HLA-B (alpha)-β2MG with bound peptide
Alleles	B*3901, 3902, 3903, . .
Structure (See HLA-B HLA-B HLA-B is a human gene that provides instructions for making a protein that plays a critical role in the immune system. HLA-B is part of a family of genes called the human leukocyte antigen complex... )
Shared data
Locus Locus (genetics) In the fields of genetics and genetic computation, a locus is the specific location of a gene or DNA sequence on a chromosome. A variant of the DNA sequence at a given locus is called an allele. The ordered list of loci known for a particular genome is called a genetic map...	chr.6 Chromosome 6 (human) Chromosome 6 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans. People normally have two copies of this chromosome. Chromosome 6 spans more than 170 million base pairs and represents between 5.5 and 6% of the total DNA in cells...  6p21.31

HLA-B39 (B39) is an HLA

Human leukocyte antigen

The human leukocyte antigen system is the name of the major histocompatibility complex in humans. The super locus contains a large number of genes related to immune system function in humans. This group of genes resides on chromosome 6, and encodes cell-surface antigen-presenting proteins and...

-B

HLA-B

HLA-B is a human gene that provides instructions for making a protein that plays a critical role in the immune system. HLA-B is part of a family of genes called the human leukocyte antigen complex...

 serotype

Serotype

Serotype or serovar refers to distinct variations within a subspecies of bacteria or viruses. These microorganisms, viruses, or cells are classified together based on their cell surface antigens...

. The serotype identifies the more common HLA-B*39 gene products.
B39 is a split antigen of the broad antigen B16

HLA-B16

HLA-B16 is an HLA - B serotype. B16 is a broad antigen serotype that recognizes the B38 and B39 split antigen serotypes....

, and is a sister type of B38

HLA-B38

HLA-B38 is an HLA-B serotype. The serotype identifies the B*38 allele products of the HLA-B gene-locus.B38 is a split antigen of the broad antigen B16, and is a sister type of B39...

. B39 is most commonly found on the west pacific rim, in Japan and highest frequency in the new world. In Europe it is found in Scandinavia and Northern Russia.

Serotype

Serotypes B39, B16, and B38 recognition of the
HLA B*39 gene products

B*39	B39	B16	B38	Sample
allele	%	%	%	size (N)
	95			476
	87			96
	77			20
	82			245
	94			508
	48			57
	97			13
	82			127
	69			16
Alleles link-out to IMGT/HLA Human leukocyte antigen The human leukocyte antigen system is the name of the major histocompatibility complex in humans. The super locus contains a large number of genes related to immune system function in humans. This group of genes resides on chromosome 6, and encodes cell-surface antigen-presenting proteins and...  Databease at EBI European Bioinformatics Institute The European Bioinformatics Institute is a centre for research and services in bioinformatics, and is part of European Molecular Biology Laboratory...

The serology for the most common B39 alleles, B*3901 and B*3906 is good, but some allele products are not well detected. Given the differential involvement of these alleles in disease testing should involve high resolution typing.

HLA B*3906 frequencies

		freq
ref.	Population	(%)
	Venezuela Perja Mountain Bari	23.9
	Mexico Mixtec Oaxaca	8.8
	USA Arizona Pima	7.3
	USA South Texas Hispanics	5.6
	Mexico Zaptotec Oaxaca	4.5
	New Mexico Canoncito Navajo	3.7
	Oman	2.5
	PNG Wanigela	2.3
	Tunisia Tunis	2.3
	North American Natives	1.9
	USA Hispanic	1.7
	Brazil Belo Horizonte	1.6
	South Dakota Lakota Sioux	1.5
	Cuban White	1.4
	Azores S. Maria & S. Miguel	1.3
	Australia New South Wales	1.1
	Finland	1.1
	Portugal North	1.1
	Portugal Centre	1.0
	Spain Eastern Andalusia Gipsy	1.0
	Brazil Terena	0.9
	Ireland Northern	0.9
	Azores Terceira Island	0.8
	USA Caucasian pop2	0.8
	Brazil	0.7
	USA Philadelphia Caucasians	0.7
	India Andhra Pradesh Golla	0.5
	Thailand	0.4

