Qiangqui Chanyu
Encyclopedia
Qiangqui Chanyu whose full title is unknown, was a Chanyu
of the Southern Huns (Ch. Xiongnu
), a successor to Huzheng Chanyu (aka Huching, Ch. 呼徵 單于, r. 178-179 CE) of the Southern Huns. Qiangqui Chanyu was a head of the maternal dynastic tribe Qiang (Kiyan) with a title Western Tuqi-Prince (Wise Prince, Ch. Xian Wang) not eligible for the throne, he was appointed by the Chinese Bailiff for Souther Hun affairs Zhang Xiu, who on his own whim executed Huching Chanyu. Although Zhang Xiu was himself executed for his transgression, Qiangqui was confirmed in the Great Chanyu post by the reigning Han Emperor Ling (Ch. 靈帝, r. 168–189 CE).
In 51 BCE a pretender to the Hun's throne Huhanye re-established the heqin
(Ch. 和親) peace and kinship treaty with the Han empire, and fled to China with a fraction of the Huns, partitioning the Hun state into the Northern Huns and Southern Huns, and establishing a new polity allied with China. The Southern Huns retained a title "Chanyu" for their leader, and started a new dynastic line beginning with Huhanye. Huhanye himself belonged to the 8th generation of the Maodun
line of the dynastic paternal Luanti
tribe, the tribe Qiang (Kiyan) was a maternal dynastic tribe of the Southern Huns. During the existence of the Southern Huns state, its Hunnic population greatly varied depending on the events in the steppe, at times it was swelling with numerous Hunnic tribes fleeing trouble events, and at times it was losing Hunnic tribes when they returned after return of peaceful times. The Chinese policies also affected the in and out flows. Until the event with Zhang Xiu in 179 CE, the Southern Huns continued electing their Chanyus without explicit Chinese intervention, Qiangqui Chanyu was a first Southern Huns' Chanyu who broke the traditional Hunnic succession laws, undermining the integrity of the Southern fraction. Tribes that did not want to recognise a non-eligible leader either revolted against him, or were leaving the area under his control.
The time of Qiangqui Chanyu reign was troublesome for the Han Empire, and few records address the Chinese relations with the Southern Huns. Following the covenants of the heqin
(Ch. 和親) peace and kinship treaty with the Chinese, in 187 CE Qiangqui Chanyu send Southern Hun cavalry troops under command of the Eastern Jükü-Prince (Wise Prince, Ch. Tuqi 屠耆) to attach them to the governor of Yuzhou province Lu Yui, to fight off the raid on the border areas by the Zhongshan province former governor Zhang Shun, allied with Xianbei
. That caused a discontent of the elders, who were alarmed that Shanyu would be sending troops frequently.
Next year, in 188 CE, Yilo with others rose a rebellion in the western aimak, numbering 100,000 people, and killed the Southern Shanyu Qiangqui. Shanyu Qiangqui died on the tenth year of his reign; after him to the throne was raised his son, a Western Tuqi-Prince Yufuluo
, probably a Chinese selection. Qiangqui Chanyu remained in history as the one after whom were named the Jie
branch of the Huns, who created the Later Zhao
Jie state led by Shi Le
.
Chanyu
Chanyu , was the title used by the nomadic supreme rulers of Middle and Central Asia for 8 centuries, starting...
of the Southern Huns (Ch. Xiongnu
Xiongnu
The Xiongnu were ancient nomadic-based people that formed a state or confederation north of the agriculture-based empire of the Han Dynasty. Most of the information on the Xiongnu comes from Chinese sources...
), a successor to Huzheng Chanyu (aka Huching, Ch. 呼徵 單于, r. 178-179 CE) of the Southern Huns. Qiangqui Chanyu was a head of the maternal dynastic tribe Qiang (Kiyan) with a title Western Tuqi-Prince (Wise Prince, Ch. Xian Wang) not eligible for the throne, he was appointed by the Chinese Bailiff for Souther Hun affairs Zhang Xiu, who on his own whim executed Huching Chanyu. Although Zhang Xiu was himself executed for his transgression, Qiangqui was confirmed in the Great Chanyu post by the reigning Han Emperor Ling (Ch. 靈帝, r. 168–189 CE).
