Citrus macroptera
Encyclopedia
Citrus macroptera commonly called "Melanesian papeda", "wild orange", "cabuyao" or "satkara" is a semi-wild species of citrus
native to Malesia
and Melanesia
.
, which is as large as the blade of the leaf.
The tree, which has thorns
, can reach 5 m in height. Its fruit is about 6–7 cm in diamater, has a fairly smooth, moderately thick rind, and is yellow when ripe. The pulp of the fruit is greenish yellow and dry (does not produce much juice). The juice is very sour, and somewhat bitter.
of northeastern Bangladesh
where it is called "hatkora" or "shatkora" (Sylheti: ꠢꠣꠔ꠆ꠇꠞ Bangla: সাতকরা|সাতকরা).
Bangladesh the fruit is seldom consumed raw or as a juice, but is instead sliced and cooked, either green or mature, in beef, mutton, and fish curries
, as well as in stew
s. The fruit is a primary ingredient in "hatkora/shatkora pickle
".
industry.
Citrus
Citrus is a common term and genus of flowering plants in the rue family, Rutaceae. Citrus is believed to have originated in the part of Southeast Asia bordered by Northeastern India, Myanmar and the Yunnan province of China...
native to Malesia
Malesia
Malesia is a biogeographical region straddling the boundaries of the Indomalaya ecozone and Australasia ecozone, and also a phytogeographical floristic region in the Paleotropical Kingdom.-Floristic province:...
and Melanesia
Melanesia
Melanesia is a subregion of Oceania extending from the western end of the Pacific Ocean to the Arafura Sea, and eastward to Fiji. The region comprises most of the islands immediately north and northeast of Australia...
.
Description
Citrus macroptera is so-named because of the large "wings" (-ptera) on the petiolePetiole (botany)
In botany, the petiole is the stalk attaching the leaf blade to the stem. The petiole usually has the same internal structure as the stem. Outgrowths appearing on each side of the petiole are called stipules. Leaves lacking a petiole are called sessile, or clasping when they partly surround the...
, which is as large as the blade of the leaf.
The tree, which has thorns
Thorns, spines, and prickles
In botanical morphology, thorns, spines, and prickles are hard structures with sharp, or at least pointed, ends. In spite of this common feature, they differ in their growth and development on the plant; they are modified versions of different plant organs, stems, stipules, leaf veins, or hairs...
, can reach 5 m in height. Its fruit is about 6–7 cm in diamater, has a fairly smooth, moderately thick rind, and is yellow when ripe. The pulp of the fruit is greenish yellow and dry (does not produce much juice). The juice is very sour, and somewhat bitter.
Varieties
The species is sometimes divided into four varieties, or alternatively into three separate species, as follows:- C. macroptera var. macroptera
- C. macroptera var. annamensis TanakaChōzaburō Tanakaor often Romanized as Tyôzaburô Tanaka was a Japanese botanist and mycologist. He established one of the two major taxonomic classifications system for citrus and related genera currently in use, and is now considered to be a taxonomic "splitter"...
-> C. combara Raf. - C. macroptera var. combara (Raf.) Tanaka -> C. combara Raf.
- C. macroptera var. kerrii SwingleWalter Tennyson SwingleWalter Tennyson Swingle was an American agricultural botanist who was born in Canaan, Pennsylvania and moved with his family to Kansas two years later. He graduated from the Kansas State Agricultural College in 1890, and studied in Bonn in 1895-96 and 1898...
-> C. kerrii (SwingleWalter Tennyson SwingleWalter Tennyson Swingle was an American agricultural botanist who was born in Canaan, Pennsylvania and moved with his family to Kansas two years later. He graduated from the Kansas State Agricultural College in 1890, and studied in Bonn in 1895-96 and 1898...
) TanakaChōzaburō Tanakaor often Romanized as Tyôzaburô Tanaka was a Japanese botanist and mycologist. He established one of the two major taxonomic classifications system for citrus and related genera currently in use, and is now considered to be a taxonomic "splitter"...
Cultivation
A cultivar of C. macroptera var. annamensis known as 'Sat Kara', is grown primarily in the Sylhet DivisionSylhet Division
Sylhet Division , also known as Greater Sylhet or Sylhet region, is the northeastern division of Bangladesh, named after its main city, Sylhet...
of northeastern Bangladesh
Bangladesh
Bangladesh , officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh is a sovereign state located in South Asia. It is bordered by India on all sides except for a small border with Burma to the far southeast and by the Bay of Bengal to the south...
where it is called "hatkora" or "shatkora" (Sylheti: ꠢꠣꠔ꠆ꠇꠞ Bangla: সাতকরা|সাতকরা).
Culinary uses
In SylhetSylhet
Sylhet , is a major city in north-eastern Bangladesh. It is the main city of Sylhet Division and Sylhet District, and was granted metropolitan city status in March 2009. Sylhet is located on the banks of the Surma Valley and is surrounded by the Jaintia, Khasi and Tripura hills...
Bangladesh the fruit is seldom consumed raw or as a juice, but is instead sliced and cooked, either green or mature, in beef, mutton, and fish curries
Curry
Curry is a generic description used throughout Western culture to describe a variety of dishes from Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi, Sri Lankan, Thai or other Southeast Asian cuisines...
, as well as in stew
Stew
A stew is a combination of solid food ingredients that have been cooked in liquid and served in the resultant gravy. Ingredients in a stew can include any combination of vegetables , meat, especially tougher meats suitable for slow-cooking, such as beef. Poultry, sausages, and seafood are also used...
s. The fruit is a primary ingredient in "hatkora/shatkora pickle
Pickle
Pickling is a process of preserving food. Pickle or pickling may refer to:-Food:* Pickled cucumber* Pickled onion* Pickled herring* Indian pickle includes oil-based food preservation* Branston and similar sweet pickle relishes...
".
Perfumery
Many of the C. macroptera var. annamensis fruits are exported from Bangladesh, exacting a high price because their oil is used in the perfumePerfume
Perfume is a mixture of fragrant essential oils and/or aroma compounds, fixatives, and solvents used to give the human body, animals, objects, and living spaces "a pleasant scent"...
industry.
See also
- Bangladeshi cuisine
- Citrus latipesCitrus latipesCitrus latipes, commonly called "Khasi papeda", is sometimes mistakenly identified as Kaffir lime . Native to northeastern India, the khasi papeda is a small, thorny tree that closely resembles both kaffir limes and ichang papedas...
a similar-looking species native to Northeast India - Citrus subg. PapedaCitrus subg. PapedaCitrus subg. Papeda indicates the subgenus Papeda of the genus Citrus, with citrus species native to Asia.The papeda group includes some of the most tropical, and also some of the most frost-tolerant citrus plants. They are cultivated far less often than other citrus, though they will all...
some other citrus species that resemble C. macroptera