Gregor von Rezzori
Encyclopedia
Gregor von Rezzori born Gregor Arnulph Hilarius d'Arezzo, was an Austria
Austria
Austria , officially the Republic of Austria , is a landlocked country of roughly 8.4 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Germany to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the...

n-born German-language
German language
German is a West Germanic language, related to and classified alongside English and Dutch. With an estimated 90 – 98 million native speakers, German is one of the world's major languages and is the most widely-spoken first language in the European Union....

 novel
Novel
A novel is a book of long narrative in literary prose. The genre has historical roots both in the fields of the medieval and early modern romance and in the tradition of the novella. The latter supplied the present generic term in the late 18th century....

ist, memoir
Memoir
A memoir , is a literary genre, forming a subclass of autobiography – although the terms 'memoir' and 'autobiography' are almost interchangeable. Memoir is autobiographical writing, but not all autobiographical writing follows the criteria for memoir set out below...

ist, screenwriter
Screenwriter
Screenwriters or scriptwriters or scenario writers are people who write/create the short or feature-length screenplays from which mass media such as films, television programs, Comics or video games are based.-Profession:...

 and author of radio plays, as well as an actor, journalist, visual artist, art critic and art collector. He was fluent in German
German language
German is a West Germanic language, related to and classified alongside English and Dutch. With an estimated 90 – 98 million native speakers, German is one of the world's major languages and is the most widely-spoken first language in the European Union....

, Romanian
Romanian language
Romanian Romanian Romanian (or Daco-Romanian; obsolete spellings Rumanian, Roumanian; self-designation: română, limba română ("the Romanian language") or românește (lit. "in Romanian") is a Romance language spoken by around 24 to 28 million people, primarily in Romania and Moldova...

, Italian
Italian language
Italian is a Romance language spoken mainly in Europe: Italy, Switzerland, San Marino, Vatican City, by minorities in Malta, Monaco, Croatia, Slovenia, France, Libya, Eritrea, and Somalia, and by immigrant communities in the Americas and Australia...

, Polish
Polish language
Polish is a language of the Lechitic subgroup of West Slavic languages, used throughout Poland and by Polish minorities in other countries...

, Ukrainian
Ukrainian language
Ukrainian is a language of the East Slavic subgroup of the Slavic languages. It is the official state language of Ukraine. Written Ukrainian uses a variant of the Cyrillic alphabet....

, Yiddish
Yiddish language
Yiddish is a High German language of Ashkenazi Jewish origin, spoken throughout the world. It developed as a fusion of German dialects with Hebrew, Aramaic, Slavic languages and traces of Romance languages...

, French
French language
French is a Romance language spoken as a first language in France, the Romandy region in Switzerland, Wallonia and Brussels in Belgium, Monaco, the regions of Quebec and Acadia in Canada, and by various communities elsewhere. Second-language speakers of French are distributed throughout many parts...

, and English
English language
English is a West Germanic language that arose in the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England and spread into what was to become south-east Scotland under the influence of the Anglian medieval kingdom of Northumbria...

; during his life, von Rezzori was successively a citizen of Austria-Hungary
Austria-Hungary
Austria-Hungary , more formally known as the Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Imperial Council and the Lands of the Holy Hungarian Crown of Saint Stephen, was a constitutional monarchic union between the crowns of the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Hungary in...

, Romania
Romania
Romania is a country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeastern Europe, on the Lower Danube, within and outside the Carpathian arch, bordering on the Black Sea...

, and the Soviet Union
Soviet Union
The Soviet Union , officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics , was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991....

, before becoming a stateless person and spending his final years as a citizen of Austria. He married Beatrice Monti della Corte.

Biography

Gregor von Rezzori was born in Czernowitz
Chernivtsi
Chernivtsi is the administrative center of Chernivtsi Oblast in southwestern Ukraine. The city is situated on the upper course of the River Prut, a tributary of the Danube, in the northern part of the historic region of Bukovina, which is currently divided between Romania and Ukraine...

, Bukovina
Bukovina
Bukovina is a historical region on the northern slopes of the northeastern Carpathian Mountains and the adjoining plains.-Name:The name Bukovina came into official use in 1775 with the region's annexation from the Principality of Moldavia to the possessions of the Habsburg Monarchy, which became...

