Handbook of North American Indians
Encyclopedia
The Handbook of North American Indians is a monographic series
Monographic series
Monographic series are scholarly and scientific books released in successive volumes, each of which is structured like a separate book or scholarly monograph.-Semantics:...

 of edited scholarly and reference volumes in Americanist studies, published by the Smithsonian Institution
Smithsonian Institution
The Smithsonian Institution is an educational and research institute and associated museum complex, administered and funded by the government of the United States and by funds from its endowment, contributions, and profits from its retail operations, concessions, licensing activities, and magazines...

 beginning in 1978. To date, fifteen volumes have been published. Each volume addresses a sub-topic of Americanist research, and contains a number of articles or chapters by individual specialists in the field coordinated and edited by a volume editor. The overall series of twenty volumes is planned and coordinated by a general or series editor. Until the series was suspended, mainly owing to lack of funds, the series editor was William C. Sturtevant
William C. Sturtevant
Dr. William C. Sturtevant was an anthropologist and ethnologist.He is best known as the general editor of the 20-volume Handbook of North American Indians....

, who died in 2007.

This work documents information about all Indigenous peoples of the Americas
Indigenous peoples of the Americas
The indigenous peoples of the Americas are the pre-Columbian inhabitants of North and South America, their descendants and other ethnic groups who are identified with those peoples. Indigenous peoples are known in Canada as Aboriginal peoples, and in the United States as Native Americans...

 north of Mesoamerica
Mesoamerica
Mesoamerica is a region and culture area in the Americas, extending approximately from central Mexico to Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica, within which a number of pre-Columbian societies flourished before the Spanish colonization of the Americas in the 15th and...

, including cultural and physical aspects of the people, language family
Language family
A language family is a group of languages related through descent from a common ancestor, called the proto-language of that family. The term 'family' comes from the tree model of language origination in historical linguistics, which makes use of a metaphor comparing languages to people in a...

, history, and prehistory
Prehistory
Prehistory is the span of time before recorded history. Prehistory can refer to the period of human existence before the availability of those written records with which recorded history begins. More broadly, it refers to all the time preceding human existence and the invention of writing...

. This is a reference work for historians, anthropologists, other scholars, and the general reader. The series utilized noted authorities for each topic. The set is illustrated, indexed, and has extensive bibliographies. Volumes may be purchased individually.

Bibliographic information

Handbook of North American Indians / William C. Sturtevant
William C. Sturtevant
Dr. William C. Sturtevant was an anthropologist and ethnologist.He is best known as the general editor of the 20-volume Handbook of North American Indians....

, General Editor. Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution : For sale by the U.S. Government Printing Office, Superintendent of Documents., 1978-.

Volume 2: Indians in Contemporary Society

46 chapter volume dealing with contemporary indigenous people maintaining their identities in today's societies.

Sections

  1. Issues in the United States
  2. Issues in Canada
  3. Demographic and Ethnic Issues
  4. Social and Cultural Revitalization

Volume 3: Environment, Origins, and Population

72 chapters on the natural environment of the continent to which Indian cultures adapted in prehistoric and historic times, natural resources utilized by these cultures, current knowledge of the earliest Indian occupation (before 9,000 B.C.), and human biology of Indian and Eskimo (Inuit) populations, prehistoric, historic and modern.

Volume 4: History of Indian-white relations

Wilcomb E. Washburn, volume editor. History of Indian-white relations. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1988. ISBN 0-16-004583-5.

This work provides information on the history of the interactions in North America
North America
North America is a continent wholly within the Northern Hemisphere and almost wholly within the Western Hemisphere. It is also considered a northern subcontinent of the Americas...

 between the Indigenous peoples
Indigenous peoples
Indigenous peoples are ethnic groups that are defined as indigenous according to one of the various definitions of the term, there is no universally accepted definition but most of which carry connotations of being the "original inhabitants" of a territory....

 of the Americas and those, primarily from Europe and Africa, who arrived after 1492. Chapter topics include national policies, political relations, military interactions, economic aspects affecting the people, religious clashes, and the American Indian in contemporary popular culture through literature and movies.

