Huang Shaoxiong
Encyclopedia
Huang Shaoxiong or Huang Shaohong was a warlord in Guangxi
province, and governed Guangxi as part of the New Guangxi Clique
, though the later part of the Warlord era
and a leader in the later years of the Republic of China
.
, Guangxi
, China. After the 1911 revolution
he attended Guangxi Military Cadre Training School in Guilin along with Bai Chongxi
, and Li Zongren
. Later he rose to commanded the Model Battalion, a modern professional military formation equipped with machineguns.
In the confused power struggles following the Ao-Gui Wars
, local military figures began to carve out territory in Guangxi
and dominate it. In the southwest were the opium trails from both Yunnan
and Guizhou
that ran through Baise and then down the river to Nanning
, from whence opium usually went out through Wuzhou
, where the trade was financed.
During the Ao-Gui wars, Huang, then the commander of the Model Battalion, attempted to stay neutral and relocated to Baise in the far northwest. By stages, Huang came to control Baise, and with it, the opium trade. Later he expanded his control to Wuzhou, thus locking up the portals through which opium both entered and left Guangxi. By the spring of 1924, the new Guangxi Clique had formed and created the Guangxi Pacification Army. Li Zongren
was the Commander in Chief, Huang the deputy Commander, and Bai Chongxi
the Chief-of-Staff. By August they had defeated and driven the former ruler Lu Rongting
and other contenders out of the province and Huang became the civil governor of Guangxi from 1924 to 1929. He was also interior and transportation minister in the National Government of Chiang Kai-shek
after 1927.
During the Kumul Rebellion
Chiang Kai-shek
was ready to sent Huang Shaohong and his expeditionary force which he assembled to assist Muslim General Ma Zhongying against Sheng Shicai
, but when Chiang heard about the Soviet Invasion of Xinjiang
, he decided to withdraw to avoid an international incident if his troops directly engaged the Soviets, leaving Ma alone with not reinforcements to fight the Red Army.
Later he became chairman of the government of Zhejiang
from 1934 to 1935 and Hubei
from 1936 to 1937. Again from 1937 to 1946 he became chairman of the government of Zhejiang
and commander of the 15th Army of the National Revolutionary Army
. During World War II
, Huang was named deputy commander-in-chief of the 2nd War Zone. After the war, he was named head of the Supervisory Committee and elected member of the Legislative Yuan
(parliament).
During the Chinese Civil War
in the peace talks in March 1949, Huang was one of the Kuomintang
delegates. He and Zhang Zhizhong
agreed to accept the cease-fire conditions submitted by the Communist Party
. When the Kuomintang leadership turned them down later, Huang fled to Hong Kong
and declared his revolt from the KMT and joined the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
(CPPCC) in September 1949.
After the founding of the People's Republic, Huang was elected a member of the State Council
, National People's Congress
, and CPPCC. He was also a member of the Standing Committee of the Kuomintang Revolutionary Committee. During the Cultural Revolution
, he was determined to be a "rightist." Unable to stand the persecution of the Red Guards
, he committed suicide at home on August 31, 1966, in Beijing
.
Guangxi
Guangxi, formerly romanized Kwangsi, is a province of southern China along its border with Vietnam. In 1958, it became the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China, a region with special privileges created specifically for the Zhuang people.Guangxi's location, in...
province, and governed Guangxi as part of the New Guangxi Clique
New Guangxi clique
After the founding of the Republic of China, Guangxi served as the base for one of the most powerful warlord cliques of China: the Old Guangxi clique. Led by Lu Rongting and others, the clique was able to take control of neighbouring Hunan and Guangdong provinces as well...
, though the later part of the Warlord era
Warlord era
The Chinese Warlord Era was the period in the history of the Republic of China, from 1916 to 1928, when the country was divided among military cliques, a division that continued until the fall of the Nationalist government in the mainland China regions of Sichuan, Shanxi, Qinghai, Ningxia,...
and a leader in the later years of the Republic of China
Republic of China
The Republic of China , commonly known as Taiwan , is a unitary sovereign state located in East Asia. Originally based in mainland China, the Republic of China currently governs the island of Taiwan , which forms over 99% of its current territory, as well as Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu and other minor...
.
Biography
Huang was born in 1895, in Rong CountyRong County, Guangxi
Rongxian is a county in Yulin, in the autonomous region of Guangxi, in southern China. Its population is approximately 700,000.Duqiao Mountain , located in Rongxian, is a famous Taoist sanctuary. Other tourist sites include the Zhenwu Pavilion ....
, Guangxi
Guangxi
Guangxi, formerly romanized Kwangsi, is a province of southern China along its border with Vietnam. In 1958, it became the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China, a region with special privileges created specifically for the Zhuang people.Guangxi's location, in...
