Freud family
Encyclopedia
Psychoanalysis
Psychoanalysis is a psychological theory developed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries by Austrian neurologist Sigmund Freud. Psychoanalysis has expanded, been criticized and developed in different directions, mostly by some of Freud's former students, such as Alfred Adler and Carl Gustav...
, lived in Austria and Germany until the 1930s before emigrating to England, Canada and the United States. Several of Professor Freud's descendants have become well known in different fields.
Freud's parents and siblings
Sigmund FreudSigmund Freud
Sigmund Freud , born Sigismund Schlomo Freud , was an Austrian neurologist who founded the discipline of psychoanalysis...
(1856–1939), the famous psychoanalyst, was born to Jewish Galician parents in the Moravia
Moravia
Moravia is a historical region in Central Europe in the east of the Czech Republic, and one of the former Czech lands, together with Bohemia and Silesia. It takes its name from the Morava River which rises in the northwest of the region...
n town of Příbor
Príbor
Příbor is a town in the Moravian-Silesian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 8,800 inhabitants .The town is notable as the birthplace of Sigmund Freud, founder of psychoanalysis.-External links: * * * * *...
, which was then in the Austrian Empire
Austrian Empire
The Austrian Empire was a modern era successor empire, which was centered on what is today's Austria and which officially lasted from 1804 to 1867. It was followed by the Empire of Austria-Hungary, whose proclamation was a diplomatic move that elevated Hungary's status within the Austrian Empire...
, now in the Czech Republic
Czech Republic
The Czech Republic is a landlocked country in Central Europe. The country is bordered by Poland to the northeast, Slovakia to the east, Austria to the south, and Germany to the west and northwest....
. He was the eldest child of Jacob Freud (1815–1896), a wool merchant, and his third wife Amalia Freud, née Nathansohn
Amalia Freud
Amalia Nathansohn Freud was the second wife of Jacob Freud and mother of Sigmund Freud. She was born Amalia Nathansohn in Brody, Galicia, now in Ukraine, and grew up in Odessa....
(1835–1930). Jacob Freud had two children from his first marriage to Sylvia Freud, née Kanner (1829―1852):
- Emanuel (1833―1914)
- Philipp (1836-1911)
Jacob's second marriage (1852―1855) to Rebecca Freud was childless. With Amalia he had 8 children:
- SigmundSigmund FreudSigmund Freud , born Sigismund Schlomo Freud , was an Austrian neurologist who founded the discipline of psychoanalysis...
(6 May 1856 – 23 September 1939) - Julius (April 1857 – December 1857)
- Anna (31 December 1858 – 11 March 1955)
- Regina Debora (nickname Rosa; born 21 March 1860, deported 23 September 1942)
- Maria (nickname Mitzi; born 22 March 1861, deported 23 September 1942)
- Esther Adolfine (nickname Dolfi; 23 July 1862 – 5 February 1943)
- Pauline Regine (nickname Pauli; born 3 May 1864, deported 23 September 1942)
- Alexander Gotthold Ephraim (19 April 1866 – 23 April 1943)
Julius Freud died in infancy. Anna married Ely Bernays (1860–1921), the brother of Sigmund's wife Martha
Martha
Martha of Bethany is a biblical figure described in the Gospels of Luke and John. Together with her siblings Lazarus and Mary, she is described as living in the village of Bethany near Jerusalem...
. There were four daughters: Judith (b.1885), Lucy (b.1886), Hella (b.1893), Martha (b.1894). The family moved to the United States in 1892 where their one son Edward
Edward Bernays
Edward Louis Bernays , was an Austrian-American pioneer in the field of public relations and propaganda along with Ivy Lee, referred to in his obituary as "the father of public relations"...
(1891–1995) became a major influence in modern public relations
Public relations
Public relations is the actions of a corporation, store, government, individual, etc., in promoting goodwill between itself and the public, the community, employees, customers, etc....
.
Rosa (Regina Deborah Graf-Freud) married a doctor, Heinrich Graf (1852–1908). Their son, Hermann (b.1897) was killed in the First World War
World War I
World War I , which was predominantly called the World War or the Great War from its occurrence until 1939, and the First World War or World War I thereafter, was a major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918...
; their daughter, Cacilie (b.1899) committed suicide after an unhappy love affair.