Volume 5: Arctic

David Damas, volume editor. Arctic. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1984. ISBN 0-16-004580-0.

Included in this sixty chapter volume are Eskimo
Eskimo
Eskimos or Inuit–Yupik peoples are indigenous peoples who have traditionally inhabited the circumpolar region from eastern Siberia , across Alaska , Canada, and Greenland....

, Inuit
Inuit
The Inuit are a group of culturally similar indigenous peoples inhabiting the Arctic regions of Canada , Denmark , Russia and the United States . Inuit means “the people” in the Inuktitut language...

, and Aleut of the United States, Canada, Greenland, and Russia.

Volume 6: Subarctic

June Helm, volume editor. Subarctic. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1981. ISBN 0-87474-186-6.

This volume of the series covers languages, culture and history of native peoples from interior Alaska to Labrador. Included are the Athabaskan
Athabaskan languages
Athabaskan or Athabascan is a large group of indigenous peoples of North America, located in two main Southern and Northern groups in western North America, and of their language family...

, Atikamekw
Atikamekw
The Atikamekw are the indigenous inhabitants of the area they refer to as Nitaskinan , in the upper Saint-Maurice River valley of Quebec , Canada. Their population currently stands at around 4500. One of the main communities is Manawan, about northeast of Montreal. They have a tradition of...

, Cree
Cree
The Cree are one of the largest groups of First Nations / Native Americans in North America, with 200,000 members living in Canada. In Canada, the major proportion of Cree live north and west of Lake Superior, in Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta and the Northwest Territories, although...

, Ojibwa
Ojibwa
The Ojibwe or Chippewa are among the largest groups of Native Americans–First Nations north of Mexico. They are divided between Canada and the United States. In Canada, they are the third-largest population among First Nations, surpassed only by Cree and Inuit...

, Saulteaux
Saulteaux
The Saulteaux are a First Nation in Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta and British Columbia, Canada.-Ethnic classification:The Saulteaux are a branch of the Ojibwe nations. They are sometimes also called Anihšināpē . Saulteaux is a French term meaning "people of the rapids," referring to...

, Chipewyan
Chipewyan
The Chipewyan are a Dene Aboriginal people in Canada, whose ancestors were the Taltheilei...

, Dene
Dene
The Dene are an aboriginal group of First Nations who live in the northern boreal and Arctic regions of Canada. The Dené speak Northern Athabaskan languages. Dene is the common Athabaskan word for "people" . The term "Dene" has two usages...

, and Tli Cho
Tli Cho
The Tłįchǫ or Tåîchô First Nation, formerly known as the Dogrib, are a Dene Aboriginal Canadian people living in the Northwest Territories , Canada....

 peoples.

Volume 7: Northwest Coast

Wayne Suttles, volume editor. Northwest Coast. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1990. ISBN 0-87474-187-4.

This work chronicles the native peoples of British Columbia, Washington, and Oregon. The Tlingit, Haida, Tsimshian
Tsimshian
The Tsimshian are an indigenous people of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Tsimshian translates to Inside the Skeena River. Their communities are in British Columbia and Alaska, around Terrace and Prince Rupert and the southernmost corner of Alaska on Annette Island. There are approximately 10,000...

, Haisla, Haihais, Heiltsuk (Bella Bella), Oowekeeno, Nuxálk Nation
Nuxálk Nation
The Nuxalk Nation , also referred to as the Bella Coola or Bellacoola, are an Indigenous First Nation in Canada, living in the area in and around Bella Coola, British Columbia...

 (Bella Coola), Kwakwaka'wakw
Kwakwaka'wakw
The Kwakwaka'wakw are an Indigenous group of First Nations peoples, numbering about 5,500, who live in British Columbia on northern Vancouver Island and the adjoining mainland and islands.Kwakwaka'wakw translates as "Those who speak Kwak'wala", describing the collective nations within the area that...

