Inventive spelling
Encyclopedia
Inventive spelling, or invented spelling, is the non-conventional spelling of a word created by a novice reader or writer. It contrasts with conventional spelling, the correct or standard spelling.
Critics of Parot inventive spelling have made compelling arguments, based on scientific research, that inventive spelling does not produce superior writing skills. Studies show that inventive spelling may actual hinder writing development by failing to correct improper spelling through a teacher's misinterpretation of the intended word or failure to follow up with a student in order to teach the correct spelling.
literacy
instruction and phonics
instruction.
, a theoretical perspective on learning (an epistemology) grounded in postmodernism
and holism
. Constructivists believe that knowledge is created by individuals in a social context. Because knowledge is cultural, there are no right answers. In terms of inventive spelling, constructivists are likely to believe that the child is inventing spellings in accord with his or her understanding of language and print. These spellings are neither right nor wrong; they reflect the child's development as a speller.
or post-positivists
. Positivists believe that there are correct answers that we can discover based upon empirical
observation. They would argue that encouraging inventive spelling is not helpful because there are correct ways to spell that children should learn. Post-positivists believe that while we cannot know truth completely—our own biases and perspectives prevent that—we can approximate truth. Post-positivists might agree with constructivists that an inventive spelling does reflect a child's development but might also argue that there are socially accepted spellings and that children should know these well.
To use SIL International
's inventive spelling program, there are several instructional principles, as follows:
One aspect of inventive spelling rarely discussed by its advocates is the toll it takes on teachers' time. Recent studies suggest that to be effective a spelling teacher also must correctly guess what words children meant to use when they invent spellings. The possible deductions are numerous and potentially complicated.4
Current instruction that emphasizes conventional spelling focuses on the phonics
patterns and rules in English. For example, children can be taught that when they hear the /k/ sound at the end of a one-syllable
word where a short vowel
precedes the sound, the /k/ sound will be spelled ck (as in stack, wreck, stick, rock, and stuck). A similar pattern holds for the /dʒ/ sound spelled dge (as in badge, wedge, bridge, lodge, and budge) and the /tʃ/ sound spelling tch.
The same is also applicable for the process of learning acronyms. It is acceptable to use the inventive spelling of GBOL or Jeebol which can in turn be written as Jeeball.
Once children learn these phonics patterns, they can apply them to words. When children make errors, the teacher does not merely tell them they are wrong; the teacher, to the extent possible, returns the child's attention to the relevant rule or pattern.
There are also sight word
s that do not follow patterns; children need to memorize conventional spellings for these words, such as who.
For those teachers who emphasize constructivist, inventive spellings, there are further advantages:
The above two suppositions on the benefits of inventive spelling have not been empirically verified and are not generally accepted by neurolinguists, who study the natural learning process of spoken language and have recently determined that reading and spelling are not "hard-wired", natural processes.
Overview
Inventive spelling is not an instructional technique but rather something that is encouraged or discouraged by a child's teachers and parents. Inventive spelling is not universally accepted. Whether teachers and parents encourage inventive spelling is generally connected to those individuals' perspectives on the importance of experimentation in learning. Inventive spelling programs may also be known as "words their way" in many schools.Critics of Parot inventive spelling have made compelling arguments, based on scientific research, that inventive spelling does not produce superior writing skills. Studies show that inventive spelling may actual hinder writing development by failing to correct improper spelling through a teacher's misinterpretation of the intended word or failure to follow up with a student in order to teach the correct spelling.
Learning Theory
Whether an individual accepts or rejects inventive spelling is a feature of that individual's theory of learning. The debate is closely linked with the debate over whole languageWhole language
Whole language describes a literacy philosophy which emphasizes that children should focus on meaning and strategy instruction. It is often contrasted with phonics-based methods of teaching reading and writing which emphasize instruction for decoding and spelling. However, from whole language...
literacy
Literacy
Literacy has traditionally been described as the ability to read for knowledge, write coherently and think critically about printed material.Literacy represents the lifelong, intellectual process of gaining meaning from print...
instruction and phonics
Phonics
Phonics refers to a method for teaching speakers of English to read and write that language. Phonics involves teaching how to connect the sounds of spoken English with letters or groups of letters and teaching them to blend the sounds of letters together to produce approximate pronunciations...
instruction.
