The Episodios Nacionales (National Episodes) are a collection of forty-six historical novels written by Benito Pérez Galdós

Benito Pérez Galdós

Benito Pérez Galdós was a Spanish realist novelist. Considered second only to Cervantes in stature, he was the leading Spanish realist novelist....

 between 1872 and 1912. They are divided into five series and they deal with Spanish History from roughly 1805 to 1880. They are fictional accounts which add characters invented by the author within historical events.

First series

With the exception of Gerona, all the episodes follow the adventures of the boy Gabriel de Araceli, beginning in French-dominated Spain through the war of Independence, from the battle of Trafalgar to the defeat of the French armies (1805-1814). There are ten books in this series:

• Trafalgar
• La Corte de Carlos IV (The Court of Charles IV)
• El 19 de marzo y el 2 de mayo (The 19th of March and the 2nd of May)
• Bailén
• Napoleón en Chamartín (Napoleon at Chamartin)
• Zaragoza
• Gerona
• Cádiz
• Juan Martín el Empecinado (Juan Martín the Undaunted)
• La Batalla de los Arapiles (The Battle of the Arapiles)

Second series

Written between 1875 and 1879, it is a series of ten books. Its main character, who is not always the protagonist, is the liberal crusader Salvador Monsalud. At first a guard of King José I

Joseph Bonaparte

Joseph-Napoléon Bonaparte was the elder brother of Napoleon Bonaparte, who made him King of Naples and Sicily , and later King of Spain...

, he is estranged from power during the six years of absolutist monarchy of Fernando VII (1814-1820), lauded during the Liberal Triennium (1820-1823) and persecuted during the Ominous Decade (1823-1833). His perpetual dissatisfaction guides us through the convulsions of Spain under Fernando, where future conflicts could be seen to have their beginnings. The titles of the Episodes are:

• El equipaje del rey José (The Baggage of King Jose)
• Memorias de un cortesano de 1815 (Memoires of a Courtesan of 1815)
• La segunda casaca (The Second Turncoat)
• El Grande Oriente (The Grande Oriente)
• El 7 de julio (The 7th of July)
• Los Cien Mil Hijos de San Luis (The 100,000 sons of San Luis)
• El terror de 1824 (The Terror of 1824)
• Un voluntario realista (A Royalist Volunteer)
• Los Apostólicos (The Apostles)
• Un faccioso más y algunos frailes menos (One More Rebel and a Few Less Friars)

After this series, Galdós did not plan to continue, but after the Spanish-American War

Spanish-American War

The Spanish–American War was a conflict in 1898 between Spain and the United States, effectively the result of American intervention in the ongoing Cuban War of Independence...

 (the "Disaster of '98"), he decided to follow with another series.

Third series

The divided Spain of the First Carlist War

First Carlist War

The First Carlist War was a civil war in Spain from 1833-1839.-Historical background:At the beginning of the 18th century, Philip V, the first Bourbon king of Spain, promulgated the Salic Law, which declared illegal the inheritance of the Spanish crown by women...

 and the Regency of Maria Cristina

Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies

Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies was Queen consort of Spain and Regent of Spain .-Early years and first marriage:...

 is the setting of the following episodes, which revolve around the romantic Fernando Calpeña. The ten episodes that comprise the series are:

• Zumalacárregui
• Mendizábal
• De Oñate a la Granja (From Oñate to Granja)
• Luchana
• La campaña del Maestrazgo (The Campaign of Maestrazco)
• La estafeta romántica (The Romantic Courier)
• Vergara
• Montes de Oca
• Los Ayacuchos (The Ayacuchans)
• Bodas Reales (Royal Weddings)

Fourth series

José García Fajardo, uninterested in politics, unlike the protagonists of the previous series, is the main character of this series of ten episodes which encompass the entire reign of Isabel II

Isabella II of Spain

Isabella II was the only female monarch of Spain in modern times. She came to the throne as an infant, but her succession was disputed by the Carlists, who refused to recognise a female sovereign, leading to the Carlist Wars. After a troubled reign, she was deposed in the Glorious Revolution of...

, a contemporary of the author. The titles of this series are:

• Las tormentas del 48 (The Storms of 48)
• Narváez
• Los duendes de la camarilla (The Demons of the Entourage)
• La Revolución de Julio (The July Revolution)
• O'Donnell
• Aita Tettauen
• Carlos VI en la Rápita (Carlos VI in Rápìta)
• La vuelta al mundo en la Numancia (The Trip Around the World on the Numancia)
• Prim
• La de los tristes destinos (She of the Sad Destinies)

Fifth series

Tito, a first-person narrator who is not a real person, but a conceit of the author to create thoughtful dialogue, featured in this unfinished series, which begins during the Glorious Revolution

Glorious Revolution (Spain)

The Glorious Revolution took place in Spain in 1868, resulting in the deposition of Queen Isabella II.An 1866 rebellion led by General Juan Prim and a revolt of the sergeants at San Gil barracks, in Madrid, sent a signal to Spanish liberals and republicans that there was serious unrest with the...

in Spain, and contains only six published titles and a draft:

• España sin rey (Spain Without a King)
• España trágica (Tragic Spain)
• Amadeo I
• La primera República (The First Republic)
• De Cartago a Sagunto (From Carthage to Sagunto)
• Cánovas
• Sagasta (draft)