 (Kwakiutl), Nootkans, Makah, Quileute, Chemakum
Chemakum
The Chemakum language was spoken by the Chemakum, a Native American group that once lived on western Washington state's Olympic Peninsula. The Chemakum language was very similar to the Quileute language...

, Kwalhioqua, Clatskanie, Chinookan
Chinookan
Chinook refers to several native amercain groups of in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States, speaking the Chinookan languages. In the early 19th century, the Chinookan-speaking peoples lived along the lower and middle Columbia River in present-day Oregon and Washington...

, Kalapuyan, Tillamook, Alsean, Siuslawan
Siuslaw (tribe)
Siuslaw is one of the three Confederated Tribes of Coos, Lower Umpqua and Siuslaw Indians located on the southwest Oregon Pacific coast in the United States. The Siuslaw language is extinct.-External links:***...

, Coosan
Coos (tribe)
The Coos are a Native American tribe from the U.S. state of Oregon and one of the three Confederated Tribes of Coos, Lower Umpqua and Siuslaw Indians. They live on the southwest Oregon Pacific coast...

, Athapaskans, and Takelma
Takelma
The Takelma were a Native American people that lived in the Rogue Valley of interior southwest Oregon, with most of their villages sited along the Rogue River. The name Takelma means Along the River.-History:...

 tribes are covered in this volume of the series.

Volume 8: California

Heizer, R.F., volume editor. California. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1990. ISBN 978-0-87474-188-9.

Consists of 71 chapters and extensive bibliography. 24 systematic/topical chapters; 33 of Northern California tribes and bands; and 14 Southern California tribes and bands. 800pp.

Volume 9: Southwest

Volume 9 consists of 59 chapters on the Pueblo peoples
Pueblo
Pueblo is a term used to describe modern communities of Native Americans in the Southwestern United States of America. The first Spanish explorers of the Southwest used this term to describe the communities housed in apartment-like structures built of stone, adobe mud, and other local material...

 and prehistory of the Southwestern United States
Southwestern United States
The Southwestern United States is a region defined in different ways by different sources. Broad definitions include nearly a quarter of the United States, including Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas and Utah...

 and northern Mexico
Mexico
The United Mexican States , commonly known as Mexico , is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of...

.

Volume 10: Southwest

The second volume dealing with the southwest tribes is 56 chapters on the non-Pueblo peoples and on the economy, social organization, and rituals of all tribes in the southwestern U.S. and northern Mexico.

Volume 11: Great Basin

Warren L. d'Azevedo, volume editor. Great Basin. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1986. ISBN 978-0-16-004581-3.

45 chapters and 852 pages about Great Basin
Great Basin
The Great Basin is the largest area of contiguous endorheic watersheds in North America and is noted for its arid conditions and Basin and Range topography that varies from the North American low point at Badwater Basin to the highest point of the contiguous United States, less than away at the...

 cultures, such as Fremont culture
Fremont culture
The Fremont culture or Fremont people is a pre-Columbian archaeological culture which received its name from the Fremont River in the U.S. state of Utah where the first Fremont sites were discovered. The Fremont River itself is named for John Charles Frémont, an American explorer. It inhabited...

, Western Shoshone
Western Shoshone
Western Shoshone comprises several Shoshone tribes that are indigenous to the Great Basin and have lands identified in the Treaty of Ruby Valley 1863. They resided in Idaho, Nevada, California, and Utah. The tribes are very closely related culturally to the Paiute, Goshute, Bannock, Ute, and...

, Northern Shoshone
Shoshone
The Shoshone or Shoshoni are a Native American tribe in the United States with three large divisions: the Northern, the Western and the Eastern....

, Bannock
Bannock (tribe)
The Bannock tribe of the Northern Paiute are an indigenous people of the Great Basin. Their traditional lands include southeastern Oregon, southeastern Idaho, western Wyoming, and southwestern Montana...

, Eastern Shoshone
Shoshone
The Shoshone or Shoshoni are a Native American tribe in the United States with three large divisions: the Northern, the Western and the Eastern....

