Hindu units of measurement
Encyclopedia
Vedic and Puranic units of time span from the Paramáńu (about 17 microseconds) to the mahamanvantara (311.04 trillion years). Its clearly given in Hindu Vedic knowledge that the creation and destruction of the universe is a cyclical process and the timespan of the universe (birth and expansion)is 311.04 trillion years. After this time there will be a complete destruction (collapse and death) of the universe over the same amount of time (311.04 trillion years). This cycle repeats forever.
and Jain way of life. Hindu units of measurement are used for teaching yoga practices such as Surat Shabda Yoga for well being. Rishi Kanada, the Hindu seer, first described the constant flux of moving (and falling) objects in his [vaisheshika sutra]. Hindu units of measurement for Mass range from subparticulate (aNuAMsha) and particulate (aNu) to macro-sized (guru).
Surya Siddhanta is a Sanskrit account of the Astronomy knowledge of (MAYA ASURA). The concepts and units of measurements are similar to those in the Veda and is consistently used in Vaidik Astrology to this day. The earliest English Translation of Surya Siddhanta is TRANSLATION OF THE SURYA SIDDHANTÀ BY PUNDIT BA'PU' DEVA SASTRI, AND OF THE SIDDHÀNTA SIROMANI BY THE LATE LANCELOT WILKINSON, ESQ., C. S., REVISED BY PUNDIT BAPU DEVA SASTRI, FROM THE SANSKRIT.
Surya Siddhanta describes Time to be of two kinds; the first is continuous and endless which destroys all animate and inanimate things (which is also the cause of creation and preservation). The second kind is that which can be known. The latter form can be further sub-divided into two kinds:[MU'RTA] (meaning measurable) and [AMU'RTA] (meaning immeasurable), by reason of being macro and micro respectively. MU'RTA begins with [PRA'NA] (the duration of four seconds) and [AMU'RTA] begins with [TRUTI].
Hindu cosmological time cycles are described in verses 11–23 of Chapter 1, Surya Siddhanta
:
(Verse 11). That which begins with respirations
(prāna
) is called real; that which begins with atom
s (truti) is unreal. Six respirations make a vinādi, sixty of these a nādi
.
(12). And sixty nādis make a sidereal
day and night. Of thirty of these sidereal days is composed a month; a civil month (sāvana) consists of as many sunrises.
(13). A lunar month, of as many lunar days (tithi
); a solar (sāura) month is determined by the entrance of the Sun into a sign of the zodiac; twelve months make a year. This is called a day of the devas or demi-gods.
(14). The day and night of the devas and of the asuras are mutually opposed to one another. Six times sixty of them are a year of the devas, and likewise of the asuras.
(15). Twelve thousand of these divine years form a chaturyuga (chatur = Four; yuga = Age/Era); of ten thousand times four hundred and thirty-two solar years.
(16) The difference of the krtayuga and the other yugas, as measured by the difference in the number of the feet of Dharma in each, is as follows :
(17). The tenth part of a chaturyuga, multiplied successively by four, three, two, and one, gives the length of the krta and the other yugas: the sixth part of each belongs to its dawn and twilight.
(18). One and seventy chaturyugas make a manvantara
(Rule of one Manu); at its end is a twilight which has the number of years of a krtayuga, and which is a pralaya (catastrophic end of creation).
(19). In a kalpa (æon) are reckoned fourteen such Manus with their respective twilights; at the commencement of the kalpa is a fifteenth dawn, having the length of a krtayuga.
(20). The kalpa, thus composed of a thousand chaturyugas, and which brings about the destruction of all that exists, is a day of Brahma; his night is of the same length.
(21). His extreme age is a hundred, according to this valuation of a day and a night. The half of his life is past; of the remainder, this is the first kalpa.
(22). And of this kalpa, six Manus are past, with their respective twilights; and of the Patriarch Manu son of Vivasvant, twenty-seven chaturyugas are past;
(23). Of the present, the twenty-eighth chaturyuga, the krtayuga is past; from this point,reckoning up the time, one should compute together the whole number.
