Go of Balhae
Encyclopedia
Dae Jo-yeong also known in Korea as King Go (Hangul
: 고왕, Hanja
: 高王), established the state of Balhae
, reigning from 699 to 719. His origin is heavily disputed (see below); most Korea
n scholars believed that he was of Goguryeo
heredity, but most scholars in China
believed that he was of Mohe (Malgal) ancestry.
(Hangul
: 대중상, Hanja
: 大仲象) or Qiqi Zhongxiang
(Chinese
: 乞乞仲象 pinyin
: Qǐqǐ Zhòngxiàng) of Goguryeo
, and was born in an unknown place.
After the fall of Goguryeo to the Silla-Tang armies, Dae Jung-sang remained in a part of Goguryeo which had not been attacked during the 3rd Goguryeo-Tang war. After, Dae Jung-sang was against the Tang
. In the confusion of the Khitan
uprising led by Li Jinzhong
against the Tang (Zhou
) in May 696, Dae Jung-sang led 8,000 Goguryeo remnants peoples, the Sumo Mohe people, to Dongmo mountain. And the Baishan Mohe leader Geolsa Biu
(Hangul
: 걸사비우, Hanja
: 乞四比羽 pinyin
: Qǐsì bǐyǔ), made an alliance and sought independence.
(Hangul
: 천문령, Hanja
: 天門嶺) enabled him to continue on his father's empire. He claimed himself the King of Jin in 698, and established "Jin state" (Hangul
: 진국, Hanja
: 辰國). He put his capital at Dongmo Mountain in the south of today's Jilin province
, and built Dongmo mountain fortress, which was to become Jin's capital.
He attempted to expand his influence in international politics involving the Tang, the Göktürks, the Khitan, Silla
and some independent Mohe tribes. At first he dispatched an envoy to the Göktürks. Then he reconciled himself with the Tang when Emperor Zhongzong
was restored to the throne.
In 712, he renamed his empire, Balhae
. In 713 he was given the titular title of "Prefecture King of Balhae" by Emperor Xuanzong. Upon reaching a period of rest within the empire, King Go made it clear that Silla was not to be dealt with in a peaceful stance because they were the ones who received the help of the Tang to conquer Goguryeo, which was the predecessor state to Balhae. This aggressive stance towards Silla was continued on by his son and successor King Mu of Balhae
.
states that he is “from the Sumo Mohe (Malgal) region of the former realm of Goguryeo.”
He was the son of the Dae Jung-sang, a leader of Goguryeo remnants and thought by some to be the founder of a revived Goguryeo
that later became Balhae
. Under the control of Tang, many Goguryeo refugees were moved to Yingzhou (modern-day Chaoyang). Balhae soon gained control of most of the former Goguryeo territory and went on to reign as king for many years.
. Dae Jo-yeong's descendants include modern-day Koreans who bear the surname "Tae" (태).
In South Korea
, a television drama on KBS1 was launched since September 2006 in his honor. Roughly 30% (based on 2007 survey) of the Korean viewers enjoyed this programme.
s of Goguryeo
had done.
The third Chungmugong Yi Sun-sin class destroyer
commissioned by the Republic of Korea Navy
is named Dae Jo-yeong. KDX-II class destroyers are named after significant figures in Korean history
such as admiral Yi Sun-sin
.
Hangul
Hangul,Pronounced or ; Korean: 한글 Hangeul/Han'gŭl or 조선글 Chosŏn'gŭl/Joseongeul the Korean alphabet, is the native alphabet of the Korean language. It is a separate script from Hanja, the logographic Chinese characters which are also sometimes used to write Korean...
: 고왕, Hanja
Hanja
Hanja is the Korean name for the Chinese characters hanzi. More specifically, it refers to those Chinese characters borrowed from Chinese and incorporated into the Korean language with Korean pronunciation...
: 高王), established the state of Balhae
Balhae
Balhae was a Manchurian kingdom established after the fall of Goguryeo. After Goguryeo's capital and southern territories fell to Unified Silla, Dae Jo-yeong, a Mohe general, whose father was Dae Jung-sang, established Jin , later called Balhae.Balhae occupied southern parts of Manchuria and...