Mitzi (Maria Moritz-Freud) married her cousin Moritz Freud (1857–1922). There were three daughters: Margarethe (b.1887), Lily (b.1888), Martha (b.1892) and one son, Theodor (b.1904) who died in a drowning accident aged 22. Lily became an actress and in 1917 married the actor Arnold Marlé.
Dolfi (Esther Adolfine Freud) did not marry and remained in the family home to care for her parents.
Pauli (Pauline Regine Winternitz-Freud) married Valentine Winternitz (1859–1900) and emigrated to the United States where their daughter Rose Beatrice was born in 1896. After the death of her husband she and her daughter returned to Europe.
Alexander Freud married Sophie Sabine Schreiber (b.1878). Their son, Harry, born in 1909, emigrated to the United States and died in 1968.
Both Freud’s half-brothers emigrated to Manchester, England shortly before the rest of the Freud family moved from Leipzig to Vienna in 1860. Freud’s visit to them in 1875 was his only visit to England prior to his permanent exile in 1938.
Emanuel and Marie Freud (1836-1923) married in Freiberg where their first two children were born: John (b.1856, disappeared pre-1919), the inseparable playmate of Freud’s early childhood;and Pauline(1855-1944). Two children were born in Manchester: Bertha (1866-1940) and Samuel (1870-1945). Freud kept in touch with his British relatives through a regular correspondence with Samuel. They would eventually meet for the first time in London in 1938.
Philipp Freud married Bloomah Frankel (b.1845 Birmingham d.1925 Manchester). There were two children: Pauline (1873-1951) who married Fred Hartwig (1881-1958); and Morris (b.1875 Manchester d.1938 Port Elizabeth, South Africa).
Persecution and emigration
The systematic persecution of Jews by Nazi GermanyThe Holocaust
The Holocaust , also known as the Shoah , was the genocide of approximately six million European Jews and millions of others during World War II, a programme of systematic state-sponsored murder by Nazi...
had a profound effect on the family. Freud's four youngest sisters all died in concentration camps: Regina in Auschwitz
Auschwitz concentration camp
Concentration camp Auschwitz was a network of Nazi concentration and extermination camps built and operated by the Third Reich in Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany during World War II...
, Maria and Pauline in Treblinka
Treblinka extermination camp
Treblinka was a Nazi extermination camp in occupied Poland during World War II near the village of Treblinka in the modern-day Masovian Voivodeship of Poland. The camp, which was constructed as part of Operation Reinhard, operated between and ,. During this time, approximately 850,000 men, women...
, and Esther in Theresienstadt
Theresienstadt concentration camp
Theresienstadt concentration camp was a Nazi German ghetto during World War II. It was established by the Gestapo in the fortress and garrison city of Terezín , located in what is now the Czech Republic.-History:The fortress of Terezín was constructed between the years 1780 and 1790 by the orders...
. Freud's brother, Alexander, escaped to Switzerland shortly before the Anschluss
Anschluss
The Anschluss , also known as the ', was the occupation and annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany in 1938....
and subsequently emigrated to Canada. Freud's sons Oliver and Ernst Ludwig
Ernst Ludwig Freud
Ernst Ludwig Freud was an Austrian architect and the youngest son of Austrian psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud and his German-born wife Martha Bernays....
, who had lived in Berlin, fled to France and London respectively in 1933 after Hitler came to power in Germany. Freud and his remaining family left Nazi-occupied Vienna in 1938 after Ernest Jones
Ernest Jones
Alfred Ernest Jones was a British neurologist and psychoanalyst, and Sigmund Freud’s official biographer. Jones was the first English-speaking practitioner of psychoanalysis and became its leading exponent in the English-speaking world where, as President of both the British Psycho-Analytical...
, the then President of the International Psychoanalytic Association, secured immigration permits for them to move to Britain. Permits were also secured for Freud’s housekeeper and maid, his doctor, Max Schur and his family, as well as a number of Freud's colleagues and their families. Freud's grandson, Ernst Halberstadt, was the first to leave Vienna, initially for Paris, before going on to London where he would adopt the name Ernest Freud and train as a psychoanalyst. He was followed to Paris by Martin Freud’s wife, son and daughter. Mother and daughter remained in France and subsequently emigrated to the United States, whilst their son joined his father in London. Freud’s sister-in-law, Minna Bernays, was the first to leave for London early in May 1938. She was followed by his son, Martin, on the 14th May and then his daughter Mathilde and her husband, Robert Hollitscher, on the 24th May. Freud, his wife and daughter, Anna, left Vienna on the 4th of June, accompanied my their household staff and a doctor. Their arrival at Victoria Station, London on the 6th of June attracted widespread press coverage.. Freud’s Vienna consulting room was replicated in exact detail in the new family home, 20 Marsefield Gardens
Freud Museum
The Freud Museum, at 20 Maresfield Gardens in Hampstead, was the home of Sigmund Freud and his family when they escaped Nazi annexation of Austria in 1938. It remained the family home until Anna Freud, the youngest daughter, died in 1982. The centrepiece of the museum is Freud's study, preserved...
in Hampstead, North London.
