Gold Cobra
Encyclopedia
Gold Cobra is the sixth studio album by American rock band Limp Bizkit
Limp Bizkit
Limp Bizkit is an American rock band from Jacksonville, Florida. Formed in 1995, the group's lineup consists of Fred Durst , Wes Borland , Sam Rivers , John Otto and DJ Lethal . The band achieved mainstream success with their second studio album Significant Other, released in 1999...

, released on June 24 in Germany, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, on June 27 in the United Kingdom and on June 28 in the rest of the world in 2011 by Interscope Records
Interscope Records
Interscope Records is an American record label owned by Universal Music Group that currently operates as one third of UMG's Interscope-Geffen-A&M label group.-History:...

. It is the band's first studio album since 2005's The Unquestionable Truth (Part 1)
The Unquestionable Truth (Part 1)
The Unquestionable Truth is the fifth studio album by Limp Bizkit, released on May 2, 2005 internationally and a day later in North America. Despite being less than 30 minutes long and containing only seven tracks, it is still considered a studio album rather than an EP. The Unquestionable Truth ...

, and the first with the full original lineup since 2000's Chocolate Starfish and the Hot Dog Flavored Water. Three singles have been released: Shotgun
Shotgun (Limp Bizkit song)
"Shotgun" is a song by American nu metal band Limp Bizkit. It was released on May 17, 2011, as a digital download except in the United Kingdom where it was released on May 18, 2011.-Track listing:-Release history:-Charts:-Personnel:Limp Bizkit...

, Gold Cobra and Autotunage
Autotunage
"Autotunage" is the third single from Limp Bizkit's sixth studio album Gold Cobra. It is the tenth song from Gold Cobra. It has been rumoured that a music video is under production. As the title suggests, the song features Fred Durst using autotune....

.

Background

Following the release of 2005's The Unquestionable Truth (Part 1)
The Unquestionable Truth (Part 1)
The Unquestionable Truth is the fifth studio album by Limp Bizkit, released on May 2, 2005 internationally and a day later in North America. Despite being less than 30 minutes long and containing only seven tracks, it is still considered a studio album rather than an EP. The Unquestionable Truth ...

, the band went on hiatus as vocalist Fred Durst began directing indie movies and former guitarist Wes Borland founded Black Light Burns. In mid-2008 rumors and a myspace post by Durst began to indicate that Limp Bizkit were planning a reunion of some form and were replacing Wes Borland with Evanescence
Evanescence
Evanescence is an American rock band founded in Little Rock, Arkansas in 1995 by singer/pianist Amy Lee and guitarist Ben Moody. After recording private albums, the band released their first full-length album, Fallen, on Wind-up Records in 2003. Fallen sold more than 17 million copies worldwide...

 and Cold
Cold (band)
Cold is an American post-grunge band, formed in 1996 in Jacksonville, Florida. With two gold-albums Cold has sold over 1.2 million records in the US alone. On November 17, 2006, Ward announced on MySpace that, after a period of uncertainty since that February, the group had decided to disband. In...

 guitarist Terry Balsamo
Terry Balsamo
Terry Balsamo , is an American guitarist. He is the former guitarist of the alternative metal band Cold and the current guitarist of Evanescence.-Early projects and Cold:...

. On February 12, 2009, the band officially announced in a press release that they reunited for a world tour, some festivals, and a sixth studio album. The press release also announced that Wes Borland would be returning as the band's guitarist, dissolving the rumors of Terry Balsamo joining the band.

In the 2009 press release confirming the band's reunion, Fred Durst and Wes Borland released a joint statement:
The return of Borland marked the return of the band's complete original line-up since 2000's Chocolate Starfish and the Hot Dog Flavored Water. The band played a comeback tour, the Unicorns N' Rainbows Tour
Unicorns N' Rainbows Tour
The Unicorns N' Rainbows Tour was a comeback tour by rap metal band Limp Bizkit, in 2009. It was the band's first concert tour since 2004, and the first since Wes Borland's return earlier in 2009, and is considered to be their reunion tour....