, part of Austria-Hungary at the time (1914). He originated from a Sicilian
Sicily
Sicily is a region of Italy, and is the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea. Along with the surrounding minor islands, it constitutes an autonomous region of Italy, the Regione Autonoma Siciliana Sicily has a rich and unique culture, especially with regard to the arts, music, literature,...

 aristocratic family from the Province of Ragusa
Province of Ragusa
The Province of Ragusa is a province in the autonomous region of Sicily in Italy, located in the south-east of the island. Its capital is the city of Ragusa, which is the most southerly provincial capital in Italy.-Geography:...

 who had settled in Vienna
Vienna
Vienna is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Austria and one of the nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austria's primary city, with a population of about 1.723 million , and is by far the largest city in Austria, as well as its cultural, economic, and political centre...

 by the mid-18th century. His father was an Austrian civil servant
Civil service
The term civil service has two distinct meanings:* A branch of governmental service in which individuals are employed on the basis of professional merit as proven by competitive examinations....

 based in Czernowitz. The family remained in the region after it became part of the Romanian Kingdom
Kingdom of Romania
The Kingdom of Romania was the Romanian state based on a form of parliamentary monarchy between 13 March 1881 and 30 December 1947, specified by the first three Constitutions of Romania...

 in 1919, and the young Gregor von Rezzori became a Romanian citizen.

After World War I
World War I
World War I , which was predominantly called the World War or the Great War from its occurrence until 1939, and the First World War or World War I thereafter, was a major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918...

 von Rezzori studied in colleges in Braşov
Brasov
Brașov is a city in Romania and the capital of Brașov County.According to the last Romanian census, from 2002, there were 284,596 people living within the city of Brașov, making it the 8th most populated city in Romania....

, Fürstenfeld
Fürstenfeld
Fürstenfeld is a town and a district in southeastern Austria. It is situated within the Austrian federal state of StyriaAccording to the 2005 census, Fürstenfeld has 5,986 citizens within its communal area, the larger urban area of Fürstenfeld includes approximately 20% more citizens.Fürstenfeld...

 and Vienna. He began studying mining at the University of Leoben
University of Leoben
The University of Leoben, in the town of Leoben, Austria, is the country's university for mining, metallurgy, and materials.It was founded on 4 November 1840, as the Steiermärkisch-Ständische Montanlehranstalt in Styria, Austria's mining region. In 1848 Peter Tunner relocated the university to the...

, then architecture and medicine at the University of Vienna
University of Vienna
The University of Vienna is a public university located in Vienna, Austria. It was founded by Duke Rudolph IV in 1365 and is the oldest university in the German-speaking world...

, where he eventually graduated in arts.

In mid-1930 he moved to Bucharest
Bucharest
Bucharest is the capital municipality, cultural, industrial, and financial centre of Romania. It is the largest city in Romania, located in the southeast of the country, at , and lies on the banks of the Dâmbovița River....

, took up military service in the Romanian Army, and made a living as an artist. In 1938 he moved to Berlin
Berlin
Berlin is the capital city of Germany and is one of the 16 states of Germany. With a population of 3.45 million people, Berlin is Germany's largest city. It is the second most populous city proper and the seventh most populous urban area in the European Union...

, where he became active as a novelist, journalist, writer in radio broadcasting, and film production. Given his Romanian citizenship, von Rezzori was not drafted by Nazi
Nazi Germany
Nazi Germany , also known as the Third Reich , but officially called German Reich from 1933 to 1943 and Greater German Reich from 26 June 1943 onward, is the name commonly used to refer to the state of Germany from 1933 to 1945, when it was a totalitarian dictatorship ruled by...

 authorities during World War II
World War II
World War II, or the Second World War , was a global conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945, involving most of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis...

.

Until the mid-1950s, he worked as an author at the broadcasting company Nordwestdeutscher Rundfunk
Nordwestdeutscher Rundfunk
Nordwestdeutscher Rundfunk was the organization responsible for public broadcasting in the German Länder of Hamburg, Lower Saxony, Schleswig-Holstein and North Rhine-Westphalia from 22 September 1945 until 31 December 1955. Until 1954, it was also responsible for broadcasting in West Berlin...