The Hindu metrics of time (Kālm Vyavahara) can be summarized as below.
An alternate system described in the Vishnu Purana
Time measurement section of the Vishnu Purana Book I Chapter III is as follows:
The Vishnu Purana
Time measurement section of the Vishnu Purana Book I Chapter III explains the above as follows:
(Two kalpas constitute a day and night of Brahma)
One day of Brahma is divided into 10,000 parts called charanas. The charanas are divided as follows:
The cycle repeats itself so altogether there are 1,000 cycles of mahayugas in one day of Brahma.
The time elapsed since the current Brahma has taken over the task of creation can be calculated as
432000 x 10 x 1000 x 2 = 8.64 Billion Years (2 Kalpa(day and night) )
http://www.sanskrit.org/www/Hindu%20Primer/yugatime.html
8.64 x 109 x 30 x 12 = 3.1104 Trillion Years (1 year of Brahma)
3.1104 x 1012 x 50 = 155.52 Trillion Years (50 years of Brahma)
(6 x 71 x 4320000 ) + 7 x 1.728 x 106 = 1.852 billion years elapsed in first six Manvataras, and Sandhi Kalas in the current Kalpa
27 x 4320000 = 116.640000 million years elapsed in first 27 Mahayugas of the current Manvantara
1.728 x 106 + 1.296 x 106 + 864000 = 3.888 million years elapsed in current Mahayuga
3102 + 2011 = 5113 years elapsed in current Kaliyuga.
So the total time elapsed since current Brahma is
155.52 x 1012 + 1.973x109 + 0.00012053302 = 155,521,972,949,113 Years
The current Kali Yuga began at midnight 17 February / 18 February in 3102 BC
in the proleptic Julian calendar
.
Introduction
Ancient Hindu units of measurement measures are still in current use in present day HinduHindu
Hindu refers to an identity associated with the philosophical, religious and cultural systems that are indigenous to the Indian subcontinent. As used in the Constitution of India, the word "Hindu" is also attributed to all persons professing any Indian religion...
and Jain way of life. Hindu units of measurement are used for teaching yoga practices such as Surat Shabda Yoga for well being. Rishi Kanada, the Hindu seer, first described the constant flux of moving (and falling) objects in his [vaisheshika sutra]. Hindu units of measurement for Mass range from subparticulate (aNuAMsha) and particulate (aNu) to macro-sized (guru).
Surya Siddhanta is a Sanskrit account of the Astronomy knowledge of (MAYA ASURA). The concepts and units of measurements are similar to those in the Veda and is consistently used in Vaidik Astrology to this day. The earliest English Translation of Surya Siddhanta is TRANSLATION OF THE SURYA SIDDHANTÀ BY PUNDIT BA'PU' DEVA SASTRI, AND OF THE SIDDHÀNTA SIROMANI BY THE LATE LANCELOT WILKINSON, ESQ., C. S., REVISED BY PUNDIT BAPU DEVA SASTRI, FROM THE SANSKRIT.
Surya Siddhanta describes Time to be of two kinds; the first is continuous and endless which destroys all animate and inanimate things (which is also the cause of creation and preservation). The second kind is that which can be known. The latter form can be further sub-divided into two kinds:[MU'RTA] (meaning measurable) and [AMU'RTA] (meaning immeasurable), by reason of being macro and micro respectively. MU'RTA begins with [PRA'NA] (the duration of four seconds) and [AMU'RTA] begins with [TRUTI].
Hindu cosmological time cycles are described in verses 11–23 of Chapter 1, Surya Siddhanta
Surya Siddhanta
The Surya Siddhanta is one of the earliest siddhanta in archeo-astronomy of the Hindus by an unknown author. It describes the archeo-astronomy theories, principles and methods of the ancient Hindus. This siddhanta is supposed to be the knowledge that the Sun god gave to an Asura called Maya. Asuras...
:
(Verse 11). That which begins with respirations
Respiration (physiology)
'In physiology, respiration is defined as the transport of oxygen from the outside air to the cells within tissues, and the transport of carbon dioxide in the opposite direction...