, from May 20 to August 17, 2009 to commemorate the band's reunion. During the production of the album, Borland came up with its title, Gold Cobra. Borland says that it does not have any meaning, and that it was chosen because it fit the style of music the band was writing for the album. On November 30, 2009, Durst announced that the album would be released on Flip
Flip Records (1994)
Flip Records is a Californian record label, started by Jordan Schur in 1994. Flip had distribution deals with other labels including Epic, Elektra and A&M until Schur was named president of Geffen and issued through Geffen/Interscope...

/Interscope
Interscope Records
Interscope Records is an American record label owned by Universal Music Group that currently operates as one third of UMG's Interscope-Geffen-A&M label group.-History:...

/Polydor Records
Polydor Records
Polydor is a record label owned by Universal Music Group, headquartered in the United Kingdom.-Beginnings:Polydor was originally an independent branch of the Deutsche Grammophon Gesellschaft. Its name was first used as an export label in 1924, the British and German branches of the Gramophone...

 with a 2010 release, though the album would later be delayed to 2011.

Recording

August 24, 2009 marked the official first day of recording new material, as well as the first time the lineup had recorded together since 2004. Less than one month later, a Twitter update by Durst informed readers of the instrumental recording completion, along with the first of two layers of vocals. In an interview with Kerrang! in December 2009, Durst stated that the album would feature 10 songs with interludes between the songs.

In a series of radio interviews Durst revealed that Borland came up with the album name Gold Cobra. Regarding the albums first single
Single (music)
In music, a single or record single is a type of release, typically a recording of fewer tracks than an LP or a CD. This can be released for sale to the public in a variety of different formats. In most cases, the single is a song that is released separately from an album, but it can still appear...

, Durst stated: "We are getting a little grief from the big wigs as to what single 'they' want out first. Obviously 'we' are pushing for Douchebag. If they choose to run with something else we will figure out a way to release it anyway."

On March 29, 2010, Durst stated that eighteen songs were recorded and currently in the process of being mixed, but noted that not all songs would make the album. The end of March saw Durst posting teasers to the songs "Shark Attack", "90 to 10", "Douchebag" and "Walking Away" via Twitter, and on April 7, Fred posted an unofficial track listing. On April 30, 2010, "Why Try" was released by Durst on the band's official website. "Walking Away" was leaked on August 8, 2010.

On January 25, 2011, Durst announced that the album was being mixed, although later on began announcing individual tracks as they were mixed, seemingly for the second time. On February 9, Durst stated via his Twitter page that the album should be ready to press at the end of February. The following day, Durst wrote on the band's website: "As we head towards the end of February the realities of having a completed album to expose are finally here. Through thick and thin, the Gold Cobra has slivered its way through the corporate jungle and into the studio to be mixed by Dave Schiffman. My intentions are to keep as much 'polish' off of this album as possible. I have had many discussions with Dave as he's been on the cobra since the beginning and knows exactly the sound I am looking for regarding the mix."

On March 14, Durst disclosed via Twitter that the mixed songs would make up the track lists for more than one album, the first of which will be Gold Cobra. That same day, it was reported on Twitter that Interscope suggested a total of eight songs for the standard edition of the album, and 11 for the deluxe. It was also confirmed on March 18 that the mixing process was completed, rendering the album ready for pressing. The official Limp Bizkit website has now stated that the release date for the album will be June 28, 2011. The band announced, after many changes, that the first single, now "Shotgun", will be coming out on May 17 for download and radio play. The band also released the single cover on May 10, 2011. On May 13, four days before the official release of "Shotgun", Fred Durst released a 30-second preview of the track. Earlier he has also stated that the Gold Cobra recording sessions gave enough music for two full albums. The remaining songs will be used to make up another album due to be released at a later date.

On June 20, 2011, Durst stated on his Twitter "I hope you are enjoying my leak. I couldn't wait any longer bitches!!". Soon afterwards the album was leaked via unspecified Dutch Spotify account. On June 28, 2011, the band released a music video for the album's title track.

Commercial

Gold Cobra debuted #30 on the UK Album Charts, #13 on the Canadian Album Charts and #1 German Album Charts. Gold Cobra sold 27,500 copies in the United States in its first week of release to chart at No. 16 on The Billboard 200 charts. The album charted on Billboard Albums for the #3 Rock Album, #11 Digital Album, #2 Alternative Album, #1 Hard Rock Album and #21 Tastemakers Album. In its second week on the charts, the album dropped to #56 on the Billboard 200 and sales had tailed off with 72% and down to 8000 copies. In its 2nd week of release overseas Gold Cobra was #7 on the Swiss Album Charts, #8 on the Austrian Album Charts and # 24 on the Canadian Album Charts.
"Why Try" will be featured in the film, Real Steel
Real Steel
Real Steel is a 2011 American science fiction film starring Hugh Jackman and directed by Shawn Levy. The film is based in part on the 1956 short story "Steel" by Richard Matheson, though Levy placed the film in U.S. state fairs and other "old-fashioned" Americana settings. Real Steel was in...

