, hanja:毛只嶽) for 9 months during the reign of King Jinpyeong in the year 609". It is assumed that Mojiak is the present region of Youngil, Gyeongsangbukdo, where brown coal is excavated.
Silla
Silla was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, and one of the longest sustained dynasties in...
, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea
Three Kingdoms of Korea
The Three Kingdoms of Korea refer to the ancient Korean kingdoms of Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla, which dominated the Korean peninsula and parts of Manchuria for much of the 1st millennium...
. King Jinpyeong followed in the footsteps of King Jinheung
Jinheung of Silla
King Jinheung was the 24th monarch of Silla, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea.He followed King Beopheung and was followed by King Jinji . Jinheung was the nephew of King Beopheung. King Jinheung was one of the greatest kings of Silla, and was responsible for expanding Silla territory immensely...
by reorganizing the central ruling system, and as many conflicts with Baekje
Baekje
Baekje or Paekche was a kingdom located in southwest Korea. It was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, together with Goguryeo and Silla....
and Goguryeo
Goguryeo
Goguryeo or Koguryŏ was an ancient Korean kingdom located in present day northern and central parts of the Korean Peninsula, southern Manchuria, and southern Russian Maritime province....
arose, sent emissaries to improve relations and strengthen ties between Silla
Silla
Silla was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, and one of the longest sustained dynasties in...
and the Chinese dynasties Sui
Sui Dynasty
The Sui Dynasty was a powerful, but short-lived Imperial Chinese dynasty. Preceded by the Southern and Northern Dynasties, it ended nearly four centuries of division between rival regimes. It was followed by the Tang Dynasty....
and Tang
Tang Dynasty
The Tang Dynasty was an imperial dynasty of China preceded by the Sui Dynasty and followed by the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period. It was founded by the Li family, who seized power during the decline and collapse of the Sui Empire...
. King Jinpyeong is also known for his promotion of Buddhism
Buddhism
Buddhism is a religion and philosophy encompassing a variety of traditions, beliefs and practices, largely based on teachings attributed to Siddhartha Gautama, commonly known as the Buddha . The Buddha lived and taught in the northeastern Indian subcontinent some time between the 6th and 4th...
as a spiritual guide for the kingdom and encouraging Buddhist teachings.
Life
King Jinpyeong was born as Kim Baek-Jeong. His actual birth year is unknown. His father, Crown Prince Dongryun, is the first son of King JinheungJinheung of Silla
King Jinheung was the 24th monarch of Silla, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea.He followed King Beopheung and was followed by King Jinji . Jinheung was the nephew of King Beopheung. King Jinheung was one of the greatest kings of Silla, and was responsible for expanding Silla territory immensely...
and his mother Lady Mano, the daughter of Galmunwang
Galmunwang
Galmunwang was a title used in the early period of the Korean kingdom of Silla. Its precise meaning and function are not known. From Korean sources, namely the Samguk Sagi, it would appear that the title of Galmunwang was granted to very high ranking personages in early Silla and was equivalent to...
Kim Reepjong. According to the 12c history book Samguk Sagi
Samguk Sagi
Samguk Sagi is a historical record of the Three Kingdoms of Korea: Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla. The Samguk Sagi is written in Classical Chinese and its compilation was ordered by Goryeo's King Injong Samguk Sagi (History of the Three Kingdoms) is a historical record of the Three Kingdoms of...
, he was big in stature with a notable face, possessed great determination and sharp intelligence as a youth. He ascended to the throne when King Jinji
Jinji
Jinji may refer to:* Jinji of Silla, 25th monarch of the ancient Korean kingdom of Silla* Gingee, town in Tamil Nadu, India* Gingee Fort, fort in Gingee* Jinji, Tianchang , town in Tianchang City, Anhui, China...
died in 579.
He married queen Maya, the daughter of Galmunwang
Galmunwang
Galmunwang was a title used in the early period of the Korean kingdom of Silla. Its precise meaning and function are not known. From Korean sources, namely the Samguk Sagi, it would appear that the title of Galmunwang was granted to very high ranking personages in early Silla and was equivalent to...
