Hardan al-Tikriti
Encyclopedia
Hardan ’Abdul Ghaffar al-Tikriti (1925–30 March 1971) was a senior Iraqi Air Force
commander, Iraqi politician and ambassador who was assassinated on the orders of Saddam Hussein
, the then vice chairman of the Iraqi Revolutionary Command Council
.
. His father was a police officer, a Sunni
Arab and a member of the tribe of Al-Shiyasha.
. In 1961, Hardan joined the Baath Party
and he played a key role in both the 1963 and 1968 revolutions in Iraq.
By the start of 1963, Hardan was the commander of the Iraqi Air Force base near Mosul
. On 8 March 1963, with the Baath Party fighting to gain control of Syria
, Hardan ordered an air attack on the part of the Syrian air base at Aleppo that was in the hands of supporters of the old government. However, whilst the strike aircraft were en route, the Syrian Baathists took the air base and the attack was cancelled.
During the period in 1963 when the Baathists were in power in Iraq, Hardan was appointed as commander of the entire Iraqi Air Force. However, when the President Abdul Salam Arif
withdrew his support from the Baath Party in late 1963, Hardan followed suit. Hardan then relinquished his command and was appointed Defence Minister in which capacity he served from November 1963 until March 1964.
, Salih Mahdi Ammash, Abd al-Sattar, Abd al-Latif, Mundhir al-Wandawi, Makki al-Hashimi, TahirYahya, and Hardan al-Tikriti. Abd al-Karim Qasim was to be removed from his position in office and to do this the communist commander of the Air Force, Jalal al-Awqati, had to be killed. They also believed that the capture of Qasim and his sentencing to death was necessary for the transfer of power to take place. On 8 February after Qasim’s seat was captured by members of the coup, he was killed and his body was displayed on television for all of Iraq to see. Abd al-Salam Arif was the person placed into the Presidential seat by the National Command of the Revolutionary Council (NCRC) after the February 8th events. He appointed Ahmad Hasan al-Bakr, a devoted Ba’thists, to be his vice president and Ali Salih al-Sa’di as his Minister of the Interior. Although Abd al-Salam Arif was the President, al-Sa’di managed to maintain most power among the three because he was the leader of the Ba’thist Party at the time. Bakr was also a member of the Ba’th Party; Arif, on the other hand, was not. The government setup with Arif, Sa’di, and Bakr had no firm foundation because of the way that these men assumed their positions (the coup) of power. There was also an inability to find stability and common agreement among the three men. Opposing views began to surface as a result of unresolved opinions regarding the direction of the state of Iraq and an imbalance of power between Arif, Bakr, and Sa’di.
On 18 November 1963 Hardan would once again assist in a power transfer, this time it was in collusion with the current President of Iraq, Abd al-Salam Arif. Arif wanted to regain control of the state that was handed to him by the NCRC so he brought Hardan and General Tahir Yahya together to launch an attack on the National Guard currently residing in Baghdad. Arif managed to regain his control over the state after the attack also making the decision to remove Sa’di from the government because he had become a threat to Arif and the Iraqi people. Sa’di was accused of attempts to spread Socialism throughout the state corrupting the government setup that Arif had in play. On November 11, after being asked to step down from his position in government as Minister of Interior, Sa’di refused and went on with his plans to attend the Extraordinary Regional Conference. At the conference he planned to have Hardan al-Tikriti, along with others who threatened his power and intentions, removed from their political positions. Instead Sa’di was met by the National Guard who arrested him and the rest of his supporters, forcing them onto a plane set to leave the state and land in Madrid.
to inform him that he had been removed from office. Hardan then escorted Arif to the airport where the deposed Prime Minister was flown out of the country.
.
Although Hardan was promoted in office there was still one remaining man ahead of him with the power to control him, Sa’dun Ghaidan. In order to change this, Hardan needed to gain the favor of Ghaidan, which he managed to do with the help of Hasan al-Bakr. Ghaidan decided to join the two members of the Ba’thist Party by helping overthrow al-Dawud and his Republican Guard. After this was done the Ba’thist Party had been fully restored to power in Iraq on July 30, 1968.