, starring Hugh Jackman
Hugh Jackman
Hugh Michael Jackman is an Australian actor and producer who is involved in film, musical theatre, and television.Jackman has won international recognition for his roles in major films, notably as action/superhero, period and romance characters...

.

In late September 2011, the band filmed a music video for the track, "Autotunage", for release in October. The video features an appearance from comedian Tom Green
Tom Green
Michael Thomas "Tom" Green is a Canadian actor, rapper, writer, comedian, talk show host and media personality. Best known for his shock humour brand of comedy, Green found mainstream prominence via his MTV television show The Tom Green Show...

 as confirmed via twitter. In October, Fred Durst (via twitter) also hinted at the possibility of the band releasing more than one music video for various tracks off of Gold Cobra.

Critical

Gold Cobra has received positive to mixed reviews from most critics. At Metacritic
Metacritic
Metacritic.com is a website that collates reviews of music albums, games, movies, TV shows and DVDs. For each product, a numerical score from each review is obtained and the total is averaged. An excerpt of each review is provided along with a hyperlink to the source. Three colour codes of Green,...

, which assigns a normalized
Standard score
In statistics, a standard score indicates how many standard deviations an observation or datum is above or below the mean. It is a dimensionless quantity derived by subtracting the population mean from an individual raw score and then dividing the difference by the population standard deviation...

 rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average
Weighted mean
The weighted mean is similar to an arithmetic mean , where instead of each of the data points contributing equally to the final average, some data points contribute more than others...

 score of 53, based on 11 reviews, which indicates "generally mixed or average reviews.

Artistdirect
ARTISTdirect
Founded in 1994, Artistdirect, Inc. is an online digital media entertainment company. It owns several websites including Artistdirect.com, UBL.com and the Artistdirect Network...

 gave the album 5 out of 5 stars saying "It's a vitriolic, vicious, and vital exorcism of rage from rap metal's most successful outfit. Gold Cobra is everything that it should be. It's angry, anthemic, and aggressive, and it's a result of the band's tightest and toughest playing since Three Dollar Bill, Yall$
Three Dollar Bill, Yall$
Three Dollar Bill, Yall$ is the debut album by American nu metal band Limp Bizkit, released July 1, 1997 through Flip/Interscope. It was produced by Ross Robinson and was certified 2x Platinum by the RIAA in July 2001 in the US...

." and concluding that "Gold Cobra is everything you hoped it would be, and rap and metal will be walking funny after it takes a bite out of both them". Allmusic gave the album a positive review stating the album is "a return to the full-throttled attack of Three Dollar Bill Y'All.

David Buchanan, of Consequence of Sound
Consequence of Sound
Consequence of Sound, also known often as CoS, is a Chicago-based music website featuring news, album and concert reviews, and editorials. In addition, the website also features the Festival Outlook micro-site, which serves as an on-line database for music festival news and rumors...

, called the latest from Limp Bizkit "[...]an entertaining, boastful, non-alienating piece of nostalgic bliss for those who once held memberships with the LB," and notes that "[...]nu-metal pretty much abandoned us ages ago, and we’re actually content with that, but for reliving adolescence, nothin’ spells property damage like Limp fuckin’ Bizkit.", citing the band's once-burgeoning music scene of the late '90s. In a similar context, Bloody Disgusting's Jonathan Barkan gave the album a positive review, stating "The album, on a whole, sounds fantastic. [...]It's not Paganini or Opeth or Dream Theater. It's rap rock and it does exactly what it sets out to do."

