Haplogroup B (Y-DNA) - AbsoluteAstronomy.com

Human genetics

Human genetics describes the study of inheritance as it occurs in human beings. Human genetics encompasses a variety of overlapping fields including: classical genetics, cytogenetics, molecular genetics, biochemical genetics, genomics, population genetics, developmental genetics, clinical genetics,...

, Haplogroup B (M60) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup.

Distribution

Haplogroup

In the study of molecular evolution, a haplogroup is a group of similar haplotypes that share a common ancestor having the same single nucleotide polymorphism mutation in both haplotypes. Because a haplogroup consists of similar haplotypes, this is what makes it possible to predict a haplogroup...

B is localized to sub-Saharan Africa

Sub-Saharan Africa

Sub-Saharan Africa as a geographical term refers to the area of the African continent which lies south of the Sahara. A political definition of Sub-Saharan Africa, instead, covers all African countries which are fully or partially located south of the Sahara...

, especially to tropical forests of West-Central Africa. After Y-haplogroup A, it is the second oldest and one of the most diverse human Y-haplogroups. It was the ancestral haplogroup of not only modern Pygmies

Pygmy

Pygmy is a term used for various ethnic groups worldwide whose average height is unusually short; anthropologists define pygmy as any group whose adult men grow to less than 150 cm in average height. A member of a slightly taller group is termed "pygmoid." The best known pygmies are the Aka,...

like the Baka

Baka (Cameroon and Gabon)

The Baka, known in the Congo as Bayaka , are an ethnic group inhabiting the southeastern rainforests of Cameroon, northern Republic of Congo, northern Gabon, and southwestern Central African Republic. They are sometimes called a subgroup of the Twa, but the two peoples are not closely related...

and Mbuti

Mbuti

Mbuti or Bambuti are one of several indigenous pygmy groups in the Congo region of Africa. Their languages belong to the Central Sudanic and also to Bantu languages.-Overview:...

, but also Hadzabe

Hadzabe

The Hadza, or Hadzabe, are an ethnic group in north-central Tanzania, living around Lake Eyasi in the central Rift Valley and in the neighboring Serengeti Plateau. The Hadza number just under 1000...

from Tanzania, who often have been considered, in large part because of some typological features of their language, to be a remnant of Khoisan

Khoisan languages

The Khoisan languages are the click languages of Africa which do not belong to other language families. They include languages indigenous to southern and eastern Africa, though some, such as the Khoi languages, appear to have moved to their current locations not long before the Bantu expansion...

people in East Africa.

According to one study of the Y-DNA of populations in Sudan

Sudan

Sudan , officially the Republic of the Sudan , is a country in North Africa, sometimes considered part of the Middle East politically. It is bordered by Egypt to the north, the Red Sea to the northeast, Eritrea and Ethiopia to the east, South Sudan to the south, the Central African Republic to the...

, haplogroup B is found in approximately 30% (16/53) of Southern Sudanese, 16% (5/32) of local Hausa people

Hausa people

The Hausa are one of the largest ethnic groups in West Africa. They are a Sahelian people chiefly located in northern Nigeria and southeastern Niger, but having significant numbers living in regions of Cameroon, Ghana, Cote d'Ivoire, Chad and Sudan...

, 14% (4/28) of the Nuba

Nuba

Nuba is a collective term used here for the peoples who inhabit the Nuba Mountains, in Sudan, Africa. Although the term is used to describe them as if they composed a single group, the Nuba are multiple distinct peoples and speak different languages...

of central Sudan, 3.7% (8/216) of Northern Sudanese (but only among Copts and Nubians

Nubians

The Nubians are an ethnic group originally from northern Sudan, and southern Egypt now inhabiting North Africa and some parts of East Africa....

), and 2.2% (2/90) of Western Sudanese

Darfur

Darfur is a region in western Sudan. An independent sultanate for several hundred years, it was incorporated into Sudan by Anglo-Egyptian forces in 1916. The region is divided into three federal states: West Darfur, South Darfur, and North Darfur...

. According to another study, haplogroup B is found in approximately 15% of Sudanese males, including 12.5% (5/40) B2a1a-M109/M152 and 2.5% (1/40) B-M60(xB1a-M146, B2a-M150, B2b-M112).