, Ute
Ute Tribe
The Ute are an American Indian people now living primarily in Utah and Colorado. There are three Ute tribal reservations: Uintah-Ouray in northeastern Utah ; Southern Ute in Colorado ; and Ute Mountain which primarily lies in Colorado, but extends to Utah and New Mexico . The name of the state of...

, Southern Paiute, Kawaiisu
Kawaiisu
thumb|Kawaiisu FamilyThe Kawaiisu are a Native American group who lived in the southern California Tehachapi Valley and across the Tehachapi Pass in the southern Sierra Nevada Mountains to the north, toward Lake Isabella and Walker Pass...

, Owens Valley Paiute, Northern Paiute, and Washoe, and cultural expressions such as Rock art
Rock art
Rock art is a term used in archaeology for any human-made markings made on natural stone. They can be divided into:*Petroglyphs - carvings into stone surfaces*Pictographs - rock and cave paintings...

, oral tradition
Oral tradition
Oral tradition and oral lore is cultural material and traditions transmitted orally from one generation to another. The messages or testimony are verbally transmitted in speech or song and may take the form, for example, of folktales, sayings, ballads, songs, or chants...

. Ghost Dance
Ghost Dance
The Ghost Dance was a new religious movement which was incorporated into numerous Native American belief systems. The traditional ritual used in the Ghost Dance, the circle dance, has been used by many Native Americans since prehistoric times...

, Bear Dance, Sun Dance
Sun Dance
The Sun Dance is a religious ceremony practiced by a number of Native American and First Nations peoples, primarily those of the Plains Nations. Each tribe has its own distinct practices and ceremonial protocols...

, and Peyote religion.

Volume 12: Plateau

Deward E. Walker, Jr., volume editor. Plateau. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1998. ISBN 0-16-049514-8.

This volume documents Plateau Indians
Plateau Indians
Indigenous peoples of the Northwest Plateau, also referred to by the phrase Indigenous peoples of the Plateau, and historically called the Plateau Indians are indigenous peoples of the Plateau or Intermontane region of Western Canada and the United States, whose territories are located in the...

 of the Pacific Northwest
Pacific Northwest
The Pacific Northwest is a region in northwestern North America, bounded by the Pacific Ocean to the west and, loosely, by the Rocky Mountains on the east. Definitions of the region vary and there is no commonly agreed upon boundary, even among Pacific Northwesterners. A common concept of the...

 and Canadian indigenous peoples in the Columbia River
Columbia River
The Columbia River is the largest river in the Pacific Northwest region of North America. The river rises in the Rocky Mountains of British Columbia, Canada, flows northwest and then south into the U.S. state of Washington, then turns west to form most of the border between Washington and the state...

 area. Included is information on Salishan
Salishan languages
The Salishan languages are a group of languages of the Pacific Northwest...

, Sahaptin
Sahaptin people
The Sahaptin people are a Native American people that inhabited territory along the Columbia River. The Nez Perce tribe is one of the major Sahaptin groups.-Territory:...

, Kootenai
Kootenai (tribe)
The Ktunaxa , also known as Kootenai, Kutenai or Kootenay , are an indigenous people of North America. They are one of three tribes of the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead Nation in Montana, and they form the Ktunaxa Nation in British Columbia...

, Cayuse
Cayuse
The Cayuse are a Native American tribe in the state of Oregon in the United States. The Cayuse tribe shares a reservation in northeastern Oregon with the Umatilla and the Walla Walla tribes as part of the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation...

, and Athabaskan
Athabaskan languages
Athabaskan or Athabascan is a large group of indigenous peoples of North America, located in two main Southern and Northern groups in western North America, and of their language family...

 tribes.

Volume 13: Plains

The volume consists of 67 chapters on the Plains Indians
Plains Indians
The Plains Indians are the Indigenous peoples who live on the plains and rolling hills of the Great Plains of North America. Their colorful equestrian culture and resistance to White domination have made the Plains Indians an archetype in literature and art for American Indians everywhere.Plains...

 of Great Plains
Great Plains
The Great Plains are a broad expanse of flat land, much of it covered in prairie, steppe and grassland, which lies west of the Mississippi River and east of the Rocky Mountains in the United States and Canada. This area covers parts of the U.S...

 of North America.