Antiquiet published a negative review which described the album as "music for the sneering scumbags who find kinship in the dregs of cultural rot". The website initially gave the album 1 out of 5 stars. Wes Borland responded to the review, stating "The hatred you have for Fred is part of the reason we've succeeded. [...] No matter what effect he has on people in a ‘TMZ Personality’ kind of way, he is an astonishing front man and performer. I could see 1 out of 5 if you were expecting OK Computer
OK Computer
OK Computer is the third studio album by the English alternative rock band Radiohead, released on 16 June 1997 on Parlophone in the UK and 1 July 1997 by Capitol Records in the US. It marks a deliberate attempt by the band to move away from the introspective guitar-oriented sound of their previous...

[...] As far as LB records go, Gold Cobra is perfect. Your review was smart and I appreciate the kind words towards me, but I'm proud to be here." The rating was changed to 2 out of 5 and the website began exchanging emails with Borland. On July 6th, 2011 Metal Hammer posted a review of Gold Cobra, stating that "Overall, GC is closest to Chocolate Starfish in term album’s production. The band never stray too far from the blueprint laid out on the first three bizkit albums but who wants AC/DC, Motorhead or Limp Bizkit to sound any different to how they always have? Aside from the odd duff moment, Gold Cobra throws out the hot s**t that’ll make you bounce in the mosh pit over and over again."

Live performances

Leading up to the release and immediately after the release of Gold Cobra, Limp Bizkit would often perform songs from the album live, including "Bring It Back", "Gold Cobra", "Get A Life", "Shotgun", "Douchebag", "Walking Away" and "Why Try".

In an October 2011 video interview, filmed at a Tony Hawk
Tony Hawk
Anthony Frank "Tony" Hawk , nicknamed "The Birdman" is an American retired professional skateboarder and actor. Hawk gained significant fame for completing the first 900 as well as his licensed video game titles distributed by Activision...

 Charity Fundraiser, Fred Durst stated to the interviewer that the band are currently planning for and lining up dates for a U.S. tour in support of Gold Cobra. This would make it the first U.S. tour (with all original members) since 2001.

Track listing

Charts

Charts Peak
position
Australian Albums Chart
ARIA Charts
The ARIA charts are the main Australian music sales charts, issued weekly by the Australian Recording Industry Association. The charts are a record of the highest selling singles and albums in various genres in Australia. ARIA commenced compiling its own charts in-house from the week ending 26 June...

12
Austrian Album Chart
Ö3 Austria Top 40
Ö3 Austria Top 40 is the name of the official Austrian singles chart, as well as the radio show which presents it, aired Fridays on Hitradio Ö3. The show presents the Austrian singles, ringtones and downloads chart. It premiered on 26 November 1968 as Disc Parade and was presented by Ernst Grissemann...

2
Belgian Albums Chart
Ultratop
Ultratop is an organization which generates and publishes the official record charts in Belgium, and it is also the name of most of those charts...

 (Vl)
54
Belgian Albums Chart
Ultratop
Ultratop is an organization which generates and publishes the official record charts in Belgium, and it is also the name of most of those charts...

 (Wa)
22
Canadian Albums Chart
Canadian Albums Chart
The Canadian Albums Chart is the official album sales chart in Canada. It is compiled every Wednesday by U.S.-based music sales tracking company Nielsen Soundscan, and published every Thursday by Jam! Canoe and Billboard, along with its sister charts the Canadian Singles Chart and the Canadian BDS...

13
Danish Albums Chart
Tracklisten
Tracklisten is a Danish top 40 record chart that is presented every Thursday midnight at .The weekly Danish Singles Chart also known as Track Top-40 combines the 40 best selling tracks from legal music downloads and the sales of music singles on either CD or vinyl...

37
Dutch Albums Chart
MegaCharts
MegaCharts is responsible for the composition and exploitation of a broad collection of official charts in the Netherlands, of which the Mega Top 50 and the Mega Album Top 100 are the most known ones. Mega Charts also provides information to the Stichting Nederlandse Top 40, of which the Dutch Top...

23
French Albums Chart
Syndicat National de l'Edition Phonographique
The Syndicat national de l'édition phonographique is the inter-professional organization which protects the interests of the French record industry...

39
German Albums Chart
Media Control Charts
The official music charts in Germany are gathered and published by the company Media Control GfK International on behalf of Bundesverband Musikindustrie...

1
New Zealand Albums Chart
Recording Industry Association of New Zealand
The Recording Industry Association of New Zealand is a non-profit trade association of record producers, distributors and recording artists who sell music in New Zealand...

