Estonia

Estonia

Estonia , officially the Republic of Estonia , is a state in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland, to the west by the Baltic Sea, to the south by Latvia , and to the east by Lake Peipsi and the Russian Federation . Across the Baltic Sea lies...

n parliamentary elections, 1923 to form the II Riigikogu

Riigikogu

The Riigikogu is the unicameral parliament of Estonia. All important state-related questions pass through the Riigikogu...

 were held from May 5-7, 1923. There were some controversies - some lists, most remarkably Communist, were declared void before the elections because of electoral law violations, and the results gave Estonia its most fragmented parliament ever.

Results

Eligible voters: 688,675 without the army

Turnout: 477,284; 67,8%

Invalid votes: 17,199 (with army); 3.6%

Valid votes: 460,085; 96.4% (with army)

Party Political party A political party is a political organization that typically seeks to influence government policy, usually by nominating their own candidates and trying to seat them in political office. Parties participate in electoral campaigns, educational outreach or protest actions...	Ideology	Votes	%	swing Swing (politics) An electoral swing analysis shows the extent of change in voter support from one election to another. It is an indicator of voter support for individual candidates or political parties, or voter preference between two or more candidates or parties...	MPs Member of Parliament A Member of Parliament is a representative of the voters to a :parliament. In many countries with bicameral parliaments, the term applies specifically to members of the lower house, as upper houses often have a different title, such as senate, and thus also have different titles for its members,...	% of MPs	% of MPs swing
Farmers' Assemblies (Põllumeeste Kogud)	Agrarianism Agrarianism Agrarianism has two common meanings. The first meaning refers to a social philosophy or political philosophy which values rural society as superior to urban society, the independent farmer as superior to the paid worker, and sees farming as a way of life that can shape the ideal social values... , conservatism Conservatism Conservatism is a political and social philosophy that promotes the maintenance of traditional institutions and supports, at the most, minimal and gradual change in society. Some conservatives seek to preserve things as they are, emphasizing stability and continuity, while others oppose modernism...	99,226	21.6%	0.7%	23	23%	2%
Estonian Social Democratic Workers' Party (Eesti Sotsiaaldemokraatline Tööliste Partei)	Social democracy Social democracy Social democracy is a political ideology of the center-left on the political spectrum. Social democracy is officially a form of evolutionary reformist socialism. It supports class collaboration as the course to achieve socialism...	64,297	14.0%	3.1%	15	15%	3%
Estonian Labour Party (Eesti Tööerakond)	Centre-left Centre-left Centre-left is a political term that describes individuals, political parties or organisations such as think tanks whose ideology lies between the centre and the left on the left-right spectrum...	51,674	11.2%	9.9%	12	12%	7%
Working People's Common Front (Töörahva Ühine Väerind)	Communism Communism Communism is a social, political and economic ideology that aims at the establishment of a classless, moneyless, revolutionary and stateless socialist society structured upon common ownership of the means of production...	43,711	9.5%	4.2%	10	10%	5%
Estonian People's Party (Eesti Rahvaerakond)	Centre-right Centre-right The centre-right or center-right is a political term commonly used to describe or denote individuals, political parties, or organizations whose views stretch from the centre to the right on the left-right spectrum, excluding far right stances. Centre-right can also describe a coalition of centrist...	34,646	7.5%	2.9%	8	8%	2%
Christian People's Party (Kristlik Rahvaerakond)	Christian conservatism Christian conservative Christian conservative may refer to political position:*Christian right*Christian agrarian conservatism of Europe...	33,700	7.3%	0.1%	8	8%	1%
Independent Socialist Workers' Party (Iseseisev Sotsialistlik Tööliste Partei)	Far left	21,704	4.7%	6.0%	5	5%	6%
National Liberal Party (Rahvuslik Vabameelne Partei)	Liberalism Liberalism Liberalism is the belief in the importance of liberty and equal rights. Liberals espouse a wide array of views depending on their understanding of these principles, but generally, liberals support ideas such as constitutionalism, liberal democracy, free and fair elections, human rights,... , right-wing Right-wing politics In politics, Right, right-wing and rightist generally refer to support for a hierarchical society justified on the basis of an appeal to natural law or tradition. To varying degrees, the Right rejects the egalitarian objectives of left-wing politics, claiming that the imposition of equality is...	20,670	4.5%	4.5%	4	4%	4%
United Russian Parties (Vene ühendatud parteid)	Minority interests Political parties of minorities Ethnic parties aim to represent an ethnic group in a political system, be it a sovereign state or a subnational entity. An alternate designation is 'Political parties of minorities', but they should not be mistaken with regionalist or separatist parties, whose purpose is territorial autonomy.-...	18,829	4.1%	2.3%	4	4%	3%