(prāna
Prana
Prana is the Sanskrit word for "vital life" .It is one of the five organs of vitality or sensation, viz. prana "breath", vac "speech", chakshus "sight", shrotra "hearing", and manas "thought" Prana is the Sanskrit word for "vital life" (from the root "to fill", cognate to Latin plenus...
) is called real; that which begins with atom
Atom
The atom is a basic unit of matter that consists of a dense central nucleus surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged electrons. The atomic nucleus contains a mix of positively charged protons and electrically neutral neutrons...
s (truti) is unreal. Six respirations make a vinādi, sixty of these a nādi
Nadi
Nadi is the third-largest conurbation in Fiji. It is located on the western side of the main island of Viti Levu, and had a population of 42,284 at the most recent census, in 2007. Nadi is multiracial with many of its inhabitants Indian or Fijian, along with a large transient population of foreign...
.
(12). And sixty nādis make a sidereal
Sidereal
Sidereal, of the stars, may refer to:* Measurements of time:** Sidereal time** Sidereal day** Sidereal month** Sidereal year* Sidereal period of an object orbiting a star* Sidereal astrology...
day and night. Of thirty of these sidereal days is composed a month; a civil month (sāvana) consists of as many sunrises.
(13). A lunar month, of as many lunar days (tithi
Tithi
In vedic timekeeping, a tithi is a lunar day, or the time it takes for the longitudinal angle between the moon and the sun to increase by 12°. Tithis begin at varying times of day and vary in duration from approximately 19 to approximately 26 hours. There are 30 tithis in each lunar month, named...
); a solar (sāura) month is determined by the entrance of the Sun into a sign of the zodiac; twelve months make a year. This is called a day of the devas or demi-gods.
(14). The day and night of the devas and of the asuras are mutually opposed to one another. Six times sixty of them are a year of the devas, and likewise of the asuras.
(15). Twelve thousand of these divine years form a chaturyuga (chatur = Four; yuga = Age/Era); of ten thousand times four hundred and thirty-two solar years.
(16) The difference of the krtayuga and the other yugas, as measured by the difference in the number of the feet of Dharma in each, is as follows :
(17). The tenth part of a chaturyuga, multiplied successively by four, three, two, and one, gives the length of the krta and the other yugas: the sixth part of each belongs to its dawn and twilight.
(18). One and seventy chaturyugas make a manvantara
Manvantara
Manvantara or Manuvantara , or age of a Manu , the Hindu progenitor of mankind, is an astronomical period of time measurement. Manvantara is a Sanskrit sandhi, a combination of words manu and antara, manu-antara or manvantara, literally meaning the duration of a Manu, or his life span .Each...
(Rule of one Manu); at its end is a twilight which has the number of years of a krtayuga, and which is a pralaya (catastrophic end of creation).
(19). In a kalpa (æon) are reckoned fourteen such Manus with their respective twilights; at the commencement of the kalpa is a fifteenth dawn, having the length of a krtayuga.
(20). The kalpa, thus composed of a thousand chaturyugas, and which brings about the destruction of all that exists, is a day of Brahma; his night is of the same length.
(21). His extreme age is a hundred, according to this valuation of a day and a night. The half of his life is past; of the remainder, this is the first kalpa.
(22). And of this kalpa, six Manus are past, with their respective twilights; and of the Patriarch Manu son of Vivasvant, twenty-seven chaturyugas are past;
(23). Of the present, the twenty-eighth chaturyuga, the krtayuga is past; from this point,reckoning up the time, one should compute together the whole number.
Time
Sidereal metrics
- a Paramaanus (परमाणु) is the normal interval of blinkBlinkBlinking is the rapid closing and opening of the eyelid. It is an essential function of the eye that helps spread tears across and remove irritants from the surface of the cornea and conjunctiva. Blink speed can be affected by elements such as fatigue, eye injury, medication, and disease...
ing in humans, or approximately 4 seconds - a vighati (विघटि) is 6 paramaanus, or approximately 24 seconds.