Two Freuds were to return to Austria as members of the allied forces
Allies of World War II
The Allies of World War II were the countries that opposed the Axis powers during the Second World War . Former Axis states contributing to the Allied victory are not considered Allied states...
. Martin Freud’s son Walter was parachuted behind enemy lines in April 1945. Advised to change his name in case of capture, he refused declaring “I want the Germans to know a Freud is coming back”. He narrowly survived separation from his comrades and single-handedly secured the surrender of the strategically important Zeltweg aerodrome in southern Austria.
Alexander Freud’s son Harry (1909-1968) returned to post-war Vienna as a US army officer to investigate the fate of his aunts and to bring before the courts Anton Sauerwald, the Nazi appointed official who took control of Freud’s assets and those of the International Psychoanalytic Association.
Freud's children and descendants
Sigmund FreudSigmund Freud
Sigmund Freud , born Sigismund Schlomo Freud , was an Austrian neurologist who founded the discipline of psychoanalysis...
married Martha Bernays
Martha Bernays
Martha Bernays was the wife of Austrian psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud.Bernays was the second daughter of Emmeline and Berman Bernays. Her paternal grandfather Isaac Bernays was a Chief Rabbi of Hamburg...
(1861–1951) in 1886. Martha was the granddaughter of Isaac Bernays
Isaac Bernays
thumbIsaac Bernays was chief rabbi in Hamburg.-Life:Bernays was born in Mainz. He was the son of Jacob Gera, a boarding house keeper at Mainz, and an elder brother of Adolphus Bernays...
, a Chief Rabbi
Rabbi
In Judaism, a rabbi is a teacher of Torah. This title derives from the Hebrew word רבי , meaning "My Master" , which is the way a student would address a master of Torah...
in Hamburg
Hamburg
-History:The first historic name for the city was, according to Claudius Ptolemy's reports, Treva.But the city takes its modern name, Hamburg, from the first permanent building on the site, a castle whose construction was ordered by the Emperor Charlemagne in AD 808...
. Her sister, Minna Bernays (1865-1941), became a permanent member of the Freud household after the death of her fiancé in 1895. Sigmund and Martha had 6 children:
- Mathilde Freud (1887–1978) married Robert Hollitscher; no children
- Jean-Martin Freud (1889–1967) married Esti Drucker (1896–1980); 2 children
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- Anton Walter Freud (1921–2004) married Annette Krarup (1925–2000); 3 children
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- David FreudDavid FreudDavid Anthony Freud, Baron Freud is a British journalist, businessman and welfare adviser and is a Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for Work and Pensions...
(born 1950, later Lord Freud) 3 children
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- Andrew Freud, Emily Freud, Juliet Freud
- Ida Fairbairn (born 1952)
- Caroline Penney (born 1955)
- David Freud
- Sophie Freud (born 1924) married Paul Loewenstein; 3 children
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- Andrea Freud Loewenstein
- Dania Loewenstein
- George LoewensteinGeorge LoewensteinGeorge Loewenstein is the Herbert A. Simon Professor of Economics and Psychology in the Social and Decision Sciences Department at Carnegie Mellon University and director of the Center for Behavioral Decision Research. He is a leader in the fields of behavioural economics and...
- Oliver Freud (1891–1969) married Henny Fuchs; 1 child
- Eva Freud (1924–1944)
- Ernst Ludwig FreudErnst Ludwig FreudErnst Ludwig Freud was an Austrian architect and the youngest son of Austrian psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud and his German-born wife Martha Bernays....
(1892–1970) married Lucie Brasch; 3 children
- Ernst Ludwig Freud
- Stephen Freud (born 1921)
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- Dorothy Freud
- Lucian FreudLucian FreudLucian Michael Freud, OM, CH was a British painter. Known chiefly for his thickly impasted portrait and figure paintings, he was widely considered the pre-eminent British artist of his time...