. He regularly published novels and stories, as well as working in film production as a screenplay author and actor (starring alongside actors such as Brigitte Bardot
Brigitte Bardot
Brigitte Anne-Marie Bardot is a French former fashion model, actress, singer and animal rights activist. She was one of the best-known sex-symbols of the 1960s.In her early life, Bardot was an aspiring ballet dancer...

, Jeanne Moreau
Jeanne Moreau
Jeanne Moreau is a French actress, singer, screenwriter and director.She made her theatrical debut in 1947, and established herself as one of the leading actresses of the Comédie-Française...

, Anna Karina
Anna Karina
Anna Karina is a Danish film actress, director, and screenwriter who has spent most of her working life in France. Karina is known as a muse of the director, Jean-Luc Godard, one of the pioneers of the French New Wave...

, Marcello Mastroianni
Marcello Mastroianni
Marcello Vincenzo Domenico Mastroianni, Knight Grand Cross was an Italian film actor. His honours included British Film Academy Awards, Best Actor awards at the Cannes Film Festival and two Golden Globe Awards.- Personal life :...

 or Charles Aznavour
Charles Aznavour
Charles Aznavour, OC is an Armenian-French singer, songwriter, actor, public activist and diplomat. Besides being one of France's most popular and enduring singers, he is also one of the best-known singers in the world...

). Beginning in the early 1960s, Rezzori lived between Rome
Rome
Rome is the capital of Italy and the country's largest and most populated city and comune, with over 2.7 million residents in . The city is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula, on the Tiber River within the Lazio region of Italy.Rome's history spans two and a half...

 and Paris
Paris
Paris is the capital and largest city in France, situated on the river Seine, in northern France, at the heart of the Île-de-France region...

, with sojourns in the United States
United States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...

, eventually settling in Tuscany
Tuscany
Tuscany is a region in Italy. It has an area of about 23,000 square kilometres and a population of about 3.75 million inhabitants. The regional capital is Florence ....

.

Besides authoring and performing, he and his spouse Beatrice Monti della Corte were significant art collectors, and together founded the Santa Maddalena Retreat for Writers. He died in Santa Maddalena, part of Florence
Florence
Florence is the capital city of the Italian region of Tuscany and of the province of Florence. It is the most populous city in Tuscany, with approximately 370,000 inhabitants, expanding to over 1.5 million in the metropolitan area....

's Donnini frazione
Frazione
A frazione , in Italy, is the name given in administrative law to a type of territorial subdivision of a comune; for other administrative divisions, see municipio, circoscrizione, quartiere...

.

Literary works

Rezzori began his career as a writer of light novels, but he first encountered success in 1953 with the Maghrebinian Tales, a suite of droll stories and anecdotes from an imaginary land called "Maghrebinia", which reunited in a grotesque and parodic key traits of his multicultural Bukovinian birthplace, of extinct Austria-Hungary and of Bucharest of his youth. Over the years, Rezzori published further Maghrebinian Tales, which increased his reputation of language virtuosity and free spirit, writing with wit, insight and elegance.

Other books, such as The Death of My Brother Abel, Oedipus at Stalingrad, or The Snows of Yesteryear, recording the fading world at the time of the World Wars, have been celebrated for their powerful descriptive prose, nuance and style.

Von Rezzori first came to the attention of English-speaking readers with the 1969 publication of the story "Memoirs of an Anti-Semite," in The New Yorker. On this occasion, Elie Wiesel
Elie Wiesel
Sir Eliezer "Elie" Wiesel KBE; born September 30, 1928) is a Hungarian-born Jewish-American writer, professor, political activist, Nobel Laureate, and Holocaust survivor. He is the author of 57 books, including Night, a work based on his experiences as a prisoner in the Auschwitz, Buna, and...

, who was born in Bukovina's neighboring Maramureş, wrote:
"Rezzori addresses the major problems of our time, and his voice echoes with the disturbing and wonderful magic of a true storyteller."


In his Guide for Idiots through the German Society, von Rezzori also used his noted taste for satire. Although he was not unanimously perceived as a major author in the German-speaking area, his posthumous reception has arguably confirmed him among the most important modern German-language authors.