- a Pal (पल) is 60 Vipal. It is equal to 1 vighati (विघटि)
- a ghadiya (घटि) is 60 vighatis, or approximately 24 minutes
- a muhurtaMuhurtaMuhurta is a Hindu unit of measurement for time in the Hindu calendar . A Muhurta equals 2 Ghadiyas or approximately 48 minutes. It is stated in Manu Samhita that eighteen nimeshas , thirty kashthas one kala, thirty kalas one muhurta, and as many one day and night.- Muhurtas :The following...
(मुहूर्त) is equal to 2 ghadiyas, or approximately 48 minutes - a nakshatra ahoratram (नक्षत्र अहोरत्रम्) or sidereal day is exactly equal to 30 muhurtas (Note: A day is considered to begin and end at sunrise, not midnight.)
An alternate system described in the Vishnu Purana
Vishnu Purana
The Vishnu Purana is a religious Hindu text and one of the eighteen Mahapuranas. It is considered one of the most important Puranas and has been given the name Puranaratna...
Time measurement section of the Vishnu Purana Book I Chapter III is as follows:
- 10 blinks of the eye = 1 Kásht́há
- 35 Kásht́hás = 1 Kalá
- 20 Kalás = 1 Muhúrtta
- 30 Muhúrttas = 1 day (24 hours)
- 30 days = 1 month
- 6 months = 1 Ayana
- 2 Ayanas = 1 year or one day (day + night) of the gods
Small units of time used in the Vedas
- a Paramáńu (about 16.8 microseconds)
- a Ańu is 2 paramáńus
- a Trasareńu is 3 Ańus
- a truti is 3 trasarenus, or about 1/3290th of a second.
- a vedha is 100 trutis.
- a lava is 3 vedhas.
- a nimesha is 3 lavas, or a blink.
- a kshanas is 3 nimeshas.
- a kashthas is 5 kshanas, or about 4.1 seconds.
- a laghu is 15 kashthas, or about 1 minute.
- 15 laghus make one nadika, which is also called a danda.
- 2 dandas make one muhurtaMuhurtaMuhurta is a Hindu unit of measurement for time in the Hindu calendar . A Muhurta equals 2 Ghadiyas or approximately 48 minutes. It is stated in Manu Samhita that eighteen nimeshas , thirty kashthas one kala, thirty kalas one muhurta, and as many one day and night.- Muhurtas :The following...
. - 6 or 7 muhurtas make one yama, or 1/4 of a day or night (according to the Bhágavata and the Brahma Vaivartta Purana. The actual number would have to be slightly less than 6 muhurtas per yama for consistency (6 times 35/36ths).)
- 4 praharas or 4 yamas are in each day or each night. (8 in a full day)http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/vp/vp037.htm#fn_152
Lunar metrics
- a tithiTithiIn vedic timekeeping, a tithi is a lunar day, or the time it takes for the longitudinal angle between the moon and the sun to increase by 12°. Tithis begin at varying times of day and vary in duration from approximately 19 to approximately 26 hours. There are 30 tithis in each lunar month, named...
(or thithi ) or lunar dayLunar dayIn space exploration, a lunar day is the period of time it takes for the Earth's Moon to complete one full rotation on its axis with respect to the Sun. Equivalently, it is the time it takes the Moon to make one complete orbit around the Earth and come back to the same phase...
is defined as the time it takes for the longitudinalLongitudeLongitude is a geographic coordinate that specifies the east-west position of a point on the Earth's surface. It is an angular measurement, usually expressed in degrees, minutes and seconds, and denoted by the Greek letter lambda ....
angleAngleIn geometry, an angle is the figure formed by two rays sharing a common endpoint, called the vertex of the angle.Angles are usually presumed to be in a Euclidean plane with the circle taken for standard with regard to direction. In fact, an angle is frequently viewed as a measure of an circular arc...
between the moonMoonThe Moon is Earth's only known natural satellite,There are a number of near-Earth asteroids including 3753 Cruithne that are co-orbital with Earth: their orbits bring them close to Earth for periods of time but then alter in the long term . These are quasi-satellites and not true moons. For more...
and the Sun to increase by 12°Degree (angle)A degree , usually denoted by ° , is a measurement of plane angle, representing 1⁄360 of a full rotation; one degree is equivalent to π/180 radians...