, reigning from 699 to 719. His origin is heavily disputed (see below); most Korea
Korea
Korea ) is an East Asian geographic region that is currently divided into two separate sovereign states — North Korea and South Korea. Located on the Korean Peninsula, Korea is bordered by the People's Republic of China to the northwest, Russia to the northeast, and is separated from Japan to the...
n scholars believed that he was of Goguryeo
Goguryeo
Goguryeo or Koguryŏ was an ancient Korean kingdom located in present day northern and central parts of the Korean Peninsula, southern Manchuria, and southern Russian Maritime province....
heredity, but most scholars in China
China
Chinese civilization may refer to:* China for more general discussion of the country.* Chinese culture* Greater China, the transnational community of ethnic Chinese.* History of China* Sinosphere, the area historically affected by Chinese culture...
believed that he was of Mohe (Malgal) ancestry.
Background and Early life
Dae Jo-yeong was the first son of general Dae Jung-sangDae Jung-sang
Dae Jung-sang was the contribute of Balhae, and the father of Dae Joyeong, who was the founder of Balhae. Though much of the credit for the founding of Balhae went to his son, many historians still give credit to Dae Jung-sang as the main supporter and leader in the founding of Balhae.- Background...
(Hangul
Hangul
Hangul,Pronounced or ; Korean: 한글 Hangeul/Han'gŭl or 조선글 Chosŏn'gŭl/Joseongeul the Korean alphabet, is the native alphabet of the Korean language. It is a separate script from Hanja, the logographic Chinese characters which are also sometimes used to write Korean...
: 대중상, Hanja
Hanja
Hanja is the Korean name for the Chinese characters hanzi. More specifically, it refers to those Chinese characters borrowed from Chinese and incorporated into the Korean language with Korean pronunciation...
: 大仲象) or Qiqi Zhongxiang
Dae Jung-sang
Dae Jung-sang was the contribute of Balhae, and the father of Dae Joyeong, who was the founder of Balhae. Though much of the credit for the founding of Balhae went to his son, many historians still give credit to Dae Jung-sang as the main supporter and leader in the founding of Balhae.- Background...
(Chinese
Chinese language
The Chinese language is a language or language family consisting of varieties which are mutually intelligible to varying degrees. Originally the indigenous languages spoken by the Han Chinese in China, it forms one of the branches of Sino-Tibetan family of languages...
: 乞乞仲象 pinyin
Pinyin
Pinyin is the official system to transcribe Chinese characters into the Roman alphabet in China, Malaysia, Singapore and Taiwan. It is also often used to teach Mandarin Chinese and spell Chinese names in foreign publications and used as an input method to enter Chinese characters into...
: Qǐqǐ Zhòngxiàng) of Goguryeo
Goguryeo
Goguryeo or Koguryŏ was an ancient Korean kingdom located in present day northern and central parts of the Korean Peninsula, southern Manchuria, and southern Russian Maritime province....
, and was born in an unknown place.
After the fall of Goguryeo to the Silla-Tang armies, Dae Jung-sang remained in a part of Goguryeo which had not been attacked during the 3rd Goguryeo-Tang war. After, Dae Jung-sang was against the Tang
Tang Dynasty
The Tang Dynasty was an imperial dynasty of China preceded by the Sui Dynasty and followed by the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period. It was founded by the Li family, who seized power during the decline and collapse of the Sui Empire...
. In the confusion of the Khitan
Khitan people
thumb|250px|Khitans [[Eagle hunting|using eagles to hunt]], painted during the Chinese [[Song Dynasty]].The Khitan people , or Khitai, Kitan, or Kidan, were a nomadic Mongolic people, originally located at Mongolia and Manchuria from the 4th century...
uprising led by Li Jinzhong
Li Jinzhong
Li Jinzhong , titled Wushang Khan , was a khan of the Khitan who, along with his brother-in-law Sun Wanrong, rose against Chinese hegemony in 696 and further invaded Chinese territory then under the rule of Wu Zetian's Zhou Dynasty...
against the Tang (Zhou
Wu Zetian
Wu Zetian , personal name Wu Zhao , often referred to as Tian Hou during the Tang Dynasty and Empress Consort Wu in later times, was the only woman in the history of China to assume the title of Empress Regnant...
) in May 696, Dae Jung-sang led 8,000 Goguryeo remnants peoples, the Sumo Mohe people, to Dongmo mountain. And the Baishan Mohe leader Geolsa Biu
Geolsa Biu
Geolsa Biu was a 7th century military leader of Baishan Mohe ancestry. Geolsa Biu took an active part in Balhae's effort for autonomy against the Tang Dynasty. Geolsa Biu's died in the Battle of Cheonmun-ryeong, in which Balhae achieved victory and declared autonomy.-See also:*Baishan...
(Hangul
Hangul
Hangul,Pronounced or ; Korean: 한글 Hangeul/Han'gŭl or 조선글 Chosŏn'gŭl/Joseongeul the Korean alphabet, is the native alphabet of the Korean language. It is a separate script from Hanja, the logographic Chinese characters which are also sometimes used to write Korean...
