Four Minute Men
Encyclopedia
The Four Minute Men were a group of volunteers authorized by the President Woodrow Wilson, to give four-minute speeches on topics given to them by The Committee on Public Information
. The topics dealt with the American war effort in the First World War and were presented during the four minutes between reel changing in movie theaters across the country.
had just been re-elected president under the slogan "He Kept Us Out of War". The British had been calling for the United States involvement and eventually helped convince Wilson through items like the Zimmerman Telegram and the sinking of the RMS Lusitania
. Eventually on April, 6th 1917 the US Congress declared war on Germany.
campaign to stir support for the war. This effort had many unique challenges to meet to address the existing political climate
. Wilson needed to speak directly to the fragmented and spread out audience in the United States. He had to address the country's self-perception to generate support for the war. The Four-Minute Men provided an answer to these challenges.
. One of the challenges of the effort was the fragmented audience of the United States. Many different heritages were represented in the United States, and the president needed their support for the war. To address each groups specific needs, the director of the Four Minute Men, William McCormick Blair, delegated the duty of speaking to local men. Well known and respected community figures often volunteered for the Four Minute Men program. This gave the speeches a local voice. Also, the four minute men were given general topics and talking points to follow and rotated between theaters to help the speeches seem fresh, instead of generic propaganda speeches.
Because the American government created a positive propaganda source, United States
citizens were informed about the war. The Four Minute Men contributed to public morale, and focused attention on the principles at stake in the war.
Committee on Public Information
The Committee on Public Information, also known as the CPI or the Creel Committee, was an independent agency of the government of the United States created to influence U.S. public opinion regarding American participation in World War I...
. The topics dealt with the American war effort in the First World War and were presented during the four minutes between reel changing in movie theaters across the country.
History
In the year of 1917 the war in Europe had been raging for three years and America's involvement had not begun. Woodrow WilsonWoodrow Wilson
Thomas Woodrow Wilson was the 28th President of the United States, from 1913 to 1921. A leader of the Progressive Movement, he served as President of Princeton University from 1902 to 1910, and then as the Governor of New Jersey from 1911 to 1913...
had just been re-elected president under the slogan "He Kept Us Out of War". The British had been calling for the United States involvement and eventually helped convince Wilson through items like the Zimmerman Telegram and the sinking of the RMS Lusitania
RMS Lusitania
RMS Lusitania was a British ocean liner designed by Leonard Peskett and built by John Brown and Company of Clydebank, Scotland. The ship entered passenger service with the Cunard Line on 26 August 1907 and continued on the line's heavily-traveled passenger service between Liverpool, England and New...
. Eventually on April, 6th 1917 the US Congress declared war on Germany.
Purpose
With a large number of German Americans in the United States, and many others with strong isolationist feelings, there was a strong need for a propagandaPropaganda
Propaganda is a form of communication that is aimed at influencing the attitude of a community toward some cause or position so as to benefit oneself or one's group....
campaign to stir support for the war. This effort had many unique challenges to meet to address the existing political climate
Political climate
The political climate is the aggregate, current mood and opinions of a populace about political issues that also currently affect that population. It is generally used to describe a state of change in mood and opinions rather than a state of equilibrium...
. Wilson needed to speak directly to the fragmented and spread out audience in the United States. He had to address the country's self-perception to generate support for the war. The Four-Minute Men provided an answer to these challenges.
Addressing Challenges
The Four Minute Men idea became a useful tool in the propaganda campaign because it addressed a specific rhetorical situationRhetorical Situation
The Rhetorical Situation is the context of a rhetorical event that consists of an issue, an audience, and a set of constraints. Two leading views of the rhetorical situation exist today...
. One of the challenges of the effort was the fragmented audience of the United States. Many different heritages were represented in the United States, and the president needed their support for the war. To address each groups specific needs, the director of the Four Minute Men, William McCormick Blair, delegated the duty of speaking to local men. Well known and respected community figures often volunteered for the Four Minute Men program. This gave the speeches a local voice. Also, the four minute men were given general topics and talking points to follow and rotated between theaters to help the speeches seem fresh, instead of generic propaganda speeches.
Organization
The four minute men was a division of the Committee on Public Information, headed by George Creel. The Committee on Public Information appointed William McCormick Blair as director of the Four Minute Men. Blair appointed state chairmen of the Four Minute Men, who then would appoint a city or community chairman. Each of these appointments needed to be approved in Washington. The local chairman would then appoint a number of speakers to cover the theaters in the city or community for which he is responsible for.Significance
The Four Minute Men provided Americans with valuable information, and served as a connection between the government and citizens. More than 75,000 citizens volunteered and served in the Four Minute Men. Over 11,000,000 people heard Four Minute Man speeches in the eighteen month program.Because the American government created a positive propaganda source, United States
United States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
citizens were informed about the war. The Four Minute Men contributed to public morale, and focused attention on the principles at stake in the war.