. Tithis begin at varying times of day and vary in duration from approximately 19 to approximately 26 hours. - a paksa (also pakshaPakshaPaksha , is a fortnight in a month of the Hindu lunar calendar. Literally meaning side or period, that is either side of the Full Moon Day or Purnima...
) or lunar fortnight consists of 15 tithis - a masa or lunar monthLunar monthIn lunar calendars, a lunar month is the time between two identical syzygies . There are many variations. In Middle-Eastern and European traditions, the month starts when the young crescent moon becomes first visible at evening after conjunction with the Sun one or two days before that evening...
(approximately 29.5 days) is divided into 2 pakshas: the one between new moonNew moonIn astronomical terminology, the new moon is the lunar phase that occurs when the Moon, in its monthly orbital motion around Earth, lies between Earth and the Sun, and is therefore in conjunction with the Sun as seen from Earth...
and full moonFull moonFull moon lunar phase that occurs when the Moon is on the opposite side of the Earth from the Sun. More precisely, a full moon occurs when the geocentric apparent longitudes of the Sun and Moon differ by 180 degrees; the Moon is then in opposition with the Sun.Lunar eclipses can only occur at...
(waxing) is called gaura (bright) or shukla paksha; the one between full moon and new moon (waning) krishna (dark) paksha - a ritu (or season) is 2 masa
- an ayanam is 3 rituhs
- a year is 2 Aayanas http://vedabase.net/sb/3/11/11/en1
Tropical metrics
- a yaama (याम) is 7½ Ghatis (घटि)
- 8 yaamas 1 half of the day (either day or night)
- an ahoratram is a tropical day (Note: A day is considered to begin and end at sunriseSunriseSunrise is the instant at which the upper edge of the Sun appears above the horizon in the east. Sunrise should not be confused with dawn, which is the point at which the sky begins to lighten, some time before the sun itself appears, ending twilight...
, not midnight.)
Reckoning of time amongst the pitrs (ancestors)
- 1 human fortnight (14 days) = 1 day of the pitrs
- 30 days of the pitrs = 1 month of the pitrs = (14 x 30 = 420 human days)
- 12 months of the pitrs = 1 year of the pitrs = (12 months of pitrs x 420 human days = 5040 human days)
- The lifespan of the pitrs is 100 years of the pitrs (= 36,000 pitr days = 504,000 human days)
Reckoning of time amongst the Devas
- 1 human year = 1 day of the Devas.
- 30 days of the Devas = 1 month of the Devas. (= 30 human years)
- 12 months of the Devas = 1 year of the Devas = 1 divine year (= 360 human years)
- The lifespan of the Devas is 100 years of the Devas (= 36,000 human years)
The Vishnu Purana
Vishnu Purana
The Vishnu Purana is a religious Hindu text and one of the eighteen Mahapuranas. It is considered one of the most important Puranas and has been given the name Puranaratna...