(1922–2011), children include:
-
- Jane McAdam FreudJane McAdam FreudJane McAdam Freud, daughter of Lucian Freud and Katherine Margaret McAdam, was born on 24 February 1958 in London. McAdam Freud is an internationally acclaimed artist working with prints and drawing, sculpture and installation, and digital media...
(born 1958) - Paul FreudPaul Freud- Early life and family :Paul Freud, the son of Lucian Freud and Katherine Margaret McAdam Freud and great grandson of Sigmund Freud, was born in London on the 7th of April, 1959 at the St Mary's Hospital.-See also:* Freud family...
(born 1959) - Bella FreudBella FreudBella Freud is a London-based fashion designer with a number of celebrity clients.-Life and career:Freud was born in London, England. She is the daughter of Bernardine Coverley and artist Lucian Freud and great granddaughter of the inventor of psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud. Her father Lucian Freud...
(born 1961) married James Fox; 1 child - Esther FreudEsther FreudEsther Freud is a British novelist.-Life and career:Born in London, Freud is the daughter of painter Lucian Freud and Bernadine Coverley and is a great-granddaughter of Sigmund Freud. She travelled extensively with her mother as a child, and returned to London at the age of sixteen to train as an...
(born 1963) married David MorrisseyDavid MorrisseyDavid Mark Morrissey is an English actor and director. Morrissey grew up in the Kensington and Knotty Ash areas of Liverpool, and learned to act at the city's Everyman Youth Theatre. At the age of 18, he was cast in the television series One Summer , which won him recognition throughout the country...
; 3 children - Susie BoytSusie BoytSusie Boyt is a British novelist.The daughter of Suzy Boyt and artist Lucian Freud, and great-granddaughter of Sigmund Freud. Susie Boyt was educated at Channing and at Camden School for Girls and read English at St Catherine's College, Oxford, graduating in 1992...
(born 1969) married to Tom Astor; 2 children - David McAdam Freud 3 children
- Jane McAdam Freud
- Clement FreudClement FreudSir Clement Raphael Freud was an English broadcaster, writer, politician and chef.-Early life:Freud was born in Berlin, the son of Jewish parents Ernst Ludwig Freud and Lucie née Brasch. He was the grandson of psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud and the brother of artist Lucian Freud...
(1924–2009, later Sir Clement Freud) married June Flewett (stage name Jill Raymond) in 1950; 5 children
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- Nicola Freud
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- Tom Freud (born 1973)
- Jack Freud, married to Kate Melhuish
- Martha Freud
- Dominic Freud
- Emma FreudEmma FreudEmma Vallencey Freud OBE is an English broadcaster and cultural commentator.-Early life:Emma Freud was born on 25 January 1962 and is the daughter of politician and broadcaster Sir Clement Freud and June Flewett. She is the great-granddaughter of psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud...
(born 1962) partner of Richard CurtisRichard CurtisRichard Whalley Anthony Curtis, CBE is a New Zealand-born British screenwriter, music producer, actor and film director, known primarily for romantic comedy films such as Four Weddings and a Funeral, Bridget Jones's Diary, Notting Hill, Love Actually and The Girl in the Café, as well as the hit...
; 4 children - Matthew FreudMatthew FreudMatthew Freud is head of Freud Communications, an international public relations firm in the United Kingdom.-Biography:...
(born 1963) married twice; (i) Caroline Hutton, 2 children; (ii) Elisabeth MurdochElisabeth Murdoch (businesswoman)Elisabeth Murdoch is an executive in the British television industry and a daughter of international media mogul Rupert Murdoch...
, 2 children - Ashley Freud (adopted nephew)
- Sophie Freud (1893–1920) married Max Halberstadt;
- Ernst Halberstadt (1914–2008) (also known as Ernest Freud)
- Heinz Halberstadt (1918–1923)
- Anna FreudAnna FreudAnna Freud was the sixth and last child of Sigmund and Martha Freud. Born in Vienna, she followed the path of her father and contributed to the newly born field of psychoanalysis...
(1895–1982)
- Anna Freud
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Other sources
- Cohen, David (2009) The Escape of Sigmund Freud. London: JR Books.
- Fry, Helen (2009) Freuds' War. Stroud: The History Press.
- Jones, Ernest (1953, 1955, 1957) Sigmund Freud: Life and Work 3 vols. London: Hogarth Press.