: 걸사비우, Hanja
Hanja
Hanja is the Korean name for the Chinese characters hanzi. More specifically, it refers to those Chinese characters borrowed from Chinese and incorporated into the Korean language with Korean pronunciation...
: 乞四比羽 pinyin
Pinyin
Pinyin is the official system to transcribe Chinese characters into the Roman alphabet in China, Malaysia, Singapore and Taiwan. It is also often used to teach Mandarin Chinese and spell Chinese names in foreign publications and used as an input method to enter Chinese characters into...
: Qǐsì bǐyǔ), made an alliance and sought independence.
Establishing Balhae
The Tang killed Geolsa Biu, and Dae Jung-sang also died. Dae Jo-yeong integrated the armies of Goguryeo people and some Malgal tribes and resisted Tang's attack. His overwhelming victory over the Tang at the Battle of Cheonmun-ryeongBattle of Tianmenling
The Battle of Cheonmun-ryeong ,also known as the Battle of Tianmenling was a battle fought between Dae Jo-yeong, later founder of Balhae, and Li Kaigu a Khitans commander of Chinese Tang Dynasty....
(Hangul
Hangul
Hangul,Pronounced or ; Korean: 한글 Hangeul/Han'gŭl or 조선글 Chosŏn'gŭl/Joseongeul the Korean alphabet, is the native alphabet of the Korean language. It is a separate script from Hanja, the logographic Chinese characters which are also sometimes used to write Korean...
: 천문령, Hanja
Hanja
Hanja is the Korean name for the Chinese characters hanzi. More specifically, it refers to those Chinese characters borrowed from Chinese and incorporated into the Korean language with Korean pronunciation...
: 天門嶺) enabled him to continue on his father's empire. He claimed himself the King of Jin in 698, and established "Jin state" (Hangul
Hangul
Hangul,Pronounced or ; Korean: 한글 Hangeul/Han'gŭl or 조선글 Chosŏn'gŭl/Joseongeul the Korean alphabet, is the native alphabet of the Korean language. It is a separate script from Hanja, the logographic Chinese characters which are also sometimes used to write Korean...
: 진국, Hanja
Hanja
Hanja is the Korean name for the Chinese characters hanzi. More specifically, it refers to those Chinese characters borrowed from Chinese and incorporated into the Korean language with Korean pronunciation...
: 辰國). He put his capital at Dongmo Mountain in the south of today's Jilin province
Jilin
Jilin , is a province of the People's Republic of China located in the northeastern part of the country. Jilin borders North Korea and Russia to the east, Heilongjiang to the north, Liaoning to the south, and Inner Mongolia to the west...
, and built Dongmo mountain fortress, which was to become Jin's capital.
He attempted to expand his influence in international politics involving the Tang, the Göktürks, the Khitan, Silla
Silla
Silla was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, and one of the longest sustained dynasties in...
and some independent Mohe tribes. At first he dispatched an envoy to the Göktürks. Then he reconciled himself with the Tang when Emperor Zhongzong
Emperor Zhongzong of Tang
Emperor Zhongzong of Tang , personal name Lǐ Xiǎn , at times during his life Li Zhe and Wu Xian , was the fourth Emperor of the Tang Dynasty of China, ruling briefly in 684 and again from 705 to 710.Emperor Zhongzong was the son of Emperor Gaozong of Tang and Empress Wu...
was restored to the throne.
In 712, he renamed his empire, Balhae
Balhae
Balhae was a Manchurian kingdom established after the fall of Goguryeo. After Goguryeo's capital and southern territories fell to Unified Silla, Dae Jo-yeong, a Mohe general, whose father was Dae Jung-sang, established Jin , later called Balhae.Balhae occupied southern parts of Manchuria and...
. In 713 he was given the titular title of "Prefecture King of Balhae" by Emperor Xuanzong. Upon reaching a period of rest within the empire, King Go made it clear that Silla was not to be dealt with in a peaceful stance because they were the ones who received the help of the Tang to conquer Goguryeo, which was the predecessor state to Balhae. This aggressive stance towards Silla was continued on by his son and successor King Mu of Balhae
Mu of Balhae
Dae Mu-ye, also known as King Mu , was the second king of the Balhae. He is noted for the military expansion of his domain.- Background :...
.