With Hasan al-Bakr assuming the position as the President of Iraq, Hardan as the Defence Minister and Premier Deputy and Salih Mahdi Ammash as the Minister of Interior, the Ba’thist regime was on its way to successfully controlling the country. After some time in their respective offices the men began to grow concerned with each man’s next move. Ammash, Bakr, and Hardan al-Tikriti had helped each other make their way to the top with the 1968 Coup. The positions they held in government were very powerful and each one of them was only looking for a way to increase that power and extend their control and influence within the government. Hasan al-Bakr had managed to gain the support of Saddam Hussein who helped boost his own career and popularity, placing him a few steps above Ammash and Hardan. Saddam needed a way into a higher position in government. Because he didn’t have a strong military background it would have been a little harder for him to gain power. He thought strategically that Bakr was his key to that power. He aligned himself with Bakr by supporting his policies. Slowly he started to work through Bakr making him his puppet. By aligning himself with Hasan al-Bakr and other powerful figures within the state he was in a safety zone. In order to keep making advancements, Saddam had to recognize the fact that most of the power in the state lay within the hands of military forces and the men controlling it; those men happened to have been Bakr, Hardan, and Ammash. Since Saddam had already aligned himself with Bakr the only two threats remaining were Hardan and Ammash. Both men also recognized the threat that Saddam posed to their careers. Hardan was the biggest political challenge because the military had become his stronghold where he controlled almost if not everything that concerned the military.
initially. He returned weeks later to Iraq to try to clear his record. Unfortunately he was unsuccessful and was turned around right away and sent to Algeria
to be the Iraqi Ambassador. He wasn’t accepted there so he later left. After a period of exile in London, Hardan was appointed as Iraqi Ambassador to Sweden. However, Hardan disliked being away from the Iraqi political scene and he travelled to Kuwait
from where he attempted to organize a coup against Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
and Saddam Hussein. On 30 March 1971, Hardan was assassinated on the orders of Saddam Hussein in Kuwait.
Iraqi Air Force
The Iraqi Air Force or IQAF is the military branch in Iraq responsible for the policing of international borders, surveillance of national assets and aerial operations...
commander, Iraqi politician and ambassador who was assassinated on the orders of Saddam Hussein
Saddam Hussein
Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti was the fifth President of Iraq, serving in this capacity from 16 July 1979 until 9 April 2003...
, the then vice chairman of the Iraqi Revolutionary Command Council
Iraqi Revolutionary Command Council
The Iraqi Revolutionary Command Council was established after the military coup in 1968, and was the ultimate decision making body in Iraq before the 2003 American-led invasion. It exercised both executive and legislative authority in the country, with the Chairman and Vice Chairman chosen by a...
.
Early life
Hardan was born in 1925 in TikritTikrit
Tikrit is a town in Iraq, located 140 km northwest of Baghdad on the Tigris river . The town, with an estimated population in 2002 of about 260,000 is the administrative center of the Salah ad Din Governorate.-Ancient times:...
. His father was a police officer, a Sunni
Sunni Islam
Sunni Islam is the largest branch of Islam. Sunni Muslims are referred to in Arabic as ʾAhl ūs-Sunnah wa āl-Ǧamāʿah or ʾAhl ūs-Sunnah for short; in English, they are known as Sunni Muslims, Sunnis or Sunnites....
Arab and a member of the tribe of Al-Shiyasha.
Air Force and Baath Party
As an officer in the Iraqi Air Force, he was educated at the flight and staff academies in BaghdadBaghdad
Baghdad is the capital of Iraq, as well as the coterminous Baghdad Governorate. The population of Baghdad in 2011 is approximately 7,216,040...
. In 1961, Hardan joined the Baath Party
Baath Party
The Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party was a political party mixing Arab nationalist and Arab socialist interests, opposed to Western imperialism, and calling for the renaissance or resurrection and unification of the Arab world into a single state. Ba'ath is also spelled Ba'th or Baath and means...
and he played a key role in both the 1963 and 1968 revolutions in Iraq.
By the start of 1963, Hardan was the commander of the Iraqi Air Force base near Mosul
Mosul
Mosul , is a city in northern Iraq and the capital of the Ninawa Governorate, some northwest of Baghdad. The original city stands on the west bank of the Tigris River, opposite the ancient Assyrian city of Nineveh on the east bank, but the metropolitan area has now grown to encompass substantial...
. On 8 March 1963, with the Baath Party fighting to gain control of Syria
Syria
Syria , officially the Syrian Arab Republic , is a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the West, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest....
, Hardan ordered an air attack on the part of the Syrian air base at Aleppo that was in the hands of supporters of the old government. However, whilst the strike aircraft were en route, the Syrian Baathists took the air base and the attack was cancelled.