, China. After the 1911 revolution
Xinhai Revolution
The Xinhai Revolution or Hsinhai Revolution, also known as Revolution of 1911 or the Chinese Revolution, was a revolution that overthrew China's last imperial dynasty, the Qing , and established the Republic of China...
he attended Guangxi Military Cadre Training School in Guilin along with Bai Chongxi
Bai Chongxi
Bai Chongxi , , also spelled Pai Chung-hsi, was a Chinese general in the National Revolutionary Army of the Republic of China and a prominent Chinese Nationalist Muslim leader. He was of Hui ethnicity and of the Muslim faith...
, and Li Zongren
Li Zongren
Li Zongren or Li Tsung-jen , courtesy name Delin , was a prominent Guangxi warlord and Kuomintang military commander during the Northern Expedition, Second Sino-Japanese War and Chinese Civil War...
. Later he rose to commanded the Model Battalion, a modern professional military formation equipped with machineguns.
In the confused power struggles following the Ao-Gui Wars
Guangdong-Guangxi War
The Guangdong–Guangxi War or the First and Second Yue-Gui Wars , occurred between the Chinese Revolutionary Party and the Old Guangxi Clique.-First Yue-Gui War:When Sun Yat-sen, leader of the Chinese Revolutionary Party, attempted to reestablish himself in...
, local military figures began to carve out territory in Guangxi
Guangxi
Guangxi, formerly romanized Kwangsi, is a province of southern China along its border with Vietnam. In 1958, it became the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China, a region with special privileges created specifically for the Zhuang people.Guangxi's location, in...
and dominate it. In the southwest were the opium trails from both Yunnan
Yunnan
Yunnan is a province of the People's Republic of China, located in the far southwest of the country spanning approximately and with a population of 45.7 million . The capital of the province is Kunming. The province borders Burma, Laos, and Vietnam.Yunnan is situated in a mountainous area, with...
and Guizhou
Guizhou
' is a province of the People's Republic of China located in the southwestern part of the country. Its provincial capital city is Guiyang.- History :...
that ran through Baise and then down the river to Nanning
Nanning
Nanning is the capital of the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region in southern China. It is known as the "Green City" because of its abundance of lush tropical foliage.-History:...
, from whence opium usually went out through Wuzhou
Wuzhou
Wuzhou , historically known as Wuchow, is a prefecture-level city in China's Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region.-Geography and climate:Wuzhou is located in eastern Guangxi bordering Guangdong province. It is at the confluence of the Gui River and the Xun River where they form the Xi River; 85% of all...
, where the trade was financed.
During the Ao-Gui wars, Huang, then the commander of the Model Battalion, attempted to stay neutral and relocated to Baise in the far northwest. By stages, Huang came to control Baise, and with it, the opium trade. Later he expanded his control to Wuzhou, thus locking up the portals through which opium both entered and left Guangxi. By the spring of 1924, the new Guangxi Clique had formed and created the Guangxi Pacification Army. Li Zongren
Li Zongren
Li Zongren or Li Tsung-jen , courtesy name Delin , was a prominent Guangxi warlord and Kuomintang military commander during the Northern Expedition, Second Sino-Japanese War and Chinese Civil War...
was the Commander in Chief, Huang the deputy Commander, and Bai Chongxi
Bai Chongxi
Bai Chongxi , , also spelled Pai Chung-hsi, was a Chinese general in the National Revolutionary Army of the Republic of China and a prominent Chinese Nationalist Muslim leader. He was of Hui ethnicity and of the Muslim faith...
the Chief-of-Staff. By August they had defeated and driven the former ruler Lu Rongting
Lu Rongting
Lu Rongting was born in Wuming, Guangxi, China. Originating as a common bandit, Lu became a military commander in Guangxi in the Qing dynasty and suppressed the revolutionary uprising at Zhennan Pass on the Sino-Vietnam border in Pingxiang, Guangxi led by Sun Yat-sen and Huang Xing.However, when...
and other contenders out of the province and Huang became the civil governor of Guangxi from 1924 to 1929. He was also interior and transportation minister in the National Government of Chiang Kai-shek
Chiang Kai-shek
Chiang Kai-shek was a political and military leader of 20th century China. He is known as Jiǎng Jièshí or Jiǎng Zhōngzhèng in Mandarin....
after 1927.
During the Kumul Rebellion
Kumul Rebellion
The Kumul Rebellion was a rebellion of Kumulik Uyghurs who conspired with the Chinese Muslim General Ma Zhongying to overthrow Jin Shuren, governor of Xinjiang. The Kuomintang wanted Jin removed because of his ties to the Soviet Union, so it approved of the operation while pretending to acknowledge...
Chiang Kai-shek
Chiang Kai-shek
Chiang Kai-shek was a political and military leader of 20th century China. He is known as Jiǎng Jièshí or Jiǎng Zhōngzhèng in Mandarin....
was ready to sent Huang Shaohong and his expeditionary force which he assembled to assist Muslim General Ma Zhongying against Sheng Shicai
Sheng Shicai
Sheng Shicai was a Chinese warlord who "ruled" Xinjiang province from April 12, 1933 to August 29, 1944....