36
Polish Albums Chart
PROMUSICAE
Spanish Music Producers is a trade group representing the Spanish recording industry...

44
Spanish Albums Chart
PROMUSICAE
Spanish Music Producers is a trade group representing the Spanish recording industry...

41
Swiss Albums Chart
Swiss Music Charts
The Swiss Music Charts are Switzerland's main music sales charts. The charts are a record of the highest-selling singles and albums in various genres in Switzerland.The Swiss Charts include:* Singles Top 75...

2
UK Albums Chart
UK Albums Chart
The UK Albums Chart is a list of albums ranked by physical and digital sales in the United Kingdom. It is compiled every week by The Official Charts Company and broadcast on a Sunday on BBC Radio 1 , and published in Music Week magazine and on the OCC website .To qualify for the UK albums chart...

30
U.S. Billboard 200
Billboard 200
The Billboard 200 is a ranking of the 200 highest-selling music albums and EPs in the United States, published weekly by Billboard magazine. It is frequently used to convey the popularity of an artist or groups of artists...

 
16
U.S. Billboard Digital Albums  11
U.S. Billboard Rock Albums  3
U.S. Billboard Alternative Albums  2
U.S. Billboard Hard Rock Albums  1
U.S. Billboard Tastemaker Albums  21

Gold Cobra

Released in 2011
  • Fred Durst
    Fred Durst
    William Frederick "Fred" Durst is an American musician, director, producer and actor, well known as the frontman of the band Limp Bizkit.-Early life:...

     - Director, producer on Gold Cobra music video
  • Jennifer Swift - Appearance in video clip
  • Mike Vallely
    Mike Vallely
    Mike Vallely , also known as Mike V, is a professional skateboarder. Mike is also a musician, actor, television personality, stuntman, professional wrestler and FHL hockey player.-Early life:...

     - Appearance in video clip

Autotunage

Released in (TBA)
  • Fred Durst
    Fred Durst
    William Frederick "Fred" Durst is an American musician, director, producer and actor, well known as the frontman of the band Limp Bizkit.-Early life:...

     – Director, producer
  • Tom Green
    Tom Green
    Michael Thomas "Tom" Green is a Canadian actor, rapper, writer, comedian, talk show host and media personality. Best known for his shock humour brand of comedy, Green found mainstream prominence via his MTV television show The Tom Green Show...

     - Appearance in video clip

Personnel

Limp Bizkit
  • Wes Borland
    Wes Borland
    Wesley Louden Borland is an American musician and artist, best known as the guitarist for the band Limp Bizkit. He has been in several other bands as well including: Black Light Burns, The Damning Well, Goatslayer, Big Dumb Face, and Combichrist...

     – guitars
    Electric guitar
    An electric guitar is a guitar that uses the principle of direct electromagnetic induction to convert vibrations of its metal strings into electric audio signals. The signal generated by an electric guitar is too weak to drive a loudspeaker, so it is amplified before sending it to a loudspeaker...

  • Fred Durst
    Fred Durst
    William Frederick "Fred" Durst is an American musician, director, producer and actor, well known as the frontman of the band Limp Bizkit.-Early life:...

     – vocals
    Singing
    Singing is the act of producing musical sounds with the voice, and augments regular speech by the use of both tonality and rhythm. One who sings is called a singer or vocalist. Singers perform music known as songs that can be sung either with or without accompaniment by musical instruments...

  • DJ Lethal
    DJ Lethal
    Leor Dimant , better known as DJ Lethal, is a turntablist and producer and member of the bands Limp Bizkit, House of Pain and La Coka Nostra.-Early life:Leor Dimant was born in Riga, Latvia, when this country was still part of the Soviet Union...

     – turntables
    Turntablism
    Turntablism is the art of manipulating sounds and creating music using phonograph turntables and a DJ mixer.The word 'turntablist' was coined in 1995 by DJ Babu to describe the difference between a DJ who just plays records, and one who performs by touching and moving the records, stylus and mixer...

    , keyboards
    Keyboard instrument
    A keyboard instrument is a musical instrument which is played using a musical keyboard. The most common of these is the piano. Other widely used keyboard instruments include organs of various types as well as other mechanical, electromechanical and electronic instruments...