Published titles

  • Flamme, die sich verzehrt ("Self-extinguishing Flame", novel, 1940)
  • Rombachs einsame Jahre, ("Rombach's Lonely Years", novel, 1942)
  • Rose Manzani (novel, 1944)
  • Maghrebinische Geschichten ("Tales of Maghrebinia", 1953)
  • Ödipus siegt bei Stalingrad ("Oedipus at Stalingrad", 1954)
  • Männerfibel, 1955
  • Ein Hermelin in Tschernopol. Ein maghrebinischer Roman ("The Hussar", 1958)
  • Bogdan im Knoblauchwald. Ein maghrebinisches Märchen ("Bogdan in the Garlic Forest. A Maghrebinian Tale", 1962)
  • Die Toten auf ihre Plätze. Tagebuch des Films Viva Maria ("The Dead on their Places. Journal of the Movie 'Viva Maria'", 1966)
  • 1001 Jahr Maghrebinien. Eine Festschrift (1967)
  • Der Tod meines Bruders Abel ("The Death of My Brother Abel", novel, 1976)
  • Greif zur Geige, Frau Vergangenheit (novel, 1978)
  • Denkwürdigkeiten eines Antisemiten ("The Memoirs of an Anti-Semite", 1979)
  • Der arbeitslose König. Maghrebinisches Märchen ("The Jobless King. A Maghrebinian Tale", 1981)
  • A Stranger in Lolitaland. An Essay, first published in English by Vanity Fair
    Vanity Fair (magazine)
    Vanity Fair is a magazine of pop culture, fashion, and current affairs published by Condé Nast. The present Vanity Fair has been published since 1983 and there have been editions for four European countries as well as the U.S. edition. This revived the title which had ceased publication in 1935...

  • Blumen im Schnee – Portraitstudien zu einer Autobiographie, die ich nie schreiben werde. Auch: Versuch der Erzählweise eines gleicherweise nie geschriebenen Bildungsromans ("The Snows Of Yesteryear", autobiographical essays, 1989)
  • Über dem Kliff ("Beyond the Cliff", stories, 1991)
  • Idiotenführer durch die Deutsche Gesellschaft. Hochadel, Adel, Schickeria, Prominenz ("Guide for Idiots through the German Society. Aristocracy, Swells, Notables", 1992)
  • Begegnungen ("Encounters", 1992)
  • Greisengemurmel. Ein Rechenschaftsbericht (1994)
  • Italien, Vaterland der Legenden, Mutterland der Mythen. Reisen durch die europäischen Vaterländer oder wie althergebrachte Gemeinplätze durch neue zu ersetzen sind (1996)
  • Frankreich. Gottesland der Frauen und der Phrasen. Reisen durch die europäischen Vaterländer oder wie althergebrachte Gemeinplätze durch neue zu ersetzen sind (1997)
  • Mir auf der Spur ("On My Own Traces", 1997)
  • Kain. Das letzte Manuskript (posthumous novel, 2001)

Awards

  • Theodor-Fontane-Preis (1959)
  • Premio Scanno (1987)
  • Premio Boccaccio
  • Premio Lorenzo Il Magnifico

Screenwriter

  • Kopfjäger von Borneo, 1936
  • Unter den Sternen von Capri, 1953
  • Labyrinth, 1959
  • The Dear Augustin, 1959
  • Sturm im Wasserglas, 1960
  • Man nennt es Amore, 1961
  • Geliebte Hochstaplerin, 1961
  • Die Herren, 1965
  • Mord und Totschlag, 1967

Actor

  • Sie, 1954. Directed by Rolf Thiele, with Marina Vlady
    Marina Vlady
    Marina Vlady is a French actress.She won the Best Actress Award at the 1963 Cannes Film Festival for The Conjugal Bed. From 1955 to 1959 she was married to actor/director Robert Hossein...

    , Walter Giller, Nadja Tiller
    Nadja Tiller
    Nadja Tiller is an Austrian actress. She was one of the most popular German actresses of the 1950s and 1960s.She won the Miss Austria competition in 1949, a national beauty pageant for unmarried women in Austria. She had her major film debut in 1952 in 'Märchen vom Glück .In 1955, she acted...