, but when Chiang heard about the Soviet Invasion of Xinjiang
Soviet Invasion of Xinjiang
The Soviet invasion of Xinjiang was a military campaign in the Chinese northwestern region of Xinjiang in 1934. White Russian forces assisted the Soviet Red Army.- Background :...
, he decided to withdraw to avoid an international incident if his troops directly engaged the Soviets, leaving Ma alone with not reinforcements to fight the Red Army.
Later he became chairman of the government of Zhejiang
Zhejiang
Zhejiang is an eastern coastal province of the People's Republic of China. The word Zhejiang was the old name of the Qiantang River, which passes through Hangzhou, the provincial capital...
from 1934 to 1935 and Hubei
Hubei
' Hupeh) is a province in Central China. The name of the province means "north of the lake", referring to its position north of Lake Dongting...
from 1936 to 1937. Again from 1937 to 1946 he became chairman of the government of Zhejiang
Zhejiang
Zhejiang is an eastern coastal province of the People's Republic of China. The word Zhejiang was the old name of the Qiantang River, which passes through Hangzhou, the provincial capital...
and commander of the 15th Army of the National Revolutionary Army
National Revolutionary Army
The National Revolutionary Army , pre-1928 sometimes shortened to 革命軍 or Revolutionary Army and between 1928-1947 as 國軍 or National Army was the Military Arm of the Kuomintang from 1925 until 1947, as well as the national army of the Republic of China during the KMT's period of party rule...
. During World War II
World War II
World War II, or the Second World War , was a global conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945, involving most of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis...
, Huang was named deputy commander-in-chief of the 2nd War Zone. After the war, he was named head of the Supervisory Committee and elected member of the Legislative Yuan
Legislative Yuan
The Legislative Yuan is the unicameral legislature of the Republic of China .The Legislative Yuan is one of the five branches of government stipulated by the Constitution of the Republic of China, which follows Sun Yat-sen's Three Principles of the People...
(parliament).
During the Chinese Civil War
Chinese Civil War
The Chinese Civil War was a civil war fought between the Kuomintang , the governing party of the Republic of China, and the Communist Party of China , for the control of China which eventually led to China's division into two Chinas, Republic of China and People's Republic of...
in the peace talks in March 1949, Huang was one of the Kuomintang
Kuomintang
The Kuomintang of China , sometimes romanized as Guomindang via the Pinyin transcription system or GMD for short, and translated as the Chinese Nationalist Party is a founding and ruling political party of the Republic of China . Its guiding ideology is the Three Principles of the People, espoused...
delegates. He and Zhang Zhizhong
Zhang Zhizhong
Zhang Zhizhong was a general in the National Revolutionary Army of the Republic of China. He was born in Chaohu, Anhui, and attended the Baoding Military Academy from which he graduated in 1916...
agreed to accept the cease-fire conditions submitted by the Communist Party
Communist Party of China
The Communist Party of China , also known as the Chinese Communist Party , is the founding and ruling political party of the People's Republic of China...
. When the Kuomintang leadership turned them down later, Huang fled to Hong Kong
Hong Kong
Hong Kong is one of two Special Administrative Regions of the People's Republic of China , the other being Macau. A city-state situated on China's south coast and enclosed by the Pearl River Delta and South China Sea, it is renowned for its expansive skyline and deep natural harbour...
and declared his revolt from the KMT and joined the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
The Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference [], shortened as 人民政协, Rénmín Zhèngxié, i.e. "People's PCC"; or just 政协, Zhèngxié, i.e. "The PCC"), abbreviated CPPCC, is a political advisory body in the People's Republic of China...
(CPPCC) in September 1949.
After the founding of the People's Republic, Huang was elected a member of the State Council
State Council of the People's Republic of China
The State Council of the People's Republic of China , which is largely synonymous with the Central People's Government after 1954, is the chief administrative authority of the People's Republic of China. It is chaired by the Premier and includes the heads of each governmental department and agency...
, National People's Congress
National People's Congress
The National People's Congress , abbreviated NPC , is the highest state body and the only legislative house in the People's Republic of China. The National People's Congress is held in the Great Hall of the People, Beijing, capital of the People's Republic of China; with 2,987 members, it is the...
, and CPPCC. He was also a member of the Standing Committee of the Kuomintang Revolutionary Committee. During the Cultural Revolution
Cultural Revolution
The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, commonly known as the Cultural Revolution , was a socio-political movement that took place in the People's Republic of China from 1966 through 1976...
, he was determined to be a "rightist." Unable to stand the persecution of the Red Guards
Red Guards (China)
Red Guards were a mass movement of civilians, mostly students and other young people in the People's Republic of China , who were mobilized by Mao Zedong in 1966 and 1967, during the Cultural Revolution.-Origins:...
, he committed suicide at home on August 31, 1966, in Beijing
Beijing
Beijing , also known as Peking , is the capital of the People's Republic of China and one of the most populous cities in the world, with a population of 19,612,368 as of 2010. The city is the country's political, cultural, and educational center, and home to the headquarters for most of China's...
.