Bokseung. King Jinpyeong was succeeded by his daughter Seondeok
Queen Seondeok of Silla
Queen Seondeok of Silla reigned as Queen of Silla, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, from 632 to 647. She was Silla's twenty-seventh ruler, and its first reigning queen...
. Another daughter, Princess Cheonmyoung, was the mother of King Muyeol
Muyeol of Silla
King Taejong Muyeol , born Kim Chunchu, was the 29th monarch of the southern Korean kingdom of Silla and ruled from 654 to 661. He is credited for leading the unification of the Three Kingdoms of Korea...
. According to records in Samguk Yusa
Samguk Yusa
Samguk Yusa, or Memorabilia of the Three Kingdoms, is a collection of legends, folktales, and historical accounts relating to the Three Kingdoms of Korea , as well as to other periods and states before, during, and after the Three Kingdoms period.The text was written in Classical Chinese, which was...
, a third daughter Princess Seonhwa, married King Mu of Baekje. King Jinpyeong also had other sons and daughters through different wives and concubines.
Reign
King Jinpyeong succeeded his uncle King JinjiJinji of Silla
Geomryun Kim , whose name as king was Jinji, was the twenty-fifth monarch of the ancient Korean kingdom of Silla. His wife was Lady Jido of the Park clan....
in 579 when King Jinji
Jinji of Silla
Geomryun Kim , whose name as king was Jinji, was the twenty-fifth monarch of the ancient Korean kingdom of Silla. His wife was Lady Jido of the Park clan....
was dethroned by opposing nobles (especially Lady Mishil) in the fourth year of his reign. As King Jinpyeong ascended to the throne at the age of 14, the state affairs were mainly managed by powerful ministers (members of the Hwabaek) led by the Sangdaedeung
Sangdaedeung
Sangdaedeung was an office of the Silla state equivalent to the European King's/Queen's Counsel. The Sangdaedeung was chosen from among those men of “true bone” lineage in Silla‘s strict aristocratic social order...
. In the political turmoil, the Hwabaek set on reorganizing the government and administration bodies, measures continued by the adult king, who also supported the rearrangement of the state from an expansion-oriented system to a bureaucratic political system.
Buddhism was embraced during this era, as King Jinpyeong actively sent envoys and monks to China to study and help in diplomatic relations. Buddhism in Silla developed as a strong nation-protecting religion.
Reformations
King Jinpyeong appointed competent new people in important offices as he began his rule and carried out reformations. He placed government official Ichan Noribu(hangul:이찬 수을부, hanja 伊飡 首乙夫) at the highest rank of SangdaedeungSangdaedeung
Sangdaedeung was an office of the Silla state equivalent to the European King's/Queen's Counsel. The Sangdaedeung was chosen from among those men of “true bone” lineage in Silla‘s strict aristocratic social order...
to look after state affairs and in 580, the second year of his reign, appointed Ichan Hujik (hangul:후직, hanja:后稷) as head of the military. King Jinpyeong relied heavily on these two heads of office and was able to solidify his kingdom on both internal affairs and international relations. He also gave the rank of Galmunwang
Galmunwang
Galmunwang was a title used in the early period of the Korean kingdom of Silla. Its precise meaning and function are not known. From Korean sources, namely the Samguk Sagi, it would appear that the title of Galmunwang was granted to very high ranking personages in early Silla and was equivalent to...
to his two brothers, solidifying power and support in his court.
King Jinpyeong continued to restructure and reorganize during his reign; in 581 he set up Wihwabu (hangul:위화부, hanja:位和府), an administration department to manage government officials and personnel, and in 583 Seonbuseo (hangul:선부서, hanja:船府署), a department for the management of the country's ships. He established an independent era reign name
Korean era name
Korean era names were used during the period of Silla, Goguryeo, Balhae, Taebong, Goryeo, Joseon, and the Korean Empire. Dangun-giwon, the era name originating from the foundation of Gojoseon is also widely used in Korea as an indication of long civilisation of Korea.-Goguryeo:#Yeongnak Korean era...
in 584, the department Jobu (hangul:조부, hanja:調府) to overlook taxes and obligatory labor, and Seungbu (hangul:승부, hanja:乘府) to manage wagons and coaches. Three officials were appointed to manage the major three palaces in 585, and in 586 the department Yebu (hangul:예부, hanja:禮部) was established to overlook rituals and ceremonies. In 588, he placed Ichan Sueulbu (hangul:이찬 수을부, hanja 伊飡 首乙夫) as the highest government official of Sangdaedeung
Sangdaedeung
Sangdaedeung was an office of the Silla state equivalent to the European King's/Queen's Counsel. The Sangdaedeung was chosen from among those men of “true bone” lineage in Silla‘s strict aristocratic social order...