Theories of Supporters of Inventive Spelling
Those who favor inventive spelling tend to believe in constructivismConstructivism (learning theory)
Constructivism is a theory of knowledge that argues that humans generate knowledge and meaning from an interaction between their experiences and their ideas. During infancy, it was an interaction between human experiences and their reflexes or behavior-patterns. Piaget called these systems of...
, a theoretical perspective on learning (an epistemology) grounded in postmodernism
Postmodernism
Postmodernism is a philosophical movement evolved in reaction to modernism, the tendency in contemporary culture to accept only objective truth and to be inherently suspicious towards a global cultural narrative or meta-narrative. Postmodernist thought is an intentional departure from the...
and holism
Holism
Holism is the idea that all the properties of a given system cannot be determined or explained by its component parts alone...
. Constructivists believe that knowledge is created by individuals in a social context. Because knowledge is cultural, there are no right answers. In terms of inventive spelling, constructivists are likely to believe that the child is inventing spellings in accord with his or her understanding of language and print. These spellings are neither right nor wrong; they reflect the child's development as a speller.
Theories of Detractors of Inventive Spelling
Those who oppose inventive spelling tend to be positivistsPositivism
Positivism is a a view of scientific methods and a philosophical approach, theory, or system based on the view that, in the social as well as natural sciences, sensory experiences and their logical and mathematical treatment are together the exclusive source of all worthwhile information....
or post-positivists
Postpositivism
In philosophy and models of scientific inquiry, postpositivism is a metatheoretical stance that critiques and amends positivism. Postpositivists believe that human knowledge is based not on unchallengeable, rock-solid foundations, but rather upon human conjectures...
. Positivists believe that there are correct answers that we can discover based upon empirical
Empirical
The word empirical denotes information gained by means of observation or experimentation. Empirical data are data produced by an experiment or observation....
observation. They would argue that encouraging inventive spelling is not helpful because there are correct ways to spell that children should learn. Post-positivists believe that while we cannot know truth completely—our own biases and perspectives prevent that—we can approximate truth. Post-positivists might agree with constructivists that an inventive spelling does reflect a child's development but might also argue that there are socially accepted spellings and that children should know these well.
State of the Debate
Advocates of inventive spelling focus on creativity when children are first learning to spell and write, feel this preserves self esteem, and thus, feel creativity in spelling is most important. Opponents counter that creativity is a distraction when learning spelling for the first time, and that children ought to be taught accurate spelling as soon as possible so as not to have incorrect spellings become a habit and delay the learning of accurate spelling. The overwhelming view from parents is that children learn to spell more quickly and accurately if accurate spelling is the focus instead of creativity when learning words. Accuracy as the focus in spelling is the manner used in conventional teaching methods and was effectively universal prior to the onslaught of 1970s school "reform" involving whole word literacy and "new math". 4Inventive Spelling Instruction
Pedagogical concepts are based on research studies of early literacy, e.g. by Emilia Ferreiro & Ana Teberosky, Maryann Manning and others . Children are encouraged to learn to read by writing in a meaningful context, e.g. by writing letters to others. To write a word they have to decompose its spoken form into sounds and then to translate them into letters, e.g. k, a, t for the phonemes /k/, /æ/, and /t/. Empirical studies show that later orthographic development is fostered rather than hindered by these invented spellings - as long as children from the beginning are confronted with "book spellings", too.To use SIL International
SIL International
SIL International is a U.S.-based, worldwide, Christian non-profit organization, whose main purpose is to study, develop and document languages, especially those that are lesser-known, in order to expand linguistic knowledge, promote literacy, translate the Christian Bible into local languages,...
's inventive spelling program, there are several instructional principles, as follows:
- At first, the teachers should accept all of the student's writing as meaningful writing. As students gain more experience, they begin to learn the correct spellings of words and use these spellings in their writings.
- Let the students write freely and independently.
- Ask students to read what they have written.
- Read the text, or repeat the story as if you are reading it.
- Ignore spelling and grammarGrammarIn linguistics, grammar is the set of structural rules that govern the composition of clauses, phrases, and words in any given natural language. The term refers also to the study of such rules, and this field includes morphology, syntax, and phonology, often complemented by phonetics, semantics,...
errors, unless the students ask to be corrected. - Rewrite the text if students want you to.