    , samples
    Sampling (music)
    In music, sampling is the act of taking a portion, or sample, of one sound recording and reusing it as an instrument or a different sound recording of a song or piece. Sampling was originally developed by experimental musicians working with musique concrète and electroacoustic music, who physically...

    , programming
  • John Otto
    John Otto (drummer)
    John Everett Otto is the drummer and co-founder of the band Limp Bizkit.-Limp Bizkit:Otto, along with his cousin Sam Rivers, and Fred Durst, founded Limp Bizkit in 1994, while attending Douglas Anderson School of the Arts...

     – drums
    Drum kit
    A drum kit is a collection of drums, cymbals and often other percussion instruments, such as cowbells, wood blocks, triangles, chimes, or tambourines, arranged for convenient playing by a single person ....

  • Sam Rivers
    Sam Rivers (bassist)
    Sam Rivers is the bassist and one of the founding members of the band Limp Bizkit. He is the cousin of the band's drummer, John Otto.-Early life:...

     – bass
    Bass guitar
    The bass guitar is a stringed instrument played primarily with the fingers or thumb , or by using a pick....



Production
  • Todd Douglas – business affairs
  • Cory Durst – photography
    Photography
    Photography is the art, science and practice of creating durable images by recording light or other electromagnetic radiation, either electronically by means of an image sensor or chemically by means of a light-sensitive material such as photographic film...

  • Cliff Feiman – production supervisor
    Supervisor
    A supervisor, foreperson, team leader, overseer, cell coach, facilitator, or area coordinator is a manager in a position of trust in business...

  • Brian Frank – marketing
    Marketing
    Marketing is the process used to determine what products or services may be of interest to customers, and the strategy to use in sales, communications and business development. It generates the strategy that underlies sales techniques, business communication, and business developments...

  • Susan Hilderley – business affairs
  • Alex Reese – marketing
  • Dave Schiffman – mixing, recording
  • Jordan Schur – management
  • Liam Ward – layout
    Layout
    Layout may refer to:* Page layout** Comprehensive layout** In computer graphics, another name for a scene used to render 2D/3D graphics or animation* Layout , software that automatically calculates the positions of objects...

  • Howie Weinberg
    Howie Weinberg
    Howie Weinberg is a music mastering engineer who has worked with numerous bands.- Career :He has worked at Masterdisk, New York City, since 1977...

     – mastering
    Audio mastering
    Mastering, a form of audio post-production, is the process of preparing and transferring recorded audio from a source containing the final mix to a data storage device ; the source from which all copies will be produced...

  • Boney B.eats – additional production on "Back Porch"
  • Hayes – additional production on "Shotgun"
  • Wes Borland - cover art design
    Album cover
    An album cover is the front of the packaging of a commercially released audio recording product, or album. The term can refer to either the printed cardboard covers typically used to package sets of 10" and 12" 78 rpm records, single and sets of 12" LPs, sets of 45 rpm records , or the front-facing...

    , art direction, illustration
    Illustration
    An illustration is a displayed visualization form presented as a drawing, painting, photograph or other work of art that is created to elucidate or dictate sensual information by providing a visual representation graphically.- Early history :The earliest forms of illustration were prehistoric...

  • Fred Durst - producer
    Record producer
    A record producer is an individual working within the music industry, whose job is to oversee and manage the recording of an artist's music...

    , management, art direction

Release history

Region Date Format Label
Europe June 24, 2011 CD
Compact Disc
The Compact Disc is an optical disc used to store digital data. It was originally developed to store and playback sound recordings exclusively, but later expanded to encompass data storage , write-once audio and data storage , rewritable media , Video Compact Discs , Super Video Compact Discs ,...

, LP
LP record
The LP, or long-playing microgroove record, is a format for phonograph records, an analog sound storage medium. Introduced by Columbia Records in 1948, it was soon adopted as a new standard by the entire record industry...

, digital download
Music download
A music download is the transferral of music from an Internet-facing computer or website to a user's local computer. This term encompasses both legal downloads and downloads of copyright material without permission or payment...

Interscope
Interscope Records
Interscope Records is an American record label owned by Universal Music Group that currently operates as one third of UMG's Interscope-Geffen-A&M label group.-History:...

United States June 28, 2011
Japan June 29, 2011
Brazil July 19, 2011 Universal Music
The source of this article is wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.  The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.
 
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