, and a special department that looked after foreign diplomats, Younggaekbu (hangul:영객부, hanja:領客府) was set up in 591.
The King also made reforms in the regional counties and prefecture system. New district Bukhansanju (hangul:북한산주, hanja:北漢山州) was set up in preparation of attacks from Goguryeo
Goguryeo
Goguryeo or Koguryŏ was an ancient Korean kingdom located in present day northern and central parts of the Korean Peninsula, southern Manchuria, and southern Russian Maritime province....
in 604, and in 614 Ilseonju (hangul:일선주, hanja:一善州) was set up in preparation against Baekje
Baekje
Baekje or Paekche was a kingdom located in southwest Korea. It was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, together with Goguryeo and Silla....
.
In 622, King Jinji
Jinji of Silla
Geomryun Kim , whose name as king was Jinji, was the twenty-fifth monarch of the ancient Korean kingdom of Silla. His wife was Lady Jido of the Park clan....
's son Kim Yong Chun was appointed as the first Naeseongsasin (hangul:내성사신, hanja:內省私臣), an official who looks after the management of the three major palaces. The reformations continued with the department of the palace guards Siwibu (hangul:시위부, hanja:侍衛府); the department Sangsaseo (hangul:상사서, hanja:賞賜署), which looks after national heroes and their families; and Daedoseo (hangul:대도서, hanja:大道署) which looked after affairs regarding Buddhism.
Buddhism and relations with China
King Jinpyeong was a fervent advocate for Buddhism and many monks made travels to China during his rule while serving diplomatic roles. The monk Jimyeong (hangul:지명, hanja:智明) who went to China's Chen DynastyChen Dynasty
The Chen Dynasty , also known as the Southern Chen Dynasty, was the fourth and last of the Southern dynasties in China, eventually destroyed by the Sui Dynasty....
in 585 to study Buddhism returned in 602 with emissaries, and the monk Wongwang
Wongwang
Won Gwang , also known as Won Gwang Beop Sa meaning "Won Gwang Teacher of the Law", was the name of a renowned Buddhist monk, scholar, and teacher of the Silla kingdom during the reign of King Jinpyeong....
(hangul:원광, hanja:圓光), who had gone to study in China in 589, also returned with emissaries in 600. The monk Damyuk (hangul:담육, hanja:曇育) also went to study at the Sui Dynasty
Sui Dynasty
The Sui Dynasty was a powerful, but short-lived Imperial Chinese dynasty. Preceded by the Southern and Northern Dynasties, it ended nearly four centuries of division between rival regimes. It was followed by the Tang Dynasty....
in 596, with emissaries and gifts sent from King Jinpyeong.
Emissaries to China including Buddhist monks were continuously sent during King Jinpyeong's reign, and the two countries remained on amicable terms. In 608, when Silla was under attack from Baekje
Baekje
Baekje or Paekche was a kingdom located in southwest Korea. It was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, together with Goguryeo and Silla....
and Goguryeo
Goguryeo
Goguryeo or Koguryŏ was an ancient Korean kingdom located in present day northern and central parts of the Korean Peninsula, southern Manchuria, and southern Russian Maritime province....
, King Jinpyeong asked for Sui
Sui Dynasty
The Sui Dynasty was a powerful, but short-lived Imperial Chinese dynasty. Preceded by the Southern and Northern Dynasties, it ended nearly four centuries of division between rival regimes. It was followed by the Tang Dynasty....
's aid, with requests written by the monk Wongwang
Wongwang
Won Gwang , also known as Won Gwang Beop Sa meaning "Won Gwang Teacher of the Law", was the name of a renowned Buddhist monk, scholar, and teacher of the Silla kingdom during the reign of King Jinpyeong....