Death and Succession
Dae Jo-yeong died in 719, and his son Dae Muye assumed the throne. Dae Jo-yeong was given the posthumous name "King Go."Controversial origins
The ethnicity of Dae Jo-yeong is disputed. Traditional Chinese historians believed that he belonged to an ethnic minority group in Goguryeo. The Old Book of Tang says that he was of “Goryeo [Goguryeo] stock” (고려별종, 高麗別種), while the New Book of TangNew Book of Tang
The New Book of Tang , is a classic work of history about the Tang Dynasty edited by Ouyang Xiu and Song Qi and other official scholars of the Song Dynasty. The emperor called for a revision of the former Book of Tang in 1044. The New Book was presented to the throne in 1060. It was given its...
states that he is “from the Sumo Mohe (Malgal) region of the former realm of Goguryeo.”
He was the son of the Dae Jung-sang, a leader of Goguryeo remnants and thought by some to be the founder of a revived Goguryeo
Goguryeo
Goguryeo or Koguryŏ was an ancient Korean kingdom located in present day northern and central parts of the Korean Peninsula, southern Manchuria, and southern Russian Maritime province....
that later became Balhae
Balhae
Balhae was a Manchurian kingdom established after the fall of Goguryeo. After Goguryeo's capital and southern territories fell to Unified Silla, Dae Jo-yeong, a Mohe general, whose father was Dae Jung-sang, established Jin , later called Balhae.Balhae occupied southern parts of Manchuria and...
. Under the control of Tang, many Goguryeo refugees were moved to Yingzhou (modern-day Chaoyang). Balhae soon gained control of most of the former Goguryeo territory and went on to reign as king for many years.
Family
Dae Jo-yeong had at least two wives. His only known sons through his first wife were Dae Muye, and Dae Munye. The sons through his other wife or wives were Dae Chwi-jin, Dae Ho-bang, and Dae Nang-a. The only concrete fact regarding Dae Jo-yeong's sons was that Dae Muye was the firstborn and oldest among them.Legacy
After the fall of Balhae, the last prince led all of the Balhae aristocracy into the fellow successor state of Goguryeo, GoryeoGoryeo
The Goryeo Dynasty or Koryŏ was a Korean dynasty established in 918 by Emperor Taejo. Korea gets its name from this kingdom which came to be pronounced Korea. It united the Later Three Kingdoms in 936 and ruled most of the Korean peninsula until it was removed by the Joseon dynasty in 1392...
. Dae Jo-yeong's descendants include modern-day Koreans who bear the surname "Tae" (태).
In South Korea
South Korea
The Republic of Korea , , is a sovereign state in East Asia, located on the southern portion of the Korean Peninsula. It is neighbored by the People's Republic of China to the west, Japan to the east, North Korea to the north, and the East China Sea and Republic of China to the south...
, a television drama on KBS1 was launched since September 2006 in his honor. Roughly 30% (based on 2007 survey) of the Korean viewers enjoyed this programme.
Republic of Korea Navy
Dae Jo-yeong built a vast army and a powerful navy just as the TaewangTaewang
Taewang, meaning "The Greatest of all Kings", was the title used by the rulers of Goguryeo, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, since the reign of Gwanggaeto the Great....
s of Goguryeo
Goguryeo
Goguryeo or Koguryŏ was an ancient Korean kingdom located in present day northern and central parts of the Korean Peninsula, southern Manchuria, and southern Russian Maritime province....
had done.
The third Chungmugong Yi Sun-sin class destroyer
Chungmugong Yi Sun-sin class destroyer
Chungmugong Yi Sun-shin class destroyers are multipurpose destroyers of the Republic of Korea Navy. The lead ship of this class, ROKS Chungmugong Yi Sunshin, was launched in May 2002 and commissioned in December 2003...
commissioned by the Republic of Korea Navy
Republic of Korea Navy
The Republic of Korea Navy or the ROK Navy is the branch of the South Korean armed forces responsible for conducting naval operations and amphibious landing operations. The ROK Navy includes the Republic of Korea Marine Corps, which is a quasi-autonomous organization...
is named Dae Jo-yeong. KDX-II class destroyers are named after significant figures in Korean history
History of Korea
The Korean Peninsula was inhabited from the Lower Paleolithic about 400,000-500,000 years ago. Archeological evidence indicates that the presence of modern humans in northeast Asia dates to 39,000 years ago. The earliest known Korean pottery dates to around 8000 BC, and the Neolithic period began...
such as admiral Yi Sun-sin
Yi Sun-sin
Yi Sun-shin was a Korean naval commander, famed for his victories against the Japanese navy during the Imjin war in the Joseon Dynasty, and is well-respected for his exemplary conduct on and off the battlefield not only by Koreans, but by Japanese Admirals as well...
.