  • El Hakim, 1957. Directed by Rolf Thiele, with O.W. Fischer, Michael Ande, Nadja Tiller
  • Paprika, 1959. Directed by Kurt Wilhelm with Willy Hagara, Violetta Ferrari
  • Labyrinth, 1959. Directed by Rolf Thiele, with Nadja Tiller, Peter van Eyck
    Peter van Eyck
    Peter van Eyck, born Götz von Eick , was a German-American actor.-Biography:...

    , Amedeo Nazzari
    Amedeo Nazzari
    Amedeo Nazzari was an Italian actor.Star of Italian cinema during the 40's and 50's. He made several melodramas with Raffaello Matarazzo, such as Catene in 1949...

  • Bezaubernde Arabella, 1959. Directed by Axel von Ambesser, with Johanna von Koczian, Carlos Thompson, Hilde Hildebrand
  • Das Riesenrad, 1961. Directed by Géza von Radványi, with Maria Schell
    Maria Schell
    Maria Margarethe Anna Schell was an Austrian/Swiss actress, who won the Volpi Cup for Best Actress at the Venice Film Festival in 1956 for Gervaise....

    , O.W. Fischer, Adrienne Gessner
  • Destination Rome, 1962. Directed by Denys de La Patellière
    Denys de La Patellière
    Denys de La Patellière is a French film director and scriptwriter.He was born in Nantes.-Filmography as director:* 1955 : Les Aristocrates with Pierre Fresnay...

    , with Arletty
    Arletty
    Arletty was a French actress, singer, and fashion model.-Life and career:Arletty was born Léonie Marie Julie Bathiat in Courbevoie , to a working-class family. Her early career was dominated by the music hall, and she later appeared in plays and cabaret. Arletty was a stage performer for ten years...

    , Charles Aznavour
    Charles Aznavour
    Charles Aznavour, OC is an Armenian-French singer, songwriter, actor, public activist and diplomat. Besides being one of France's most popular and enduring singers, he is also one of the best-known singers in the world...

    , Monique Bert
  • A Very Private Affair
    A Very Private Affair
    A Very Private Affair is a 1962 French film directed by Louis Malle and starring Brigitte Bardot.-Synopsis:Brigitte Bardot, the sexy French actress/bombshell of the 1960s, stars in this semi-biographical film of her life....

    , 1962. Directed by Louis Malle
    Louis Malle
    Louis Malle was a French film director, screenwriter, and producer. He worked in both French cinema and Hollywood. His films include Ascenseur pour l'échafaud , Atlantic City , and Au revoir, les enfants .- Early years in France :Malle was born into a wealthy industrialist family in Thumeries,...

    , with Brigitte Bardot
    Brigitte Bardot
    Brigitte Anne-Marie Bardot is a French former fashion model, actress, singer and animal rights activist. She was one of the best-known sex-symbols of the 1960s.In her early life, Bardot was an aspiring ballet dancer...

    , Marcello Mastroianni
    Marcello Mastroianni
    Marcello Vincenzo Domenico Mastroianni, Knight Grand Cross was an Italian film actor. His honours included British Film Academy Awards, Best Actor awards at the Cannes Film Festival and two Golden Globe Awards.- Personal life :...

  • Games of Desire, 1964. Directed by Hans Albin and Peter Berneis, with Claudine Auger
    Claudine Auger
    Claudine Auger is a French actress best known for her role as Bond girl Dominique "Domino" Derval in the James Bond film Thunderball . She earned the title of Miss France Monde and was also the first runner-up in the 1958 Miss World contest.Born in Paris, France, she attended St...

    , Cecilie Gelers
  • Un mari à un prix fixe
    Un mari à un prix fixe
    Un mari à un prix fixe is a 1965 French film directed by Claude de Givray and starring Anna Karina.-Cast:* Anna Karina - Béatrice Reinhoff* Roger Hanin - Romain de Brétigny* Gabrielle Dorziat - Mme Reinhoff, mère* Hubert Noël - Norbert Besson...

    , 1965. Directed by Claude de Givray, with Anna Karina
    Anna Karina
    Anna Karina is a Danish film actress, director, and screenwriter who has spent most of her working life in France. Karina is known as a muse of the director, Jean-Luc Godard, one of the pioneers of the French New Wave...