Time measurement section of the Vishnu Purana Book I Chapter III explains the above as follows:
- 2 Ayanas (six month periods, see above) = 1 human year or 1 day of the devas
- 4,000 + 400 + 400 = 4,800 divine years (= 1,728,000 human years) = 1 Krita Yuga
- 3,000 + 300 + 300 = 3,600 divine years (= 1,296,000 human years) = 1 Tretá Yuga
- 2,000 + 200 + 200 = 2,400 divine years (= 864,000 human years) = 1 Dwápara Yuga
- 1,000 + 100 + 100 = 1,200 divine years (= 432,000 human years) = 1 Kali Yuga
- 12,000 divine year = 4 Yugas (= 4,320,000 human years) = 1 Mahayuga (also called divine yuga)
Reckoning of time for Brahma
- 1000 Mahayugas = 1 kalpa = 1 day (day only) of Brahma
(Two kalpas constitute a day and night of Brahma)
- 30 days of Brahma = 1 month of Brahma (259.2 billion human years)
- 12 months of Brahma = 1 year of Brahma (3.1104 trillion human years)
- 50 years of Brahma = 1 Pararddha
- 2 parardhas = 100 years of Brahma = 1 Para = 1 Mahakalpa (the lifespan of Brahma)(311.04 trillion human years)
One day of Brahma is divided into 10,000 parts called charanas. The charanas are divided as follows:
| 4 charanas (1,728,000 solar years) | Satya Yuga Satya Yuga The Satya Yuga , also called Sat Yuga, Krta Yuga and Krita Yuga in Hinduism, is the "Yuga of Truth", when mankind is governed by gods, and every manifestation or work is close to the purest ideal and mankind will allow intrinsic goodness to rule supreme... |
| 3 charanas (1,296,000 solar years) | Treta Yuga Treta Yuga Treta Yuga is the second out of four yugas, or ages of mankind, in the religion of Hinduism, and follows the Satya Yuga of perfect morality and precedes the Dvapara Yuga. The most famous events in this yuga were Lord Vishnu's fifth, sixth and seventh incarnations as Vamana, Parashurama and... |
| 2 charanas (864,000 solar years) | Dwapar Yuga |
| 1 charanas (432,000 solar years) | Kali Yuga Kali Yuga Kali Yuga is the last of the four stages that the world goes through as part of the cycle of yugas described in the Indian scriptures. The other ages are Satya Yuga, Treta Yuga and Dvapara Yuga... |
| Source: http://vedabase.net/sb/3/11/19/en1 | |
The cycle repeats itself so altogether there are 1,000 cycles of mahayugas in one day of Brahma.
- One cycle of the above four yugas is one mahayuga (4.32 million solar years)
- as is confirmed by the Gita statement "sahasra-yuga paryantam ahar-yad brahmano viduh", meaning, a day of brahma is of 1000 mahayugas. Thus a day of Brahma, kalpa, is of duration: 4.32 billion solar years. Two kalpas constitute a day and night of Brahma
- A manvantara consists of 71 mahayugas (306,720,000 solar years). Each Manvantara is ruled by a Manu.
- After each manvantara follows one Sandhi Kala of the same duration as a Krita Yuga (1,728,000 = 4 Charana). (It is said that during a Sandhi Kala, the entire earth is submerged in water.)
- A kalpa consists of a period of 1,728,000 solar years called Adi Sandhi, followed by 14 manvantaras and Sandhi Kalas.
- A day of Brahma equals
-
- (14 times 71 mahayugas) + (15 x 4 Charanas)
-
- = 994 mahayugas + (60 Charanas)
-
- = 994 mahayugas + (6 x 10) Charanas
-
- = 994 mahayugas + 6 mahayugas
-
- = 1,000 mahayugas
Our current date
Currently, 50 years of Brahma have elapsed and we are in the first Day of the 51st year. This Brahma's day, Kalpa, is named as ShvetaVaraha Kalpa. Within this Day, six Manvantaras have already elapsed and we are in the seventh Manavatara, named as - Vaivasvatha Manvantara (or Sraddhadeva Manavatara). Within the Vaivasvatha Manavantara, 27 Mahayugas (4 Yugas together is a Mahayuga), and the Krita, Treta and Dwapara Yugas of the 28th Mahayuga have elapsed. We are in the Kaliyuga of the 28th Mahayuga. This Kaliyuga began in the year 3102 BC in the proleptic Julian Calendar. Since 50 years of Brahma have already elapsed, we are in the second Parardha, also called as Dvithiya Parardha.The time elapsed since the current Brahma has taken over the task of creation can be calculated as
432000 x 10 x 1000 x 2 = 8.64 Billion Years (2 Kalpa(day and night) )
http://www.sanskrit.org/www/Hindu%20Primer/yugatime.html
8.64 x 109 x 30 x 12 = 3.1104 Trillion Years (1 year of Brahma)
3.1104 x 1012 x 50 = 155.52 Trillion Years (50 years of Brahma)
(6 x 71 x 4320000 ) + 7 x 1.728 x 106 = 1.852 billion years elapsed in first six Manvataras, and Sandhi Kalas in the current Kalpa
27 x 4320000 = 116.640000 million years elapsed in first 27 Mahayugas of the current Manvantara
1.728 x 106 + 1.296 x 106 + 864000 = 3.888 million years elapsed in current Mahayuga
3102 + 2011 = 5113 years elapsed in current Kaliyuga.