. Sui complied and joined forces with Silla in their attacks of Goguryeo, and in 613 Emperor Yang of Sui
Emperor Yang of Sui
Emperor Yang of Sui , personal name Yang Guang , alternative name Ying , nickname Amo , known as Emperor Ming during the brief reign of his grandson Yang Tong), was the second son of Emperor Wen of Sui, and the second emperor of China's Sui Dynasty.Emperor Yang's original name was Yang Ying, but...
sent emissaries to Silla who participated in Buddhist ceremonies held by monk Wongwang at Hwangnyong Temple
Hwangnyongsa
Hwangnyongsa, or Hwangnyong Temple, is the name of a former Buddhist temple in the city of Gyeongju, South Korea. Built in the 6th century, it was the center of state-sponsored Buddhism during the Silla and Unified Silla eras...
.
Diplomatic relations with China continued throughout the Sui Dynasty and the following Tang Dynasty
Tang Dynasty
The Tang Dynasty was an imperial dynasty of China preceded by the Sui Dynasty and followed by the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period. It was founded by the Li family, who seized power during the decline and collapse of the Sui Empire...
. Gifts were sent with emissaries to Tang in 621 and the Emperor Gaozu
Emperor Gaozu of Tang
Emperor Gāozǔ of Táng , born Lǐ Yuān , courtesy name Shūdé , was the founder of the Tang Dynasty of China, and the first emperor of this dynasty from 618 to 626. Under the Sui dynasty, Li Yuan was the governor in the area of modern-day Shanxi, and was based in Taiyuan.In 615, Li Yuan was assigned...
sent silks, folding screens of art with an official statement in return. These diplomatic relations continued in the following years and Silla used this relation to help their defense against Goguryeo by asking for Tang's assistance. Emperor Gaozu of Tang
Emperor Gaozu of Tang
Emperor Gāozǔ of Táng , born Lǐ Yuān , courtesy name Shūdé , was the founder of the Tang Dynasty of China, and the first emperor of this dynasty from 618 to 626. Under the Sui dynasty, Li Yuan was the governor in the area of modern-day Shanxi, and was based in Taiyuan.In 615, Li Yuan was assigned...
sent governors to both Silla and Goguryeo in 626 to bring about truce in the two countries, albeit briefly.
Conflicts with Baekje and Goguryeo
Although King Jinpyeong focused on reinforcing defense by building forts and fortresses, and strengthening the military system, Silla was in constant conflict with its two neighbors, BaekjeBaekje
Baekje or Paekche was a kingdom located in southwest Korea. It was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, together with Goguryeo and Silla....
and Goguryeo
Goguryeo
Goguryeo or Koguryŏ was an ancient Korean kingdom located in present day northern and central parts of the Korean Peninsula, southern Manchuria, and southern Russian Maritime province....
. In 602, Baekje troops attacked the fortress Amak (hangul:아막성, hanja:阿莫城) but were turned back, and in 603 Gogguryeo attacked the fortress at Bukhansan
Bukhansan National Park
The Bukhansan National Park in Seoul and Gyeonggi covers an area of and was established on 2 April 1983. Bukhansan means "mountains north of the Han River."...
(hangul:북한산성, hanja:北漢山城) but were defeated when King Jinpyeong himself joined the battle.
Baekje continued with their attacks in 605, with continuous attacks from Goguryeo as well. King Jinpyeong sent the monk Wongwang
Wongwang
Won Gwang , also known as Won Gwang Beop Sa meaning "Won Gwang Teacher of the Law", was the name of a renowned Buddhist monk, scholar, and teacher of the Silla kingdom during the reign of King Jinpyeong....
to Sui with request for aid against these attacks in 608. The aid from Sui came after Silla had lost many people and fortresses, and ultimately the joined forces failed in deterring Goguryeo's attacks.