Settlers, State's Leaseholders and Littlefarmers (Asunikud, Riigirentnikud ja Väikepõllupidajad)	Agrarianism Agrarianism Agrarianism has two common meanings. The first meaning refers to a social philosophy or political philosophy which values rural society as superior to urban society, the independent farmer as superior to the paid worker, and sees farming as a way of life that can shape the ideal social values... , centre-left Centre-left Centre-left is a political term that describes individuals, political parties or organisations such as think tanks whose ideology lies between the centre and the left on the left-right spectrum...	17,266	3.8%	3.8%	4	4%	4%
German-Baltic Party (Saksa-Balti Erakond)	Minority interests Political parties of minorities Ethnic parties aim to represent an ethnic group in a political system, be it a sovereign state or a subnational entity. An alternate designation is 'Political parties of minorities', but they should not be mistaken with regionalist or separatist parties, whose purpose is territorial autonomy.-...	15,950	3.5%	3.5%	3	3%	1%
All-state Union of Housowners' Societies (Üleriiklik Majaomanikkude Seltside Liit)	Interest group	9,967	2.2%	2.2%	2	2%	2%
Tenants Union (Üürnike Ühendus)	Interest group	6,130	1.3%	1.3%	1	1%	1%
Union of Estonian Demobilized Soldiers (Eesti Demobiliseeritud Sõjaväelaste Liit)	Interest group	5,670	1.2%	1.2%	1	1%	1%
Working People's Union (Töörahva Liit)	Left-wing Left-wing politics In politics, Left, left-wing and leftist generally refer to support for social change to create a more egalitarian society...	3,995	0.9%	0.9%	—	—	—
Swedish Union (Rootsi Liit)	Minority interests Political parties of minorities Ethnic parties aim to represent an ethnic group in a political system, be it a sovereign state or a subnational entity. An alternate designation is 'Political parties of minorities', but they should not be mistaken with regionalist or separatist parties, whose purpose is territorial autonomy.-...	3,600	0.8%	0.8%	—	—	—
Littlefarmers of Saaremaa Saaremaa Saaremaa is the largest island in Estonia, measuring 2,673 km². The main island of Saare County, it is located in the Baltic Sea, south of Hiiumaa island, and belongs to the West Estonian Archipelago... (Saaremaa väikemaa-põllupidajad)	Agrarianism Agrarianism Agrarianism has two common meanings. The first meaning refers to a social philosophy or political philosophy which values rural society as superior to urban society, the independent farmer as superior to the paid worker, and sees farming as a way of life that can shape the ideal social values... , left-wing Left-wing politics In politics, Left, left-wing and leftist generally refer to support for social change to create a more egalitarian society...	2,496	0.5%	0.5%	—	—	—
Economic Group (Majandusrühm)	Liberalism Liberalism Liberalism is the belief in the importance of liberty and equal rights. Liberals espouse a wide array of views depending on their understanding of these principles, but generally, liberals support ideas such as constitutionalism, liberal democracy, free and fair elections, human rights,...	2,214	0.5%	0.6%	—	—	1%
Setu-Ingrian Ingrian Finns The Ingrian Finns are the Finnish population of Ingria descending from Lutheran Finnish immigrants introduced to the area in the 17th century, when Finland and Ingria were both part of the Swedish Empire...  Group (Setu-Ingeri rühm)	Regional interests Regionalism (politics) Regionalism is a term used in international relations. Regionalism also constitutes one of the three constituents of the international commercial system... , minority interests Political parties of minorities Ethnic parties aim to represent an ethnic group in a political system, be it a sovereign state or a subnational entity. An alternate designation is 'Political parties of minorities', but they should not be mistaken with regionalist or separatist parties, whose purpose is territorial autonomy.-...	1,514	0.3%	0.3%	—	—	—
Littlefarmers, Settlers, Rural and Urban Workers (Väikekohapidajad, asunikud, maa- ja linnatöölised)	Agrarianism Agrarianism Agrarianism has two common meanings. The first meaning refers to a social philosophy or political philosophy which values rural society as superior to urban society, the independent farmer as superior to the paid worker, and sees farming as a way of life that can shape the ideal social values... , centre-left Centre-left Centre-left is a political term that describes individuals, political parties or organisations such as think tanks whose ideology lies between the centre and the left on the left-right spectrum...	932	0.2%	0.2%	—	—	—
Setu Littlefarmers (Setu väikemaapidajad)	Agrarianism Agrarianism Agrarianism has two common meanings. The first meaning refers to a social philosophy or political philosophy which values rural society as superior to urban society, the independent farmer as superior to the paid worker, and sees farming as a way of life that can shape the ideal social values... , left-wing Left-wing politics In politics, Left, left-wing and leftist generally refer to support for social change to create a more egalitarian society...	639	0.1%	0.1%	—	—	—