Alleles

HLA B*3901 frequencies

		freq
ref.	Population	(%)
	Taiwan Saisiat	54.9
	Taiwan Tsou	24.5
	South Dakota Lakota Sioux	22.5
	Taiwan Taroko	21.8
	Taiwan Atayal	19.8
	PNG Wanigela	16.7
	Japan Ainu Hokkaido	16.0
	Taiwan Bunun	14.9
	New Mexico Canoncito Navajo	14.6
	Taiwan Thao	13.3
	Taiwan Rukai	13.0
	Taiwan Ami	10.2
	USA Hawaii Okinawa	7.7
	Papua New Guinea Wosera	7.0
	Papua New Guinea Madang	6.4
	Mexico Mixtec Oaxaca	5.9
	Taiwan Puyuma	5.0
	Taiwan Paiwan	4.9
	New Caledonia	4.8
	Japan Central	4.4
	American Samoa	4.0
	USA North American Natives	4.0
	Taiwan Hakka	3.6
	Indig. Australian Cape York Peninsula	3.5
	Japan (5)	3.5
	Philippines Ivatan	3.0
	Brazil	2.9
	China Guangxi Maonan	2.8
	Georgia Tibilisi Georgians	2.8
	China Yunnan Nu	2.6
	Thailand	2.5
	Azores Terceira Island	2.4
	Singapore Chinese	2.4
	Romanian	2.3
	China Yunnan Lisu	2.2
	Indig. Australian Yuendumu	2.1
	China Guangzhou	2.0
	Croatia	2.0
	France South East	1.9
	Georgia Svaneti Svans	1.9
	PNG Karimui Plateau	1.9
	Azores Central Islands	1.8
	Spain Eastern Andalusia	1.8
	Uganda Kampala	1.6
	Mexico Zaptotec Oaxaca	1.5
	Singapore Thai	1.5
	China Guangzhou Han	1.4
	China Qinghai Hui	1.4
	Czech Republic	1.4
	Madeira	1.4
	Indig. Australian Kimberly	1.3
	Finland	1.1

Disease

B39 is suggested as a factor in Takayasu's arteritis and gallstones in Mexico. Osteoarticular complications

Osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis also known as degenerative arthritis or degenerative joint disease, is a group of mechanical abnormalities involving degradation of joints, including articular cartilage and subchondral bone. Symptoms may include joint pain, tenderness, stiffness, locking, and sometimes an effusion...

 of
brucellosis

Brucellosis

Brucellosis, also called Bang's disease, Crimean fever, Gibraltar fever, Malta fever, Maltese fever, Mediterranean fever, rock fever, or undulant fever, is a highly contagious zoonosis caused by ingestion of unsterilized milk or meat from infected animals or close contact with their secretions...

 appear to be associated with B39. An association with spondylarthropathies  and psoriatic arthritis was observed in several studies. Psoriatic arthritis

Psoriatic arthritis

Psoriatic arthritis is a type of inflammatory arthritis that, according to the National Psoriasis Foundation, will develop in up to 30 percent of people who have the chronic skin condition psoriasis...

 appears to be linked to MICA

MHC class I polypeptide-related sequence A

MHC class I polypeptide-related sequence A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MICA gene.-Further reading:...

-A9 which tightly linked to HLA-B39. B39 also appears to be involved in the Fishers syndrome variant of Guillain-Barré syndrome

Guillain-Barré syndrome

Guillain–Barré syndrome , sometimes called Landry's paralysis, is an acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy , a disorder affecting the peripheral nervous system. Ascending paralysis, weakness beginning in the feet and hands and migrating towards the trunk, is the most typical symptom...

.

B39 appears to be protective against cardiomyopathy in Chaga's disease indicating a possible selective factor in its rise in the New World. Chaga's disease is caused by a trypanosome

Trypanosoma cruzi

Trypanosoma cruzi is a species of parasitic euglenoid trypanosomes. This species causes the trypanosomiasis diseases in humans and animals in America...

 carried by a blood sucking insect found in tropical, palm growing regions.

Southern California now reports cases of Chaga's disease from contaminated transfusions and may be already a habitat for the vector.