During the period in 1963 when the Baathists were in power in Iraq, Hardan was appointed as commander of the entire Iraqi Air Force. However, when the President Abdul Salam Arif
Abdul Salam Arif
Abdul Salam Mohammed Arif Aljumaily was President of Iraq from 1963 till his death. He played a leading role in the coup in which the Hashemite monarchy was overthrown on July 14, 1958.-1958 revolution and conflict with Qasim:...
withdrew his support from the Baath Party in late 1963, Hardan followed suit. Hardan then relinquished his command and was appointed Defence Minister in which capacity he served from November 1963 until March 1964.
Role in the 1963 February Coup d’etat
Prior to the Coup, Hardan came together with other major political figures in the Ba’th Party and Nationalist officers to carry out the plans made for the change in government. Military officials felt that too many civilians and important leaders had been wrongfully killed under Abd al-Karim Qasim, the current President. Qasim has also aligned himself with some of the Communist militia who was imposing violence on citizens of Iraq. Key players in this Coup attempt included Ahmed Hassan al-BakrAhmed Hassan al-Bakr
General Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr , was the fourth President of Iraq from 1968 to 1979.-Military career:...
, Salih Mahdi Ammash, Abd al-Sattar, Abd al-Latif, Mundhir al-Wandawi, Makki al-Hashimi, TahirYahya, and Hardan al-Tikriti. Abd al-Karim Qasim was to be removed from his position in office and to do this the communist commander of the Air Force, Jalal al-Awqati, had to be killed. They also believed that the capture of Qasim and his sentencing to death was necessary for the transfer of power to take place. On 8 February after Qasim’s seat was captured by members of the coup, he was killed and his body was displayed on television for all of Iraq to see. Abd al-Salam Arif was the person placed into the Presidential seat by the National Command of the Revolutionary Council (NCRC) after the February 8th events. He appointed Ahmad Hasan al-Bakr, a devoted Ba’thists, to be his vice president and Ali Salih al-Sa’di as his Minister of the Interior. Although Abd al-Salam Arif was the President, al-Sa’di managed to maintain most power among the three because he was the leader of the Ba’thist Party at the time. Bakr was also a member of the Ba’th Party; Arif, on the other hand, was not. The government setup with Arif, Sa’di, and Bakr had no firm foundation because of the way that these men assumed their positions (the coup) of power. There was also an inability to find stability and common agreement among the three men. Opposing views began to surface as a result of unresolved opinions regarding the direction of the state of Iraq and an imbalance of power between Arif, Bakr, and Sa’di.
On 18 November 1963 Hardan would once again assist in a power transfer, this time it was in collusion with the current President of Iraq, Abd al-Salam Arif. Arif wanted to regain control of the state that was handed to him by the NCRC so he brought Hardan and General Tahir Yahya together to launch an attack on the National Guard currently residing in Baghdad. Arif managed to regain his control over the state after the attack also making the decision to remove Sa’di from the government because he had become a threat to Arif and the Iraqi people. Sa’di was accused of attempts to spread Socialism throughout the state corrupting the government setup that Arif had in play. On November 11, after being asked to step down from his position in government as Minister of Interior, Sa’di refused and went on with his plans to attend the Extraordinary Regional Conference. At the conference he planned to have Hardan al-Tikriti, along with others who threatened his power and intentions, removed from their political positions. Instead Sa’di was met by the National Guard who arrested him and the rest of his supporters, forcing them onto a plane set to leave the state and land in Madrid.
Role in the July 1968 Coup d’etat
Hardan played the major role in this coup by delivering the final blow. During the 1968 coup, in the early hours of 17 July 1968, Hardan telephoned the sitting Prime Minister Abdul Rahman ArifAbdul Rahman Arif
Hajj Abdul Rahman Mohammed Arif Aljumaily was president of Iraq from April 16, 1966 to July 17, 1968.-Biography:...
to inform him that he had been removed from office. Hardan then escorted Arif to the airport where the deposed Prime Minister was flown out of the country.
Minister of Defence (1968 to 1970)
Hardan was re-appointed Minister of Defence in the aftermath of the 1968 coup. During his time as Defence Minister, Hardan was instrumental in securing large-scale military aid for Iraq from the Soviet UnionSoviet Union
The Soviet Union , officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics , was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991....
.