In Madagascar

Madagascar

The Republic of Madagascar is an island country located in the Indian Ocean off the southeastern coast of Africa...

, haplogroup B has been found in approximately 9% of Malagasy

Malagasy people

The Malagasy ethnic group forms nearly the entire population of Madagascar. They are divided into two subgroups: the "Highlander" Merina, Sihanaka and Betsileo of the central plateau around Antananarivo, Alaotra and Fianarantsoa, and the côtiers elsewhere in the country. This division has its...

males, including 6% (2/35) B-M60(xB2b-50f2(P)) and 3% (1/35) B2b-50f2(P).

B1

Haplogroup B1*-M236/M288 has been found in 4% (2/48) of a sample of Bamileke

Bamileke

The Bamileke is a folk whose native ancestral area is in the western highlands of Cameroon's West Province, west of the Noun River and southeast of the Bamboutos Mountains and in the Moungo region of the Littoral, Southwest, and Centre Provinces. They are a part of the Semi-Bantu ethnic groups...

males from southern Cameroon

Cameroon

Cameroon, officially the Republic of Cameroon , is a country in west Central Africa. It is bordered by Nigeria to the west; Chad to the northeast; the Central African Republic to the east; and Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and the Republic of the Congo to the south. Cameroon's coastline lies on the...

B1a

Haplogroup B1a-M146 has been found in 2% (1/49) of a sample of Mossi males from Burkina Faso

Burkina Faso

Burkina Faso – also known by its short-form name Burkina – is a landlocked country in west Africa. It is surrounded by six countries: Mali to the north, Niger to the east, Benin to the southeast, Togo and Ghana to the south, and Côte d'Ivoire to the southwest.Its size is with an estimated...

and in 2% (1/44) of a sample of unspecified ethnic affiliation from Mali

Mali

Mali , officially the Republic of Mali , is a landlocked country in Western Africa. Mali borders Algeria on the north, Niger on the east, Burkina Faso and the Côte d'Ivoire on the south, Guinea on the south-west, and Senegal and Mauritania on the west. Its size is just over 1,240,000 km² with...

B2

Haplogroup B2*-M182 has been found in 6% (3/47) of a sample of Mbuti

Mbuti

Mbuti or Bambuti are one of several indigenous pygmy groups in the Congo region of Africa. Their languages belong to the Central Sudanic and also to Bantu languages.-Overview:...

males from the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Democratic Republic of the Congo

The Democratic Republic of the Congo is a state located in Central Africa. It is the second largest country in Africa by area and the eleventh largest in the world...

, 6% (2/33) of a sample of Bakola males from southern Cameroon, 6% (1/18) of a sample of Dama

Damara people

The Damara are an ethnic group who make up 8.5% of Namibia's population...

males from Namibia

Namibia

Namibia, officially the Republic of Namibia , is a country in southern Africa whose western border is the Atlantic Ocean. It shares land borders with Angola and Zambia to the north, Botswana to the east and South Africa to the south and east. It gained independence from South Africa on 21 March...

, and 3% (1/31) of a sample of Biaka males from Central African Republic

Central African Republic

The Central African Republic , is a landlocked country in Central Africa. It borders Chad in the north, Sudan in the north east, South Sudan in the east, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Republic of the Congo in the south, and Cameroon in the west. The CAR covers a land area of about ,...

B2a

Haplogroup B2a*-M150 has been found in 8% (1/12) of a sample of Mbuti

Mbuti

Mbuti or Bambuti are one of several indigenous pygmy groups in the Congo region of Africa. Their languages belong to the Central Sudanic and also to Bantu languages.-Overview:...

males from the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Democratic Republic of the Congo

The Democratic Republic of the Congo is a state located in Central Africa. It is the second largest country in Africa by area and the eleventh largest in the world...

.