Volume 14: Southeast

Raymond D. Fogelson, volume editor. Southeast.

Volume 15: Northeast

Bruce G. Trigger
Bruce Trigger
Bruce Graham Trigger, was a Canadian archaeologist, anthropologist, and ethnohistorian.Born in Preston, Ontario, he received a doctorate in archaeology from Yale University in 1964. His research interests at that time included the history of archaeological research and the comparative study of...

, volume editor. Northeast. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1978. ISBN 978-0-16-004575-2.

28-43: Tuck, James A.
James Tuck (archaeologist)
James A. Tuck, ONL, FRSC is an archaeologist born in New York State. With a doctoral degree from Syracuse University, he began teaching and doing archaeology at Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada. From the late 1960s to the present he has been instrumental in clarifying the...

 "Regional Cultural Development, 3000 to 300 BC"

70-77: Goddard, Ives
Ives Goddard
Robert Hale Ives Goddard, III is curator emeritus in the Department of Anthropology of the National Museum of Natural History at the Smithsonian Institution. He is widely considered the leading expert on the Algonquian languages and the larger Algic language family.-Early life and education:Ives...

 "Eastern Algonquian Languages
Eastern Algonquian languages
The Eastern Algonquian languages constitute a subgroup of the Algonquian languages. Prior to European contact, Eastern Algonquian consisted of at least seventeen languages collectively occupying the Atlantic coast of North America and adjacent inland areas, from the Canadian Maritime provinces to...

"

78-88: Brasser, Ted E. "Early Indian European Contacts"

89-100: Washburn, Wilcomb E. "Seventeenth-Century Indian Wars"

101-108: Reynolds, Barrie "Beothuk
Beothuk
The Beothuk were one of the aboriginal peoples in Canada. They lived on the island of Newfoundland at the time of European contact in the 15th and 16th centuries...

"

109-122: Bock, Philip K. "Micmac"

123-136: Erickson, Vincent O. and Bruce G. Trigger "Maliseet-Passamaquoddy
Passamaquoddy
The Passamaquoddy are the First Nations people who live in northeastern North America, primarily in Maine and New Brunswick....

"

160-176: Salwen, Bert "Indians of Southern New England and Long Island: Early Period"

177-189: Conkey, Laura E., Ethel Bolissevian, and Ives Goddard "Indians of Southern New England and Long Island: Late Period"

190-197: Simmons, William S. "Narragansett
Narragansett (tribe)
The Narragansett tribe are an Algonquian Native American tribe from Rhode Island. In 1983 they regained federal recognition as the Narragansett Indian Tribe of Rhode Island. In 2009, the United States Supreme Court ruled against their request that the Department of Interior take land into trust...

"

198-212: Brasser, Ted J. "Mahican
Mahican
The Mahican are an Eastern Algonquian Native American tribe, originally settling in the Hudson River Valley . After 1680, many moved to Stockbridge, Massachusetts. During the early 1820s and 1830s, most of the Mahican descendants migrated westward to northeastern Wisconsin...

"

240-252: Feest, Christian F.
Christian Feest
Christian Feest , is an Austrian ethnologist and ethnohistorian.Feest specialized in the Native Americans of the Northeast and in the Native American anthropology of art...

 "Nanticoke
Nanticoke Indian Tribe
The Nanticoke people are an indigenous American Algonquian people, whose traditional homelands are in Chesapeake Bay and Delaware. Today they live in the northeast United States, especially Delaware; in Canada; and in Oklahoma.-History:...

 and Neighboring Tribes"

271-281: Feest, Christian F. "North Carolina Algonquians
Algonquian peoples
The Algonquian are one of the most populous and widespread North American native language groups, with tribes originally numbering in the hundreds. Today hundreds of thousands of individuals identify with various Algonquian peoples...