Conflicts with Baekje
Baekje
Baekje or Paekche was a kingdom located in southwest Korea. It was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, together with Goguryeo and Silla....
escalated in 611, when they attacked the fortress of Gajam (hangul:가잠성, hanja:椵岑城) and claimed it after a brutal battle of 100 days. Baekje continued with their attacks, including the fortress of Mosan (hangul:모산성, hanja:母山城) in 616, Neuknohyeon (hangul:늑노현, hanja:勒弩縣) in 623, and the three fortresses of Sokham (hangul:속함성, hanja:速含城), Gijam (hangul:기잠성, hanja:歧暫城), and Hyeolchaek (hangul:혈책성, hanja:穴柵城)in 624.
In 626 Baekje attacked the fortress of Jujae (hangul:주재성, hanja:主在城), and two additional fortresses were taken with many people taken hostage in 627. In 628, Silla defeated Baekje at the fortress of Gajam and in 629 generals Kim Yong Chun (김용춘), Kim Seo Hyeon (김서현), and Kim Yushin
Kim Yushin
Kim Yushin was a general in 7th-century Silla. He led the unification of the Korean peninsula by Silla under the reign of King Muyeol of Silla and King Munmu of Silla. He is said to have been the great-grandchild of King Guhae of Geumgwan Gaya, the last ruler of the Geumgwan Gaya state...
(김유신) conquered Goguryeo
Goguryeo
Goguryeo or Koguryŏ was an ancient Korean kingdom located in present day northern and central parts of the Korean Peninsula, southern Manchuria, and southern Russian Maritime province....
's fortress of Nangbi (hangul:낭비성, hanja:娘臂城).
Later reign
The continuous battles with BaekjeBaekje
Baekje or Paekche was a kingdom located in southwest Korea. It was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, together with Goguryeo and Silla....
and Goguryeo
Goguryeo
Goguryeo or Koguryŏ was an ancient Korean kingdom located in present day northern and central parts of the Korean Peninsula, southern Manchuria, and southern Russian Maritime province....
took its toll on Silla and its people. Drought, famine and disquiet took over the land. Different political views within the ruling nobility were frequent; when King Jinpyeong decided his daughter Princess Deokman
Queen Seondeok of Silla
Queen Seondeok of Silla reigned as Queen of Silla, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, from 632 to 647. She was Silla's twenty-seventh ruler, and its first reigning queen...
as his heir the division grew even deeper, as many nobles were opposed to the idea of having a queen.
Political dissension reached its peak in May of 631, when Ichan Chilsuk (이찬 칠숙) and Achan Seokpum (아찬 석품) plotted an uprising. The revolt was discovered in advance and both were executed; Chilsuk was beheaded in public and his relatives executed
Nine exterminations
The nine familial exterminations or nine kinship exterminations , literally "family execution" and miè zú , literally "family extermination" or "execution of nine relations") was the most serious punishment for a capital offense in Ancient China...
, while Seokpum was captured and executed by soldiers after running away. With the rebellion appeased, the power was left mainly in the hands of the King's supporters (the most important of them was Kim Yushin
Kim Yushin
Kim Yushin was a general in 7th-century Silla. He led the unification of the Korean peninsula by Silla under the reign of King Muyeol of Silla and King Munmu of Silla. He is said to have been the great-grandchild of King Guhae of Geumgwan Gaya, the last ruler of the Geumgwan Gaya state...
, commander in chief of the royal army from 629), and it was in this political atmosphere that Princess Deokman was able to become Queen.
King Jinpyeong died in 632, in the 54th year of his reign. He is buried in Bomun-dong
Wolseong-dong, Gyeongju
Wolseong-dong is an administrative dong or a neighbourhood in the administrative subdivisions of the Gyeongju City, North Gyeongsang province, South Korea...
, Gyeongju
Gyeongju
Gyeongju is a coastal city in the far southeastern corner of North Gyeongsang province in South Korea. It is the second largest city by area in the province after Andong, covering with a population of 269,343 people according to the 2008 census. Gyeongju is southeast of Seoul, and east of the...
. His tomb was designated a historical landmark by the Korean government in 1969.
King's jade belt
There is a story of King Jinpyeong's jade belt in the book Samguk YusaSamguk Yusa
Samguk Yusa, or Memorabilia of the Three Kingdoms, is a collection of legends, folktales, and historical accounts relating to the Three Kingdoms of Korea , as well as to other periods and states before, during, and after the Three Kingdoms period.The text was written in Classical Chinese, which was...