Country People's Party (Võru Võru County Võrumaa or Võru maakond officially, is a county in Southern Estonia. It is bordered to the north by the Põlva County and the Lake Pihkva; to the west by Valga County; to the south by Latvia; and to the east by the Russian Federation.... , Valga Valga County Valga County , or Valgamaa, is one of 15 counties of Estonia. Its capital is Valga, which is located on the Estonian-Latvian border. It is situated in southern part of the country and borders Põlva County and Võru County to the east, Latvia to the south and to the west, Viljandi County and Tartu...  and Petseri County Petseri County Petseri County was a county of Estonia established in 1920. Since 1944, however, most of the county had been administered as Pechorsky District of Pskov Oblast, first by the Russian SFSR and then, from 1991, by Russia.-History:... ) (Maarahva Partei (Võru-,Valga- ja Petserimaa))	Agrarianism Agrarianism Agrarianism has two common meanings. The first meaning refers to a social philosophy or political philosophy which values rural society as superior to urban society, the independent farmer as superior to the paid worker, and sees farming as a way of life that can shape the ideal social values... , conservatism Conservatism Conservatism is a political and social philosophy that promotes the maintenance of traditional institutions and supports, at the most, minimal and gradual change in society. Some conservatives seek to preserve things as they are, emphasizing stability and continuity, while others oppose modernism...	481	0.1%	0.1%	—	—	—
Settlers and State Leaseholders (Saaremaa Saaremaa Saaremaa is the largest island in Estonia, measuring 2,673 km². The main island of Saare County, it is located in the Baltic Sea, south of Hiiumaa island, and belongs to the West Estonian Archipelago... ) (Asunikud ja riigirentnikud (Saaremaa))	Agrarianism Agrarianism Agrarianism has two common meanings. The first meaning refers to a social philosophy or political philosophy which values rural society as superior to urban society, the independent farmer as superior to the paid worker, and sees farming as a way of life that can shape the ideal social values... , centre-left Centre-left Centre-left is a political term that describes individuals, political parties or organisations such as think tanks whose ideology lies between the centre and the left on the left-right spectrum...	475	0.1%	0.1%	—	—	—
Country People's Party (Harju County Harju County Harju County , or Harjumaa , nowadays one of 15 counties of Estonia. It is situated in northern Estonia, on the south coast of the Gulf of Finland, and borders Lääne-Viru County to the east, Järva County to the south-east, Rapla County to the south, and Lääne County to the south-west.528,468 people... ) (Maarahva Partei (Harjumaa))	Agrarianism Agrarianism Agrarianism has two common meanings. The first meaning refers to a social philosophy or political philosophy which values rural society as superior to urban society, the independent farmer as superior to the paid worker, and sees farming as a way of life that can shape the ideal social values... , conservatism Conservatism Conservatism is a political and social philosophy that promotes the maintenance of traditional institutions and supports, at the most, minimal and gradual change in society. Some conservatives seek to preserve things as they are, emphasizing stability and continuity, while others oppose modernism...	175	0.0%	0.0%	—	—	—
Party of Nationlists (Viru County) (Isamaalaste Partei (Virumaa))	Nationalism Nationalism Nationalism is a political ideology that involves a strong identification of a group of individuals with a political entity defined in national terms, i.e. a nation. In the 'modernist' image of the nation, it is nationalism that creates national identity. There are various definitions for what...	175	0.0%	0.0%	—	—	—
Country People's Party (Tallinn Tallinn Tallinn is the capital and largest city of Estonia. It occupies an area of with a population of 414,940. It is situated on the northern coast of the country, on the banks of the Gulf of Finland, south of Helsinki, east of Stockholm and west of Saint Petersburg. Tallinn's Old Town is in the list... ) (Maarahva Partei (Tallinn))	Agrarianism Agrarianism Agrarianism has two common meanings. The first meaning refers to a social philosophy or political philosophy which values rural society as superior to urban society, the independent farmer as superior to the paid worker, and sees farming as a way of life that can shape the ideal social values... , conservatism Conservatism Conservatism is a political and social philosophy that promotes the maintenance of traditional institutions and supports, at the most, minimal and gradual change in society. Some conservatives seek to preserve things as they are, emphasizing stability and continuity, while others oppose modernism...	48	0.0%	0.0%	—	—	—
Total valid votes		460,184	100.0%		100
Results of the Working People's Common Front are compared to the Central Committee of Tallinn Trade Unions. Results of the Independent Socialist Workers' Party are compared to the Estonian Independent Socialist Workers' Party. Results of United Russian Parties are compared to the Russian National Union in Estonia. Results of the Union of Estonian Demobilized Soldiers are compared to the list Fighting Army of the Republic of Estonia.

Sources

• II Riigikogu valimised: 5.-7. mail 1923 / Riigi Statistika Keskbüroo = Élections au parlement: de 5.-7. mai 1923 / Bureau Central de Statistique de l'Estonie - Tallinn: Riigi Statistika Keskbüroo, 1923 (Tallinn : Tallinna Eesti Kirjastus-Ühisus ; Narva: M. Minis)