So the total time elapsed since current Brahma is
155.52 x 1012 + 1.973x109 + 0.00012053302 = 155,521,972,949,113 Years
The current Kali Yuga began at midnight 17 February / 18 February in 3102 BC
32nd century BC
-Events:* c. 3150 BC: Narmer started to rule in Ancient Egypt.* c. 3125 BC: Narmer died.* 3102 BC: The Beginning of Kali Yuga according to Vedic Scriptures....
in the proleptic Julian calendar
Proleptic Julian calendar
The proleptic Julian calendar is produced by extending the Julian calendar to dates preceding AD 4 when its quadrennial leap year stabilized. The leap years actually observed between its official implementation in 45 BC and AD 4 were erratic, see the Julian calendar article for details.A calendar...
.
See also
- Age of the universeAge of the universeThe age of the universe is the time elapsed since the Big Bang posited by the most widely accepted scientific model of cosmology. The best current estimate of the age of the universe is 13.75 ± 0.13 billion years within the Lambda-CDM concordance model...
- CosmologyCosmologyCosmology is the discipline that deals with the nature of the Universe as a whole. Cosmologists seek to understand the origin, evolution, structure, and ultimate fate of the Universe at large, as well as the natural laws that keep it in order...
- Hindu astronomyHindu astronomyHistorical Indian astronomy develops as a discipline of Vedanga or one of the "auxiliary disciplines" associated with the study of the Vedas.The oldest extant text of astronomy is the treatise by Lagadha, dated to the Mauryan era ....
- Hindu calendarHindu calendarThe hindu calendar used in ancient times has undergone many changes in the process of regionalization, and today there are several regional Indian calendars, as well as an Indian national calendar. Nepali calendar, Bengali calendar, Malayalam calendar, Tamil calendar, Telugu calendar, Kannada...
- Indian mathematicsIndian mathematicsIndian mathematics emerged in the Indian subcontinent from 1200 BCE until the end of the 18th century. In the classical period of Indian mathematics , important contributions were made by scholars like Aryabhata, Brahmagupta, and Bhaskara II. The decimal number system in use today was first...
- Indian science and technology
- Jyotish
- List of numbers in Hindu scriptures
- MinuteMinuteA minute is a unit of measurement of time or of angle. The minute is a unit of time equal to 1/60th of an hour or 60 seconds. In the UTC time scale, a minute on rare occasions has 59 or 61 seconds; see leap second. The minute is not an SI unit; however, it is accepted for use with SI units...
- SecondSecondThe second is a unit of measurement of time, and is the International System of Units base unit of time. It may be measured using a clock....
- UniverseUniverseThe Universe is commonly defined as the totality of everything that exists, including all matter and energy, the planets, stars, galaxies, and the contents of intergalactic space. Definitions and usage vary and similar terms include the cosmos, the world and nature...
- Vedanga JyotishaVedanga JyotishaThe ' is an Indian text on Jyotisha, redacted by Lagadha .The text is foundational to the Vedanga discipline of Jyotisha. It is dated to the final centuries BCE...
- VedasVedasThe Vedas are a large body of texts originating in ancient India. Composed in Vedic Sanskrit, the texts constitute the oldest layer of Sanskrit literature and the oldest scriptures of Hinduism....
- YojanaYojanaA Yojana is a Vedic measure of distance used in ancient India. The exact measurement is disputed amongst scholars with distances being given between 6 to 15 kilometers ....