Haplogroup B2a-M150(xB2a1a-M152) has been observed in 11% (5/47) of a sample of Mbuti from Democratic Republic of the Congo, 11% (1/9) of a sample of Tupuri

Tupuri people

The Tupuri are an ethnic group in Cameroon and Chad. They speak a language called Tupuri, which had 125,000 speakers in Cameroon at an unspecified date and 90,785 speakers in Chad in 1993. In Cameroon, the Tupuri live east of Kaélé in the Kaele division and in the Kar-Hay subdivison of the...

from northern Cameroon, 11% (1/9) of a sample of Luo

Luo (Kenya and Tanzania)

The Luo are an ethnic group in Kenya, eastern Uganda, and northern Tanzania. They are part of a larger group of ethnolinguistically related Luo peoples who inhabit an area including southern Sudan, northern and eastern Uganda, western Kenya, and northern Tanzania.The Luo are the third largest...

from Kenya, 7% (4/55) of a sample of Dogon from Mali, 6% (1/18) of a sample of Baka from Central African Republic, and 2% (1/42) of a sample of Kikuyu and Kamba from Kenya.

Haplogroup B2a-M150(xB2a1a-M109/M152, B2a2-M108.1) has been found in 3% (1/37) of a sample from Central Africa, 2% (1/44) of a sample from Mali, and 1% (1/88) of a sample from Ethiopia.

Without testing for any downstream mutation, haplogroup B2a-M150 has been found in 33.3% (8/24) of a sample of Ngumba from Cameroon, 20.8% (5/24) of a sample of Eviya from Gabon, 18.2% (4/22) of a sample of Bakola from Cameroon, 14.3% (6/42) of a sample of Eshira

Eshira people

The Shira or Sira peole, the Eshira, are a Bantu ethnic group of Gabon primarily living in the forests and grasslands south of the Ogooué River and west of its tributary the N'Gounié....

from Gabon, 14.0% (6/43) of a sample of Makina from Gabon, 14.0% (6/43) of a sample of Shake from Gabon, 8.6% (5/58) of a sample of Punu

Bapounou

The Punu, or Bapunu , are one of the four major peoples of Gabon, inhabiting interior mountain and grassland areas in the southwest of the country, around the upper N'Gounié and Nyanga Rivers. Bapunu also live in the Divenie, Kibangou, and Mossendjo districts of the Republic of the Congo...

from Gabon, 8.3% (5/60) of a sample of Tsogo from Gabon, 7.0% (4/57) of a sample of Nzebi from Gabon, 6.7% (1/15) of a sample of Mbugwe from Tanzania, 4.3% (2/46) of a sample of Duma from Gabon, 4.3% (2/47) of a sample of Obamba

Obamba

The Obamba are an ethnic group located largely in Gabon's Haut-Ogooué Province. The Obamba people's traditional language is Mbama, which is often also referred to as Obamba....

from Gabon, 4.2% (2/48) of a sample of Benga

Benga people

Benga people are an African ethnic group, members of the Bantu group, who are indigenous to Equatorial Guinea and Gabon. Their indigenous language is Benga. Today Bengas inhabit a small coastal portion of Rio Muni, the Cape of San Juan, suburban enclaves of Rio Benito and Bata, the islands of...

from Gabon

Gabon

Gabon , officially the Gabonese Republic is a state in west central Africa sharing borders with Equatorial Guinea to the northwest, Cameroon to the north, and with the Republic of the Congo curving around the east and south. The Gulf of Guinea, an arm of the Atlantic Ocean is to the west...

, 3.8% (2/53) of a sample of Kota from Gabon, 2.8% (1/36) of a sample of Ndumu from Gabon, 2.1% (1/47) of a sample of Galoa from Gabon, 2.0% (1/50) of a sample of Akele from Gabon, 1.7% (1/60) of a sample of Fang from Gabon, 1.5% (1/68) of a sample of Sandawe from Tanzania, 1.4% (1/72) of a sample from Qatar

Qatar

Qatar , also known as the State of Qatar or locally Dawlat Qaṭar, is a sovereign Arab state, located in the Middle East, occupying the small Qatar Peninsula on the northeasterly coast of the much larger Arabian Peninsula. Its sole land border is with Saudi Arabia to the south, with the rest of its...

, and 0.64% (1/157) of a sample from Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia

The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia , commonly known in British English as Saudi Arabia and in Arabic as as-Sa‘ūdiyyah , is the largest state in Western Asia by land area, constituting the bulk of the Arabian Peninsula, and the second-largest in the Arab World...

B2a1

Haplogroup B2a1*-M218 has been found in 6% (1/18) of a mixed sample of speakers of various Adamawa languages

Adamawa languages

The Adamawa languages are a putative family of 80–90 languages scattered across the Adamawa Plateau in central Africa, in Nigeria, Cameroon, Central African Republic, and Chad, spoken altogether by only one and a half million people . Joseph Greenberg classified them as one branch of the...

from northern Cameroon.