In Takayasu's arteritis

Takayasu's arteritis

Takayasu's arteritis

Takayasu's arteritis is a form of large vessel granulomatous vasculitis with massive intimal fibrosis and vascular narrowing affecting often young or middle-aged women of Asian descent...

 appears to have a link to B39. The association with B*3902 increases risk of pulmonary infarction

Infarction

In medicine, infarction refers to tissue death that is caused by a local lack of oxygen due to obstruction of the tissue's blood supply. The resulting lesion is referred to as an infarct.-Causes:...

, ischemic heart disease, aortic regurgitation, systemic hypertension

Hypertension

Hypertension or high blood pressure is a cardiac chronic medical condition in which the systemic arterial blood pressure is elevated. What that means is that the heart is having to work harder than it should to pump the blood around the body. Blood pressure involves two measurements, systolic and...

, renal artery stenosis

Renal artery stenosis

Renal artery stenosis is the narrowing of the renal artery, most often caused by atherosclerosis or fibromuscular dysplasia. This narrowing of the renal artery can impede blood flow to the target kidney...

, cerebrovascular disease

Cerebrovascular disease

Cerebrovascular disease is a group of brain dysfunctions related to disease of the blood vessels supplying the brain. Hypertension is the most important cause; it damages the blood vessel lining, endothelium, exposing the underlying collagen where platelets aggregate to initiate a repairing process...

, and visual disturbance. B*3906, common in indigenous Mesoamericans has been found associated with the same disease.

HLA B*3902 frequencies

		freq
ref.	Population	(%)
	Mexico Mixe Oaxaca	38.7
	Mexico Zaptotec Oaxaca	13.4
	Mexico Mixtec Oaxaca	5.9
	Mexico Mestizos	1.2
	Japan pop5	0.9
	Cuban White	0.7
	Israel Ashk. and Non Ashk. Jews	0.5
	Japan Central	0.5
	Senegal Niokholo Mandenka	0.5
B*3903
	PNG New Britain Rabaul	13.2
	Brazil Terena	11.2
	Argentina Toba Rosario	5.2
	Brazil	0.7
	Finland	0.6
	Kenya Luo	0.6
	North American Natives	0.5
B*3904
	Argentina Toba Rosario	1.2
	Georgia Svaneti Svans	0.6
	Jordan Amman	0.3
	Shijiazhuang Tianjian Han	0.1
	Japan Central	0.1
	Romanian	0.1
B*3905
	Venezuela Perija Yucpa	36.1
	Mexico Zaptotec Oaxaca	12.7
	Mexico Mixtec Oaxaca	9.8
	Mexico Mestizos	4.9
	Arizona Pima	4.5
	Mexico Guadalajara Mestizos	2.4
	Argentina Toba Rosario	2.3
	USA Hispanic	2.1
	Mexico Mixe Oaxaca	1.9
	Cuban White	1.4
	Mexico Chihuahua Tarahumara	1.1
	USA North American Natives	0.5
	Shijiazhuang Tianjian Han	0.2
B*3907
	Shijiazhuang Tianjian Han	0.6
	Singapore Thai	0.5
	China South Han	0.2
B*3908
	Mexico Zaptotec Oaxaca	2.2
	Mexico Mestizos	1.2
	Mexico Mixtec Oaxaca	1.0
	Brazil	0.7
	USA Hispanic	0.6
B*3909
	Venezuela Perija Yucpa	34.9
	Thailand pop3	3.1
	Brazil Terena	1.7
	China South Han	1.4
	Argentina Toba Rosario	1.2
	China Qinghai Hui	0.9
B*3910
	Sudanese	2.5
	Senegal Niokholo Mandenka	2.1
	South Africian Natal Zulu	1.5
	Cameroon Beti	1.4
	Spain Eastern Andalusia	1.2
	Kenya Luo	1.1
	Israel Arab Druse	1.0
	Kenya Nandi	1.0
	Guinea Bissau	0.8
	Kenya	0.7
	Mali Bandiagara	0.7
	Morocco Nador Metalsa Class I	0.7
	Cameroon Bamileke	0.6
	Cameroon Yaounde	0.5
	Israel Ashk. and Non Ashk. Jews	0.5
	Saudi Arabia Guraiat and Hail	0.5