Eupraxia of Kiev
Encyclopedia
Eupraxia of Kiev was the daughter of Vsevolod I, Prince of Kiev and second wife of Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor
. She was the sister of Vladimir Monomakh.
Eupraxia was first married to Henry I the Long, Margrave
of the Northern March
, son of Lothair Udo II
. They had no children before his death in 1087. Eupraxia went to live in the convent of Quedlinburg
, where she met Henry IV, who was then the Saxon
king. He was greatly impressed by her beauty, and after his first wife died in December 1087, he married Eupraxia in 1089 in Cologne
. She assumed the name "Adelheid" upon her coronation.
During Henry's campaigns in Italy
, he took Eupraxia-Adelheid with him and kept her sequestered at Verona
. She escaped in 1093 and fled to Canossa
, where she sought the aid of Matilda of Tuscany
, one of Henry's enemies. She met with Pope Urban II
, and on his urgings Eupraxia-Adelheid made a public confession before the church Council of Piacenza
. She accused Henry of holding her against her will, of forcing her to participate in orgies, and of attempting a black mass
on her naked body. Those accusations were confirmed in turn by Conrad, who stated that this was the reason he turned against his father.
According to the chroniclers, Henry became involved in the Nicolaitan sect, and hosted the sect's orgies and obscene rituals in his palaces. Eupraxia-Adelheid was forced to participate in these orgies, and on one occasion Henry allegedly offered her to his son, Conrad
. Conrad refused indignantly, and then revolted against his father. This black legend takes its origin from the hostility between Emperor Henry and Pope Urban II during the Investiture Controversy
.
Eupraxia-Adelheid left Italy for Hungary
, where she lived until 1099, when she returned to Kiev
. After Henry's death in 1106 she became a nun until her own death in 1109.
Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor
Henry IV was King of the Romans from 1056 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1084 until his forced abdication in 1105. He was the third emperor of the Salian dynasty and one of the most powerful and important figures of the 11th century...
. She was the sister of Vladimir Monomakh.
Eupraxia was first married to Henry I the Long, Margrave
Margrave
A margrave or margravine was a medieval hereditary nobleman with military responsibilities in a border province of a kingdom. Border provinces usually had more exposure to military incursions from the outside, compared to interior provinces, and thus a margrave usually had larger and more active...
of the Northern March
Northern March
The Northern March or North March was created out of the division of the vast Marca Geronis in 965. It initially comprised the northern third of the Marca and was part of the territorial organisation of areas conquered from the Wends...
, son of Lothair Udo II
Lothair Udo II, Margrave of the Nordmark
Lothair Udo II was the Count of Stade and Margrave of the Nordmark from 1057 until his death. He was the only son of Lothair Udo I of the Udonids and Adelaide of Rheinfelden....
. They had no children before his death in 1087. Eupraxia went to live in the convent of Quedlinburg
Quedlinburg Abbey
Quedlinburg Abbey was a house of secular canonesses in Quedlinburg, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. It was founded in 936 on the initiative of Saint Mathilda, the widow of Henry the Fowler, as his memorial...
, where she met Henry IV, who was then the Saxon
Saxons
The Saxons were a confederation of Germanic tribes originating on the North German plain. The Saxons earliest known area of settlement is Northern Albingia, an area approximately that of modern Holstein...
king. He was greatly impressed by her beauty, and after his first wife died in December 1087, he married Eupraxia in 1089 in Cologne
Cologne
Cologne is Germany's fourth-largest city , and is the largest city both in the Germany Federal State of North Rhine-Westphalia and within the Rhine-Ruhr Metropolitan Area, one of the major European metropolitan areas with more than ten million inhabitants.Cologne is located on both sides of the...
. She assumed the name "Adelheid" upon her coronation.
During Henry's campaigns in Italy
Italy
Italy , officially the Italian Republic languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Italy's official name is as follows:;;;;;;;;), is a unitary parliamentary republic in South-Central Europe. To the north it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and...
, he took Eupraxia-Adelheid with him and kept her sequestered at Verona
Verona
Verona ; German Bern, Dietrichsbern or Welschbern) is a city in the Veneto, northern Italy, with approx. 265,000 inhabitants and one of the seven chef-lieus of the region. It is the second largest city municipality in the region and the third of North-Eastern Italy. The metropolitan area of Verona...
. She escaped in 1093 and fled to Canossa
Canossa
Canossa is a comune and castle town in Emilia-Romagna, famous as the site where Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV did penance in 1077, standing three days bare-headed in the snow, in order to reverse his excommunication by Pope Gregory VII...
, where she sought the aid of Matilda of Tuscany
Matilda of Tuscany
Matilda of Tuscany was an Italian noblewoman, the principal Italian supporter of Pope Gregory VII during the Investiture Controversy. She is one of the few medieval women to be remembered for her military accomplishments...
, one of Henry's enemies. She met with Pope Urban II
Pope Urban II
Pope Urban II , born Otho de Lagery , was Pope from 12 March 1088 until his death on July 29 1099...
, and on his urgings Eupraxia-Adelheid made a public confession before the church Council of Piacenza
Council of Piacenza
The Council of Piacenza was a mixed synod of ecclesiastics and laymen of the Roman Catholic Church, which took place from March 1 to March 5, 1095, at Piacenza....
. She accused Henry of holding her against her will, of forcing her to participate in orgies, and of attempting a black mass
Black Mass
A Black Mass is a ceremony supposedly celebrated during the Witches' Sabbath, which was a sacrilegious parody of the Catholic Mass. Its main objective was the profanation of the host, although there is no agreement among authors on how hosts were obtained or profaned; the most common idea is that...
on her naked body. Those accusations were confirmed in turn by Conrad, who stated that this was the reason he turned against his father.
According to the chroniclers, Henry became involved in the Nicolaitan sect, and hosted the sect's orgies and obscene rituals in his palaces. Eupraxia-Adelheid was forced to participate in these orgies, and on one occasion Henry allegedly offered her to his son, Conrad
Conrad of Italy
Conrad II was the second son of Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV. As such, he was King of Germany from 1087 to 1098 and also King of Italy from 1093 to 1098....
. Conrad refused indignantly, and then revolted against his father. This black legend takes its origin from the hostility between Emperor Henry and Pope Urban II during the Investiture Controversy
Investiture Controversy
The Investiture Controversy or Investiture Contest was the most significant conflict between Church and state in medieval Europe. In the 11th and 12th centuries, a series of Popes challenged the authority of European monarchies over control of appointments, or investitures, of church officials such...
.
Eupraxia-Adelheid left Italy for Hungary
Hungary
Hungary , officially the Republic of Hungary , is a landlocked country in Central Europe. It is situated in the Carpathian Basin and is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine and Romania to the east, Serbia and Croatia to the south, Slovenia to the southwest and Austria to the west. The...
, where she lived until 1099, when she returned to Kiev
Kiev
Kiev or Kyiv is the capital and the largest city of Ukraine, located in the north central part of the country on the Dnieper River. The population as of the 2001 census was 2,611,300. However, higher numbers have been cited in the press....
. After Henry's death in 1106 she became a nun until her own death in 1109.