"

282-289: Boyce, Douglas W. "Iroquoian
Iroquois
The Iroquois , also known as the Haudenosaunee or the "People of the Longhouse", are an association of several tribes of indigenous people of North America...

 Tribes of the Virginia - North Carolina Coastal Plain"

296-321: Fenton, William N. "Northern Iroquoian Culture Patterns"

322-333: Tuck, James A. "Northern Iroquoian Prehistory"

334-356: Trigger, Bruce G. "Early Iroquois Contact with Europeans"

357-361: Trigger, Bruce G. and James F. Pendergast "Saint Lawrence Iroquoians"

362-367: Jennings, Francis "Susquehannock
Susquehannock
The Susquehannock people were Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans who lived in areas adjacent to the Susquehanna River and its tributaries from the southern part of what is now New York, through Pennsylvania, to the mouth of the Susquehanna in Maryland at the north end of the Chesapeake Bay...

"

368-388: Heidenreich, Conrad E. "Huron"

398-406: Tooker, Elisabeth "Wyandot"

418-441: Tooker, Elisabeth "The League of the Iroquois: Its History, Politics, and Ritual"

442-448: Wallance, Anthony F.C.
Anthony F. C. Wallace
Anthony Francis Clarke Wallace is a Canadian-American anthropologist who specializes in Native American cultures, especially the Iroquois. His research expresses an interest in the intersection of cultural anthropology and psychology...

 "Origins of the Longhouse
Native American long house
Longhouses were built by native peoples in various parts of North America, sometimes reaching over but generally around wide. The dominant theory is that walls were made of sharpened and fire-hardened poles driven into the ground and the roof consisted of leaves and grass...

 Religion"

449-465: Tooker, Elisabeth "Iroquois Since 1820"

466-480: Fenton, William N. and Elisabeth Tooker "Mohawk
Mohawk nation
Mohawk are the most easterly tribe of the Iroquois confederation. They call themselves Kanien'gehaga, people of the place of the flint...

"

547-559: Griffin, James B.
James Bennett Griffin
James Bennett Griffin was an American archaeologist. He is regarded as one of the most influential archaeologists in North America in the 20th century.-Personal life:...

 "Late Prehistory in the Ohio Valley"

583-587: Goddard, Ives "Central Algonquian Languages"

588-593: Hunter, William A. "History of the Ohio Valley"

610-621: Callender, Charles "Great Lakes Riverine Sociopolitical Organization"

636-647: Callender, Charles "Fox"

648-655: Callender, Charles "Sauk"

681-689: Callender, Charles "Miami
Miami tribe
The Miami are a Native American nation originally found in what is now Indiana, southwest Michigan, and western Ohio. The Miami Tribe of Oklahoma is the only federally recognized tribe of Miami Indians in the United States...

"

772-786: Feest, Johanna E. and Christian F. Feest "Ottawa
Odawa people
The Odawa or Ottawa, said to mean "traders," are a Native American and First Nations people. They are one of the Anishinaabeg, related to but distinct from the Ojibwe nation. Their original homelands are located on Manitoulin Island, near the northern shores of Lake Huron, on the Bruce Peninsula in...

"

792-797: Day, Gordon M. and Bruce G. Trigger "Algonquian"

Clifton, James A. "Pattawomi
Potawatomi
The Potawatomi are a Native American people of the upper Mississippi River region. They traditionally speak the Potawatomi language, a member of the Algonquian family. In the Potawatomi language, they generally call themselves Bodéwadmi, a name that means "keepers of the fire" and that was applied...

"

Volume 17: Languages

Ives Goddard
Ives Goddard
Robert Hale Ives Goddard, III is curator emeritus in the Department of Anthropology of the National Museum of Natural History at the Smithsonian Institution. He is widely considered the leading expert on the Algonquian languages and the larger Algic language family.-Early life and education:Ives...

, volume editor. Languages. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1997. ISBN 978-0-87474-197-1.

958 pages.
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