B2a1a

Haplogroup B2a1a (M109, M152, P32, P50) is the most commonly observed subclade of haplogroup B.

In Central Africa

Central Africa

Central Africa is a core region of the African continent which includes Burundi, the Central African Republic, Chad, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Rwanda....

, haplogroup B2a1a Y-DNA has been found in 23% (7/31) of Ngumba males from southern Cameroon, 18% (7/39) of Fali

Fali languages

Fali is a language, or pair of languages, of northern Cameroon. Included in Greenberg's Adamawa languages , it was excluded from that family by Boyd...

males from northern Cameroon, 5% (1/21) to 31% (4/13) of Uldeme

Wuzlam language

Wuzlam, also called Uldeme, is an Afro-Asiatic language spoken in northern Cameroon.-References:* * Veronique de Colombel. 1997. La langue ouldeme nord-Cameroun: précis de grammaire, texte, lexique. Paris: Association LInguistique Africaine....

males from northern Cameroon, 10% (3/29) of Ewondo

Beti-Pahuin

The Beti-Pahuin are a group of related peoples who inhabit the rain forest regions of Cameroon, Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and São Tomé and Príncipe. Though they separate themselves into several individual ethnic groups, they all share a common history and culture. They were...

males from southern Cameroon, 7% (1/15) of a mixed sample of speakers of various Chadic languages

Chadic languages

The Chadic languages constitute a language family of perhaps 200 languages spoken across northern Nigeria, Niger, Chad, Central African Republic and Cameroon, belonging to the Afroasiatic phylum...

from northern Cameroon, 6% (1/18) of a mixed sample of speakers of various Adamawa languages

Adamawa languages

from northern Cameroon, 6% (2/33) of Bakola males from southern Cameroon, 4% (1/28) of Mandara males from northern Cameroon, and 3% (1/31) to 5% (1/20) of Biaka males from Central African Republic

Central African Republic

.

In East Africa

East Africa

East Africa or Eastern Africa is the easterly region of the African continent, variably defined by geography or geopolitics. In the UN scheme of geographic regions, 19 territories constitute Eastern Africa:...

, haplogroup B2a1a Y-DNA has been found in 11% (1/9) of a small sample of Iraqw males from Tanzania

Tanzania

The United Republic of Tanzania is a country in East Africa bordered by Kenya and Uganda to the north, Rwanda, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west, and Zambia, Malawi, and Mozambique to the south. The country's eastern borders lie on the Indian Ocean.Tanzania is a state...

, 11% (1/9) of a small sample of Luo

Luo (Kenya and Tanzania)

males from Kenya

Kenya

Kenya , officially known as the Republic of Kenya, is a country in East Africa that lies on the equator, with the Indian Ocean to its south-east...

, 8% (2/26) of Massai

Massai

Massai was a member of the Mimbres band of Chiricahua Apache. He was warrior who escaped from a train that was sending the scouts and renegades to Florida to be held with Geronimo and Chihuahua.Born to White Cloud and Little Star at Mescal Mountain, Arizona, near Globe...

males from Kenya, and 4.5% (4/88) of a sample of Ethiopia

Ethiopia

Ethiopia , officially known as the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a country located in the Horn of Africa. It is the second-most populous nation in Africa, with over 82 million inhabitants, and the tenth-largest by area, occupying 1,100,000 km2...

ns.

In Southern Africa

Southern Africa

Southern Africa is the southernmost region of the African continent, variably defined by geography or geopolitics. Within the region are numerous territories, including the Republic of South Africa ; nowadays, the simpler term South Africa is generally reserved for the country in English.-UN...

, haplogroup B2a1a Y-DNA has been found in 18% (5/28) of Sotho–Tswana males from South Africa

South Africa

The Republic of South Africa is a country in southern Africa. Located at the southern tip of Africa, it is divided into nine provinces, with of coastline on the Atlantic and Indian oceans...