Although Hardan was promoted in office there was still one remaining man ahead of him with the power to control him, Sa’dun Ghaidan. In order to change this, Hardan needed to gain the favor of Ghaidan, which he managed to do with the help of Hasan al-Bakr. Ghaidan decided to join the two members of the Ba’thist Party by helping overthrow al-Dawud and his Republican Guard. After this was done the Ba’thist Party had been fully restored to power in Iraq on July 30, 1968.
With Hasan al-Bakr assuming the position as the President of Iraq, Hardan as the Defence Minister and Premier Deputy and Salih Mahdi Ammash as the Minister of Interior, the Ba’thist regime was on its way to successfully controlling the country. After some time in their respective offices the men began to grow concerned with each man’s next move. Ammash, Bakr, and Hardan al-Tikriti had helped each other make their way to the top with the 1968 Coup. The positions they held in government were very powerful and each one of them was only looking for a way to increase that power and extend their control and influence within the government. Hasan al-Bakr had managed to gain the support of Saddam Hussein who helped boost his own career and popularity, placing him a few steps above Ammash and Hardan. Saddam needed a way into a higher position in government. Because he didn’t have a strong military background it would have been a little harder for him to gain power. He thought strategically that Bakr was his key to that power. He aligned himself with Bakr by supporting his policies. Slowly he started to work through Bakr making him his puppet. By aligning himself with Hasan al-Bakr and other powerful figures within the state he was in a safety zone. In order to keep making advancements, Saddam had to recognize the fact that most of the power in the state lay within the hands of military forces and the men controlling it; those men happened to have been Bakr, Hardan, and Ammash. Since Saddam had already aligned himself with Bakr the only two threats remaining were Hardan and Ammash. Both men also recognized the threat that Saddam posed to their careers. Hardan was the biggest political challenge because the military had become his stronghold where he controlled almost if not everything that concerned the military.
Fall from power and assassination
Because Hardan recognized what Saddam Hussein’s intentions had been, he started to set up a strategy of his own. In 1969 Hardan tried to show his power and authority by convincing Bakr to send Saddam into exile for having questioned his power and motives in front of the council. Saddam was sent away on a plane just as several other exiled Iraqis in the past had been but he was to return just one week later with vengeance in his heart. After having returned to Iraq, Saddam set out to destroy Hardan right away. First he had his Deputy Premier Position taken away by merging the title into the president’s position. Saddam did this by simply convincing Bakr that Hardan was after his presidential seat. Listening to what Saddam suggested, Bakr started to implement a plan that would strip Hardan of actual controlling power. Hardan al-Tikriti was soon given the position as Vice President but this meant nothing because he no longer had the power to control cabinet meetings. Finally on 15 October 1970 Hardan was dismissed from all positions he carried because he was accused of disregarding efforts of the Ba’thist Party to help the Arabs. These posts included the Minister of Defence and Deputy Premier of Iraq. He was also dismissed from the Revolutionary Command Council. The charge against him meant that he wasn’t helping the Ba’th live up to their oath to help protect the Palestinians. Hardan was later sent into exile and like all others he was put on a plane and flown out of the state. He was sent to MadridMadrid
Madrid is the capital and largest city of Spain. The population of the city is roughly 3.3 million and the entire population of the Madrid metropolitan area is calculated to be 6.271 million. It is the third largest city in the European Union, after London and Berlin, and its metropolitan...
initially. He returned weeks later to Iraq to try to clear his record. Unfortunately he was unsuccessful and was turned around right away and sent to Algeria
Algeria
Algeria , officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria , also formally referred to as the Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria, is a country in the Maghreb region of Northwest Africa with Algiers as its capital.In terms of land area, it is the largest country in Africa and the Arab...
to be the Iraqi Ambassador. He wasn’t accepted there so he later left. After a period of exile in London, Hardan was appointed as Iraqi Ambassador to Sweden. However, Hardan disliked being away from the Iraqi political scene and he travelled to Kuwait
Kuwait
The State of Kuwait is a sovereign Arab state situated in the north-east of the Arabian Peninsula in Western Asia. It is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the south at Khafji, and Iraq to the north at Basra. It lies on the north-western shore of the Persian Gulf. The name Kuwait is derived from the...
from where he attempted to organize a coup against Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
General Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr , was the fourth President of Iraq from 1968 to 1979.-Military career:...
and Saddam Hussein. On 30 March 1971, Hardan was assassinated on the orders of Saddam Hussein in Kuwait.