, where the belt is said to be given from the heavens. In 579, when King Jinpyeong ascended to the throne, angels landed on the palace gardens and gave King Jinpyeong a gift from the Jade Emperor
Jade Emperor
The Jade Emperor in Chinese folk culture, is the ruler of Heaven and all realms of existence below including that of Man and Hell, according to a version of Taoist mythology. He is one of the most important gods of the Chinese traditional religion pantheon...
. King Jinpyeong always wore this belt in rituals and ceremonies to the heavens. Along with the 9 story pagoda and statue of Buddha at Hwangnyong Temple
Hwangnyongsa
Hwangnyongsa, or Hwangnyong Temple, is the name of a former Buddhist temple in the city of Gyeongju, South Korea. Built in the 6th century, it was the center of state-sponsored Buddhism during the Silla and Unified Silla eras...
, the jade belt is considered as one of the three main treasures of Silla
Silla
Silla was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, and one of the longest sustained dynasties in...
. After the fall of Silla, King Gyeongsun
Gyeongsun of Silla
Gyeongsun of Silla was the 56th and final ruler of the Korean kingdom of Silla. A sixth-generation descendant of King Munseong, he was the son of Hyojong by Princess Gyea, who was the daughter of King Heongang...
gave the belt to Goryeo
Goryeo
The Goryeo Dynasty or Koryŏ was a Korean dynasty established in 918 by Emperor Taejo. Korea gets its name from this kingdom which came to be pronounced Korea. It united the Later Three Kingdoms in 936 and ruled most of the Korean peninsula until it was removed by the Joseon dynasty in 1392...
's Taejo
Taejo
Taejo, meaning "great ancestor," is a name often applied to the founders of Korean dynasties. The term may refer to:*Taejo of Goguryeo , born Go Gung, sixth monarch of Goguryeo*Taejo of Goryeo , born Wang Geon, founder of the Goryeo dynasty....
.
Fire of Mojiak
The first record of coal in Korea is said to be the mention in Samguk SagiSamguk Sagi
Samguk Sagi is a historical record of the Three Kingdoms of Korea: Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla. The Samguk Sagi is written in Classical Chinese and its compilation was ordered by Goryeo's King Injong Samguk Sagi (History of the Three Kingdoms) is a historical record of the Three Kingdoms of...
, where there is a description of a "fire burning under the ground of Mojiak (hangul:모지악, hanja:毛只嶽) for 9 months during the reign of King Jinpyeong in the year 609". It is assumed that Mojiak is the present region of Youngil, Gyeongsangbukdo, where brown coal is excavated.
Family
- Father : Crown Prince Dongryun (동륜태자), son of King JinheungJinheung of SillaKing Jinheung was the 24th monarch of Silla, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea.He followed King Beopheung and was followed by King Jinji . Jinheung was the nephew of King Beopheung. King Jinheung was one of the greatest kings of Silla, and was responsible for expanding Silla territory immensely...
- Mother : Lady Mano, family name Kim (만호부인 김씨)
- Brother : GalmunwangGalmunwangGalmunwang was a title used in the early period of the Korean kingdom of Silla. Its precise meaning and function are not known. From Korean sources, namely the Samguk Sagi, it would appear that the title of Galmunwang was granted to very high ranking personages in early Silla and was equivalent to...
Baekban (백반 갈문왕) - Brother : GalmunwangGalmunwangGalmunwang was a title used in the early period of the Korean kingdom of Silla. Its precise meaning and function are not known. From Korean sources, namely the Samguk Sagi, it would appear that the title of Galmunwang was granted to very high ranking personages in early Silla and was equivalent to...
Gukban (국반 갈문왕)- Niece : Princess SeungmanJindeok of SillaQueen Jindeok of Silla reigned as Queen of Silla, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, from 647 to 654. She was the kingdom's 28th ruler, and its second reigning queen following her predecessor Queen Seondeok. During her reign, Silla jockeyed with Baekje for favor in the Chinese Tang court...
(승만공주), later Queen JindeokJindeok of SillaQueen Jindeok of Silla reigned as Queen of Silla, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, from 647 to 654. She was the kingdom's 28th ruler, and its second reigning queen following her predecessor Queen Seondeok. During her reign, Silla jockeyed with Baekje for favor in the Chinese Tang court...