, 14% (4/29) of Zulu males from South Africa, 13% (7/53) of an ethnically mixed sample of non-Khoisan Southern Africans, 10% (5/49) of Shona

Shona people

Shona is the name collectively given to two groups of people in the east and southwest of Zimbabwe, north eastern Botswana and southern Mozambique.-Shona Regional Classification:...

males from Zimbabwe

Zimbabwe

Zimbabwe is a landlocked country located in the southern part of the African continent, between the Zambezi and Limpopo rivers. It is bordered by South Africa to the south, Botswana to the southwest, Zambia and a tip of Namibia to the northwest and Mozambique to the east. Zimbabwe has three...

, and 5% (4/80) of Xhosa males from South Africa.

In North Africa

North Africa

North Africa or Northern Africa is the northernmost region of the African continent, linked by the Sahara to Sub-Saharan Africa. Geopolitically, the United Nations definition of Northern Africa includes eight countries or territories; Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, South Sudan, Sudan, Tunisia, and...

, haplogroup B2a1a Y-DNA has been found in 12.5% (5/40) of Sudan

Sudan

ese and 2% (2/92) of Egyptians

Egyptians

Egyptians are nation an ethnic group made up of Mediterranean North Africans, the indigenous people of Egypt.Egyptian identity is closely tied to geography. The population of Egypt is concentrated in the lower Nile Valley, the small strip of cultivable land stretching from the First Cataract to...

.

In Eurasia

Eurasia

Eurasia is a continent or supercontinent comprising the traditional continents of Europe and Asia ; covering about 52,990,000 km2 or about 10.6% of the Earth's surface located primarily in the eastern and northern hemispheres...

, haplogroup B2a1a Y-DNA has been found in 3% (3/117) of a sample of Iran

Iran

Iran , officially the Islamic Republic of Iran , is a country in Southern and Western Asia. The name "Iran" has been in use natively since the Sassanian era and came into use internationally in 1935, before which the country was known to the Western world as Persia...

ians from southern Iran and 2% (2/88) of a sample from Pakistan and India.

B2a1b

Haplogroup B2a1b (G1) has been found in Uganda

Uganda

Uganda , officially the Republic of Uganda, is a landlocked country in East Africa. Uganda is also known as the "Pearl of Africa". It is bordered on the east by Kenya, on the north by South Sudan, on the west by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, on the southwest by Rwanda, and on the south by...

in Nilotic speaking populations.

B2b

Haplogroup B2b (M112, M192, 50f2(P)) has been found mainly among pygmy

Pygmy

populations in Central Africa, Juu (Northern Khoisan) populations in Southern Africa, and the Hadzabe in East Africa. It also has been found occasionally in samples of groups who neighbor the aforementioned populations.

Specifically, haplogroup B2b has been observed in 67% (12/18) of a sample of Baka from Central African Republic, 52% (12/23) or 51% (29/57) of a sample of Hadzabe from Tanzania

Tanzania

, 48% (15/31) of a sample of Biaka from Central African Republic, 43% (20/47) of a sample of Mbuti

Mbuti

Mbuti or Bambuti are one of several indigenous pygmy groups in the Congo region of Africa. Their languages belong to the Central Sudanic and also to Bantu languages.-Overview:...

from the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Democratic Republic of the Congo

The Democratic Republic of the Congo is a state located in Central Africa. It is the second largest country in Africa by area and the eleventh largest in the world...

, 31% (9/29) of a sample of Tsumkwe San from Namibia

Namibia

, 28% (11/39) of a sample of the Northern Khoisan-speaking Ju|’hoansi and Sekele peoples, 25% (6/24) of a sample of Burunge from Tanzania, 14% (13/94) of a sample of Tutsi

Tutsi

The Tutsi , or Abatutsi, are an ethnic group in Central Africa. Historically they were often referred to as the Watussi or Watusi. They are the second largest caste in Rwanda and Burundi, the other two being the Hutu and the Twa ....

from Rwanda

Rwanda

Rwanda or , officially the Republic of Rwanda , is a country in central and eastern Africa with a population of approximately 11.4 million . Rwanda is located a few degrees south of the Equator, and is bordered by Uganda, Tanzania, Burundi and the Democratic Republic of the Congo...

