Fagundes Varela
Encyclopedia
Luís Nicolau Fagundes Varela (August 17, 1841 – February 18, 1875) was a Brazil
ian Romantic
poet, adept of the "Ultra-Romanticism
" movement. He is patron of the 11th chair of the Brazilian Academy of Letters
.
in 1841, to Emiliano Fagundes Varela and Emília de Andrade. He spent most of his childhood at the farm where he was born, later moving to innumerous places, among them the city of Catalão
, Goiás
, where he met Bernardo Guimarães
. Returning to Rio, he lived in Angra dos Reis
and Petrópolis
, where he concluded his primary and secondary studies. In 1859, he goes to São Paulo
and, in 1862, enters at the Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de São Paulo
, but abandons it to dedicate himself to the literature and to the bohemianism. He published his first poetry book, Noturnas, one year before.
He married a circus artist from Sorocaba
, Alice Guilhermina Luande. This provoked a scandal in his family and made his financial condition worse. His first son, Emiliano, died with 3 months of age, what inspired Fagundes' poem "Cântico do Calvário" (that can be found on the book Cantos e Fantasias). His woman died in 1865 or 1866, while Varela was travelling to Recife
. Returning to São Paulo, he matriculated himself once more in the Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de São Paulo in 1867, quitting once more. He then returns to his house in Rio Claro, living in there until 1870. He marries once again, with his cousin Maria Belisária de Brito Lambert, having with her two daughters and one son.
Having moved to Niterói with his father in 1870, he lives there until dying, on February 18, 1875.
Some of Varela's poems have an unusual theme for the Ultra-Romanticism: the Abolitionism
. Because of that, he is considered to be one of the forerunners of the "Condorism
", alongside Junqueira Freire, another Ultra-Romantic poet who spoke of the Abolitionism in some of his poems.
Brazil
Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population with over 192 million people...
ian Romantic
Romanticism
Romanticism was an artistic, literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Europe, and gained strength in reaction to the Industrial Revolution...
poet, adept of the "Ultra-Romanticism
Ultra-romanticism
Ultra-Romanticism was a Portuguese and Brazilian literary movement that occurred during the 1840s, 1850s and the early 1860s. Aesthetically similar to the Dark Romanticism, as the name implies it is an overvalue of the Romantic ideals....
" movement. He is patron of the 11th chair of the Brazilian Academy of Letters
Academia Brasileira de Letras
Academia Brasileira de Letras is a Brazilian literary non-profit society established at the end of the 19th century by a group of 40 writers and poets inspired by the Académie Française. The first president, Machado de Assis, declared its foundation on December 15, 1896, with the statutes being...
.
Biography
Luís Nicolau Fagundes Varela was born in Rio ClaroRio Claro, Rio de Janeiro
Rio Claro is a municipality located in the Brazilian state of Rio de Janeiro. Its population was 17,834 and its area is 841 km²....
in 1841, to Emiliano Fagundes Varela and Emília de Andrade. He spent most of his childhood at the farm where he was born, later moving to innumerous places, among them the city of Catalão
Catalão
Catalão is a small city and municipality located in the south of the state of Goiás, in Brazil. It is a large producer of grains, cattle, and phosphates and has a John Deere and Mitsubishi factory.-Demographics:*Population density: 17.85 inhab/km²...
, Goiás
Goiás
Goiás is a state of Brazil, located in the central part of the country. The name Goiás comes from the name of an indigenous community...
, where he met Bernardo Guimarães
Bernardo Guimarães
Bernardo Joaquim da Silva Guimarães was a Brazilian poet and novelist. He is the author of the famous romances A Escrava Isaura and O Seminarista. He also introduced to the Brazilian poetry the "verso bestialógico" , poems whose verses are very nonsensical, although very metrical...
. Returning to Rio, he lived in Angra dos Reis
Angra dos Reis
Angra dos Reis is a Brazilian municipality located in the southern part of Rio de Janeiro state. It is located at an altitude of 6 meters and includes in its territory 365 offshore islands. It was discovered on January 6, 1502, but has been under continual settlement since 1556. Its population...
and Petrópolis
Petrópolis
Petrópolis , also known as The Imperial City of Brazil, is a town in the state of Rio de Janeiro, about 65 km from the city of Rio de Janeiro....
, where he concluded his primary and secondary studies. In 1859, he goes to São Paulo
São Paulo
São Paulo is the largest city in Brazil, the largest city in the southern hemisphere and South America, and the world's seventh largest city by population. The metropolis is anchor to the São Paulo metropolitan area, ranked as the second-most populous metropolitan area in the Americas and among...
and, in 1862, enters at the Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de São Paulo
Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de São Paulo
Faculty of Law of the University of São Paulo is an institution of higher education and research in the field of Law located in São Paulo, Brazil...