- Niece : Princess Seungman
Wives and issue
- Queen : Queen MayaQueen Maya of SillaQueen Maya was a member of the Silla royal house and the wife and Queen Consort to King Jinpyeong of Silla, 26th King of Silla. She was of the royal Kim clan...
(Hangul:마야부인, Hanja:摩耶夫人). Family name Kim, daughter of GalmunwangGalmunwangGalmunwang was a title used in the early period of the Korean kingdom of Silla. Its precise meaning and function are not known. From Korean sources, namely the Samguk Sagi, it would appear that the title of Galmunwang was granted to very high ranking personages in early Silla and was equivalent to...
Bokseung (Hangul:복승갈문왕, Hanja:福勝葛文王) and Princess Songhwa (Hangul: 송화공주, Hanja: 松華公主) (daughter of Queen Dowager Jiso and Park Yeong-sil)- Daughter : Princess DeokmanQueen Seondeok of SillaQueen Seondeok of Silla reigned as Queen of Silla, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, from 632 to 647. She was Silla's twenty-seventh ruler, and its first reigning queen...
(Hangul:덕만공주, Hanja:德曼公主). Becomes Queen SeondeokQueen Seondeok of SillaQueen Seondeok of Silla reigned as Queen of Silla, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, from 632 to 647. She was Silla's twenty-seventh ruler, and its first reigning queen...
in 632. - Daughter : Princess Cheonmyeong (Hangul:천명공주, Hanja:天明公主). Future Queen Mother Munjeong (문정태후), wife of Kim Yongsu, mother of King MuyeolMuyeol of SillaKing Taejong Muyeol , born Kim Chunchu, was the 29th monarch of the southern Korean kingdom of Silla and ruled from 654 to 661. He is credited for leading the unification of the Three Kingdoms of Korea...
- Daughter : Princess Seonhwa (Hangul:선화공주, Hanja:善花公主 or 善化公主). (There is constant debate over her identity.)
- Daughter : Princess Deokman
- Second queen : Lady Seungman, family name SohnSon (Korean name)Son or Sohn or Shon is a common Korean family name. As of 2000, there are 415,182 people by this surname in South Korea.-origin:*Gui clan of Qi from Shun...
(hangul:승만부인)- Son : Died in childhood
- Royal concubine: Lady Misil (미실). Daughter of Mijinbu (미진부) and Lady Myodo (묘도부인).
- Daughter : Princess Bohwa (보화공주)
- Royal concubine: Princess Bomyeong (보명궁주). Daughter of Gujin(구진) and Queen Mother Jiso (지소태후)
- Daughter : Princess Yangmyeong (양명공주)
- Royal concubine: Princess Taeyang, family name Kim (태양공주 김씨) Daughter of King JinheungJinheung of SillaKing Jinheung was the 24th monarch of Silla, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea.He followed King Beopheung and was followed by King Jinji . Jinheung was the nephew of King Beopheung. King Jinheung was one of the greatest kings of Silla, and was responsible for expanding Silla territory immensely...
and Queen Sado (사도왕후)- Son : Taewon (태원)
- Son : Howon (호원)
- Royal concubine: Princess Boryang, family name Seol (보량공주 설씨). Daughter of BojongBojongLord Bojong was member of Silla's royal family, Hwarang and also the 16th Pungwolju or Gukseon from CE 616 to CE 621.-Biography:...
(보종) and Princess Yangmyeong (양명공주)- Son : Boro-jeongun (보로전군)
- Royal concubine: Princess Nanya, family name Kim (난야공주 김씨). Daughter of King JinheungJinheung of SillaKing Jinheung was the 24th monarch of Silla, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea.He followed King Beopheung and was followed by King Jinji . Jinheung was the nephew of King Beopheung. King Jinheung was one of the greatest kings of Silla, and was responsible for expanding Silla territory immensely...
and Lady Misil- Daughter : Princess Uya (우야공주)
- Royal concubine: Princess Seokmyeong, family name Kim (석명공주 김씨). Daughter of King JinjiJinji of SillaGeomryun Kim , whose name as king was Jinji, was the twenty-fifth monarch of the ancient Korean kingdom of Silla. His wife was Lady Jido of the Park clan....