, 13% (9/68) of a sample of Sandawe from Tanzania, 9% (3/32) of a sample of !Kung/Sekele from Namibia, 5% (1/20) of a sample of Turu

Nyaturu language

The Turu or Nyaturu language, Kinyaturu, also known as Rimi Kirimi, is a Bantu language of spoken by the Wanyaturu Arimi of the Singida region of Tanzania. Excluding the Bantu language prefixes Ke- and Ki-, other spellings of the language are Limi and Remi...

from Tanzania, 5% (2/43) of a sample of Wairak from Tanzania, 3% (1/29) of a sample of Zulu from South Africa

South Africa

The Republic of South Africa is a country in southern Africa. Located at the southern tip of Africa, it is divided into nine provinces, with of coastline on the Atlantic and Indian oceans...

, 3% (1/33) of a sample of Bakola from southern Cameroon, 3% (1/35) of a sample of Datog from Tanzania, 3% (1/35) of a sample of Malagasy

Malagasy people

, 1.4% (1/69) of a sample of Hutu

Hutu

The Hutu , or Abahutu, are a Central African people, living mainly in Rwanda, Burundi, and eastern DR Congo.-Population statistics:The Hutu are the largest of the three peoples in Burundi and Rwanda; according to the United States Central Intelligence Agency, 84% of Rwandans and 85% of Burundians...

from Rwanda, 1.4% (1/72) of a sample from Qatar, and 1.3% (2/157) of a sample from Saudi Arabia.

B2b1

Haplogroup B2b1 (P6) has been found in Khoisan populations of Namibia, including 24% (7/29) of a sample of Tsumkwe San and 3% (1/32) of a sample of !Kung/Sekele.

B2b2

Haplogroup B2b2 (M115, M169) has been found in 8% (1/12) of a sample of Mbuti

Mbuti

Mbuti or Bambuti are one of several indigenous pygmy groups in the Congo region of Africa. Their languages belong to the Central Sudanic and also to Bantu languages.-Overview:...

from the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Democratic Republic of the Congo

The Democratic Republic of the Congo is a state located in Central Africa. It is the second largest country in Africa by area and the eleventh largest in the world...

B2b3

Haplogroup B2b3* (M30, M129) has been found in 22% (2/9) of a mixed sample of speakers of Central Sudanic

Central Sudanic languages

Starostin notes that the poorly attested language Mimi of Decorse is suggestive of Central Sudanic, though he provisionally treats it as an isolate.-References:...

and Saharan languages from northern Cameroon and in 5% (1/20) of a sample of Biaka from Central African Republic.

B2b3a

Haplogroup B2b3a (M108.2) has been found in 25% (1/4) of a very small sample of Lissongo from Central African Republic.

B2b4

Haplogroup B2b4 (P7) has been observed most frequently in samples of some populations of pygmies from Central Africa: 67% (12/18) Baka from Central African Republic

Central African Republic

, 45% (14/31) Biaka from Central African Republic, 21% (10/47) Mbuti from Democratic Republic of the Congo

Democratic Republic of the Congo

The Democratic Republic of the Congo is a state located in Central Africa. It is the second largest country in Africa by area and the eleventh largest in the world...

. This haplogroup also has been found in an Iraqw (South Cushitic) individual from Tanzania (1/9 = 11%) and in some samples of Khoisan from Namibia (2/32 = 6% !Kung/Sekele, 2/29 = 7% Tsumkwe San).

B2b4b

Haplogroup B2b4b (MSY2.1, M211) has been found in 20% (4/20) of a sample of Biaka from Central African Republic.

Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup B subclades is based on the YCC 2008 tree and subsequent published research.

B
- B- (M60, M181, P85, P90)
  - B1- (M236, M288)
    - B1a- (M146)
  - B2- (M182)
    - B2a- (M150)
      - B2a1- (M218)
        
        B2a1a- (M109, M152, P32, P50)
        
        B2a1b- (G1)
      - B2a2- (M108.1)
        
        B2a2a- (P111, M43)
    - B2b- (M112, M192, 50f2(P))
      - B2b1- (P6)
      - B2b2- (M115, M169)
      - B2b3- (M30, M129)
        
        B2b3a- (M108.2)
      - B2b4- (P7)
        
        B2b4a- (P8, P70)
        
        B2b4b- (MSY2.1, M211)
    - B2c- (P112)

External links

African Haplogroup project at FTDNA
Y-Chromosome B Haplogroup Project at FTDNA
Spread of Haplogroup B, from National Geographic

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