, but abandons it to dedicate himself to the literature and to the bohemianism. He published his first poetry book, Noturnas, one year before.
He married a circus artist from Sorocaba
Sorocaba
Sorocaba is a city in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Sorocaba is the fourth largest city in the state of São Paulo. Outside the Greater São Paulo region, it ranks behind only Campinas, Sao Jose dos Campos and Ribeirão Preto...
, Alice Guilhermina Luande. This provoked a scandal in his family and made his financial condition worse. His first son, Emiliano, died with 3 months of age, what inspired Fagundes' poem "Cântico do Calvário" (that can be found on the book Cantos e Fantasias). His woman died in 1865 or 1866, while Varela was travelling to Recife
Recife
Recife is the fifth-largest metropolitan area in Brazil with 4,136,506 inhabitants, the largest metropolitan area of the North/Northeast Regions, the 5th-largest metropolitan influence area in Brazil, and the capital and largest city of the state of Pernambuco. The population of the city proper...
. Returning to São Paulo, he matriculated himself once more in the Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de São Paulo in 1867, quitting once more. He then returns to his house in Rio Claro, living in there until 1870. He marries once again, with his cousin Maria Belisária de Brito Lambert, having with her two daughters and one son.
Having moved to Niterói with his father in 1870, he lives there until dying, on February 18, 1875.
Some of Varela's poems have an unusual theme for the Ultra-Romanticism: the Abolitionism
Abolitionism
Abolitionism is a movement to end slavery.In western Europe and the Americas abolitionism was a movement to end the slave trade and set slaves free. At the behest of Dominican priest Bartolomé de las Casas who was shocked at the treatment of natives in the New World, Spain enacted the first...
. Because of that, he is considered to be one of the forerunners of the "Condorism
Condorism
Condorism was a Brazilian literary movement that occurred during the 1860s, 1870s and the first years of the 1880s. It is a subdivision of Brazilian Romanticism, being thus called "the third phase of Brazilian Romanticism", preceded by the Indianism and the Ultra-Romanticism...
", alongside Junqueira Freire, another Ultra-Romantic poet who spoke of the Abolitionism in some of his poems.
Works
- Noturnas (18611861 in literatureThe year 1861 in literature involved some significant new books.-Events:*October 20 - Poet and dramatist Apollo Korzeniowski is arrested for his political activities and placed in the infamous Tenth Pavilion of the Warsaw Citadel....
) - Vozes da América (18641864 in literatureThe year 1864 in literature involved some significant new books.-Events:*Ambrose Bierce is wounded at the Battle of Kennesaw Mountain.*Charles Baudelaire leaves Paris for Belgium in the hope of resolving his financial difficulties....
) - Cantos e Fantasias (18651865 in literatureThe year 1865 in literature involved some significant new books.-Events:* June 9 - Charles Dickens is involved in the Staplehurst rail crash....
) - Cantos Meridionais (18691869 in literatureThe year 1869 in literature involved some significant new books.-Events:*Macmillan Publishing opens first American office in New York City headed by George Edward Brett-New books:*Louisa May Alcott - Good Wives...
) - Cantos do Ermo e da Cidade (18691869 in literatureThe year 1869 in literature involved some significant new books.-Events:*Macmillan Publishing opens first American office in New York City headed by George Edward Brett-New books:*Louisa May Alcott - Good Wives...
) - Anchieta, ou O Evangelho na Selva (18751875 in literatureThe year 1875 in literature involved some significant new books.-Events:*October 1 - American poet and short story writer Edgar Allan Poe is reburied in Westminster Hall and Burying Ground with a larger memorial marker. Some controversy arose years later as to whether the correct body was exhumed.*...
— posthumous) - Cantos Religiosos (18781878 in literatureThe year 1878 in literature involved some significant new books.-Events:*January 28 - The Yale News becomes the first daily college newspaper in the United States.*Guy de Maupassant becomes an employee of the Ministry of Public Instruction....
— poems compiled by Varela's friend Otaviano Hudson, with the objective of consolating Varela's wife and children) - O Diário de Lázaro e Outras Poesias (18801880 in literatureThe year 1880 in literature involved some significant new books.-New books:*Henry Adams - Democracy: An American Novel *Rhoda Broughton - Second Thoughts*Wilkie Collins - Jezebel's Daughter...
— posthumous)