and Princess Bomyeong- Daughter : Two daughters
- Royal concubine: Lady Hwamyeong (화명부인), family name Kim. Daughter of IhwarangHwarang SegiHwarang segi was a historical record of the Hwarang of the Silla kingdom in ancient Korea. It is said to have been written by Silla historian Kim Daemun 金大問 in the reign of Seongdeok the Great Hwarang segi (lit. Annals of Hwarang or Generations of the Hwarang) was a historical record of the...
and Princess Sookmyeong. - Royal concubine: Lady Okmyeong (옥명부인), family name Kim. Sister of Lady Hwamyeong.
- Royal concubine: Princess Yongmyeong (용명공주), family name Kim (Daughter of King JinheungJinheung of SillaKing Jinheung was the 24th monarch of Silla, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea.He followed King Beopheung and was followed by King Jinji . Jinheung was the nephew of King Beopheung. King Jinheung was one of the greatest kings of Silla, and was responsible for expanding Silla territory immensely...
and Queen Jido
Actors who have played King Jinpyeong
- Park Woong (박웅) : 1992, (삼국기), TV historical drama series from KBS
- Choi Dongjun (최동준) : 2005-2006, Seodongyo (서동요), TV historical drama series from SBS
- Cha Du Ok (차두옥) : 2006, Yeon GaesomunYeon Gaesomun (TV series)Yeon Gaesomun is the title of a television historical drama.In the summer of 2006, the South Korean television station SBS began a 100-episode drama on the life of Yeon Gaesomun. Its production cost was very high, about 40 billion South Korean won....
(연개소문), TV historical drama series from SBS - Cho Minki (조민기) : 2009, Queen Seondeok (선덕여왕), TV historical drama series from MBCMunhwa Broadcasting CorporationMunhwa Broadcasting Corporation Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation (MBC (Hangul : 문화방송주식회사, Munhwa Bangsong Jushikoesa) is one of four major national South Korean television and radio networks. Munhwa is the Korean word for "culture". Its flagship terrestrial television...
See also
- Queen SeondeokQueen Seondeok of SillaQueen Seondeok of Silla reigned as Queen of Silla, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, from 632 to 647. She was Silla's twenty-seventh ruler, and its first reigning queen...
(Queen Seondeok (TV series)Queen Seondeok (TV series)Queen Seondeok is a South Korean historical drama aired on MBC. It chronicles the life of Queen Seondeok of Silla.-MBC official synopsis:...
) - GoguryeoGoguryeoGoguryeo or Koguryŏ was an ancient Korean kingdom located in present day northern and central parts of the Korean Peninsula, southern Manchuria, and southern Russian Maritime province....
- King Pyeongwon (559 - 590)
- King Yeongyang (590 - 618)
- King YeongnyuYeongnyu of GoguryeoKing Yeongnyu of Goguryeo was the 27th king of Goguryeo, the northernmost of the Three Kingdoms of Korea.-Background:He was the younger half-brother of the 26th king Yeong-yang, and son of the 25th king Pyeongwon...
(618 - 642)
- BaekjeBaekjeBaekje or Paekche was a kingdom located in southwest Korea. It was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, together with Goguryeo and Silla....
- King WideokWideok of BaekjeWideok of Baekje was the 27th king of Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. He was the eldest son of King Seong, and rose to the throne upon his father's death.-Background:...
(554 - 598) - King HyeHye of BaekjeKing Hye of Baekje was the 28th king of Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea.The second son of the 26th king Seong, he assumed the throne after the death of his older brother and 27th king Wideok, but reigned only briefly before his own death. The Samguk Yusa describes him as the son of...
(598 - 599) - King BeopBeop of BaekjeBeop of Baekje was the 29th king of Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. He was the eldest son of King Hye. He reigned as Baekje power declined, having lost the Seoul region to the rival Silla kingdom....
(599 - 600) - King MuMu of BaekjeKing Mu of Baekje was the 30th king of Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. He was the son of King Wideok.- Background :...
(600 - 641)
- King Wideok