- Help the students to create their own word lists as they write or edit so they can find out the proper spellings.
One aspect of inventive spelling rarely discussed by its advocates is the toll it takes on teachers' time. Recent studies suggest that to be effective a spelling teacher also must correctly guess what words children meant to use when they invent spellings. The possible deductions are numerous and potentially complicated.4
Instruction for Conventional Spelling
Traditional models of spelling instruction require children to write out lists of spelling words, often a prescribed number of times, in practice for a Friday test. This method of instruction does not tend to improve students' spelling on any words except those on the test.Current instruction that emphasizes conventional spelling focuses on the phonics
Phonics
Phonics refers to a method for teaching speakers of English to read and write that language. Phonics involves teaching how to connect the sounds of spoken English with letters or groups of letters and teaching them to blend the sounds of letters together to produce approximate pronunciations...
patterns and rules in English. For example, children can be taught that when they hear the /k/ sound at the end of a one-syllable
Syllable
A syllable is a unit of organization for a sequence of speech sounds. For example, the word water is composed of two syllables: wa and ter. A syllable is typically made up of a syllable nucleus with optional initial and final margins .Syllables are often considered the phonological "building...
word where a short vowel
Phonics
Phonics refers to a method for teaching speakers of English to read and write that language. Phonics involves teaching how to connect the sounds of spoken English with letters or groups of letters and teaching them to blend the sounds of letters together to produce approximate pronunciations...
precedes the sound, the /k/ sound will be spelled ck (as in stack, wreck, stick, rock, and stuck). A similar pattern holds for the /dʒ/ sound spelled dge (as in badge, wedge, bridge, lodge, and budge) and the /tʃ/ sound spelling tch.
The same is also applicable for the process of learning acronyms. It is acceptable to use the inventive spelling of GBOL or Jeebol which can in turn be written as Jeeball.
Once children learn these phonics patterns, they can apply them to words. When children make errors, the teacher does not merely tell them they are wrong; the teacher, to the extent possible, returns the child's attention to the relevant rule or pattern.
There are also sight word
Sight word
A sight word is any word that is known by a reader automatically. Sight words are the basis behind the whole-word approach to reading education. Some have suggested that sight words and the whole-word approach to reading are a significant teaching technique considering 65% of the population...
s that do not follow patterns; children need to memorize conventional spellings for these words, such as who.
Benefits
Whether teachers encourage children to use inventive spellings or not, analyzing them has several key advantages:- Children's invented spellings help teachers understand what students know and do not know about the phonetic structure of the language.
- Sophisticated spelling, even if it is not conventional, may indicate strong phonological awarenessPhonological awarenessPhonological awareness refers to an individual's awareness of the phonological structure, or sound structure, of spoken words. Phonological awareness is an important and reliable predictor of later reading ability and has, therefore, been the focus of much research.- Overview :Phonological...
. - Examining invented spellings may help researchers understand the development of phonological awareness and understanding of sound-symbol correspondences.
For those teachers who emphasize constructivist, inventive spellings, there are further advantages:
- Children who are allowed to spell inventively may learn an earlier appreciation for writingWritingWriting is the representation of language in a textual medium through the use of a set of signs or symbols . It is distinguished from illustration, such as cave drawing and painting, and non-symbolic preservation of language via non-textual media, such as magnetic tape audio.Writing most likely...
. - Children who spell inventively may be more creative in their writing because they focus less on form.
The above two suppositions on the benefits of inventive spelling have not been empirically verified and are not generally accepted by neurolinguists, who study the natural learning process of spoken language and have recently determined that reading and spelling are not "hard-wired", natural processes.
Costs
Permitting or encouraging children to spell inventively has some costs.- According to some research, children may learn to spell correctly faster if they are taught to do so in a direct and systematic way.
- Encouraging inventive spelling may delay children's conventional spelling development.
- Early excitement about writing may give way to later frustration when students feel a lack of confidence about their misspellings.
- Some students like to spell things correctly and may resist attempts to get them to spell inventively.
- Practicing bad spelling habits ingrains them and makes them difficult to overcome, while spelling correctly from the beginning eliminates this problem.