    , Roger Hanin
    Roger Hanin
    Roger Hanin is a French actor , best known for playing the title role in the 1989-2006 TV crime series, Navarro.-Personal life:...

  • Viva Maria!
    Viva Maria!
    Viva Maria! is a 1965 comedy-adventure film starring Brigitte Bardot and Jeanne Moreau as two women named Maria who meet and become revolutionaries in the early 20th century. It also starred George Hamilton as Florès, a revolutionary leader. It was co-written and directed by Louis Malle, and...

    , 1965. Directed by Louis Malle, and Jean-Claude Carrière
    Jean-Claude Carrière
    Jean-Claude Carrière is a screenwriter and actor. Alumnus of the École normale supérieure de Saint-Cloud, he was a frequent collaborator with Luis Buñuel...

    , with Brigitte Bardot, Jeanne Moreau
    Jeanne Moreau
    Jeanne Moreau is a French actress, singer, screenwriter and director.She made her theatrical debut in 1947, and established herself as one of the leading actresses of the Comédie-Française...

  • Man on Horseback
    Man on Horseback
    Man on Horseback is a 1969 German drama film directed by Volker Schlöndorff based on a novel by Heinrich Von Kleist. It was entered into the 1969 Cannes Film Festival.-Cast:* David Warner - Michael Kohlhaas* Anna Karina - Elisabeth Kohlhaas...

    , 1969. Directed by Volker Schlöndorff
    Volker Schlöndorff
    Volker Schlöndorff is a Berlin-based German filmmaker who has worked in Germany, France and the United States...

    , with David Warner
    David Warner (actor)
    David Warner is an English actor who is known for playing both romantic leads and sinister or villainous characters, both in film and animation...

    , Anna Karina
  • Ein Bißchen Liebe, 1974. Directed by Veith von Fürstenberg, with Brigitte Berger, Eva Maria Herzig
  • Le beau monde, 1981. Directed by Michel Polac, with Fabrice Luchini, Judith Magre

Further reading

  • Valentina Glajar: After Empire: 'Postcolonial' Bukovina in Gregor von Rezzori's 'Blumen im Schnee' (1989) . In: The German Legacy in East Central Europe as Recorded in Recent German-Language Literature. Columbia, SC: Camden House. 2004. ISBN 1-57113-256-2
  • Katarzyna Jaśtal, Erzählte Zeiträume. Kindheitserinnerungen aus den Randgebieten der Habsburgermonarchie von Manès Sperber, Elias Canetti und Gregor von Rezzori, Aureus, Kraków
    Kraków
    Kraków also Krakow, or Cracow , is the second largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland. Situated on the Vistula River in the Lesser Poland region, the city dates back to the 7th century. Kraków has traditionally been one of the leading centres of Polish academic, cultural, and artistic life...

    , 1998
  • Gerhard Köpf, Vor-Bilder. Tübinger Poetik-Vorlesung, Konkursbuchverlag, Tübingen
    Tübingen
    Tübingen is a traditional university town in central Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is situated south of the state capital, Stuttgart, on a ridge between the Neckar and Ammer rivers.-Geography:...

    , 1999
  • Jacques Lajarrige, Gregor von Rezzori. Etudes réunies, Université de Rouen, Centre d'Études et de Recherches Autrichiennes, Mont-Saint-Aignan
    Mont-Saint-Aignan
    -People:*Birthplace of Jacques Anquetil , the first cyclist to win the Tour de France five times.*Viviane Asseyi footballer*Jackson Mendy footballer*Matthieu Louis-Jean footballer*Mohamed Sissoko, Juventus F.C footballer, was born here....

    , 2003
  • Gilbert Ravy, "Rezzori et la France", in Austriaca, No. 54 (2002), p. 41-58
  • Tetyana Basnyak. The mythologeme of East European culture in Gregor von Rezzori’s creative work. – Manuscript. Thesis for а scientific degree of Candidate of Philology. Speciality 10.01.04 – Literature of Foreign Countries. – T. H. Shevchenko Institute of Literature of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. – Kiev, 2010.

External links

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