In 51 BCE a pretender to the Hun's throne Huhanye re-established the heqin
Heqin
Heqin was a term used in ancient China for an alliance by marriage. It usually referred to the Chinese Emperor marrying off a "princess" to an aggressive "barbarian" chieftain or ruler. The theory was that in exchange for the marriage, the chieftain would cease all aggressive actions toward China...
(Ch. 和親) peace and kinship treaty with the Han empire, and fled to China with a fraction of the Huns, partitioning the Hun state into the Northern Huns and Southern Huns, and establishing a new polity allied with China. The Southern Huns retained a title "Chanyu" for their leader, and started a new dynastic line beginning with Huhanye. Huhanye himself belonged to the 8th generation of the Maodun
Modu
modu is an Israeli mobile phone company that was founded in 2007 by Dov Moran. modu company holds the record for the world’s lightest mobile phone...
line of the dynastic paternal Luanti
Luanti
The Luanti was a clan and the ruling dynasty of the ancient Xiongnu that flourished between 3rd century BCE to 4th century CE. The form Luanti is from the Hanshu chapter 94a, l. 7a, and the form Xulianti...
tribe, the tribe Qiang (Kiyan) was a maternal dynastic tribe of the Southern Huns. During the existence of the Southern Huns state, its Hunnic population greatly varied depending on the events in the steppe, at times it was swelling with numerous Hunnic tribes fleeing trouble events, and at times it was losing Hunnic tribes when they returned after return of peaceful times. The Chinese policies also affected the in and out flows. Until the event with Zhang Xiu in 179 CE, the Southern Huns continued electing their Chanyus without explicit Chinese intervention, Qiangqui Chanyu was a first Southern Huns' Chanyu who broke the traditional Hunnic succession laws, undermining the integrity of the Southern fraction. Tribes that did not want to recognise a non-eligible leader either revolted against him, or were leaving the area under his control.
The time of Qiangqui Chanyu reign was troublesome for the Han Empire, and few records address the Chinese relations with the Southern Huns. Following the covenants of the heqin
Heqin
Heqin was a term used in ancient China for an alliance by marriage. It usually referred to the Chinese Emperor marrying off a "princess" to an aggressive "barbarian" chieftain or ruler. The theory was that in exchange for the marriage, the chieftain would cease all aggressive actions toward China...
(Ch. 和親) peace and kinship treaty with the Chinese, in 187 CE Qiangqui Chanyu send Southern Hun cavalry troops under command of the Eastern Jükü-Prince (Wise Prince, Ch. Tuqi 屠耆) to attach them to the governor of Yuzhou province Lu Yui, to fight off the raid on the border areas by the Zhongshan province former governor Zhang Shun, allied with Xianbei
Xianbei
The Xianbei were a significant Mongolic nomadic people residing in Manchuria, Inner Mongolia and eastern Mongolia. The title “Khan” was first used among the Xianbei.-Origins:...
. That caused a discontent of the elders, who were alarmed that Shanyu would be sending troops frequently.
Next year, in 188 CE, Yilo with others rose a rebellion in the western aimak, numbering 100,000 people, and killed the Southern Shanyu Qiangqui. Shanyu Qiangqui died on the tenth year of his reign; after him to the throne was raised his son, a Western Tuqi-Prince Yufuluo
Yufuluo
Yufuluo was a puppet Chanyu of the southern Xiongnu during the late Han Dynasty period of Chinese history. In 188, he was appointed to the Chanyu position by the Chinese imperial court following a slaying of his father Qiangqu, also a Han puppet from ineligible succession line, and would later...
, probably a Chinese selection. Qiangqui Chanyu remained in history as the one after whom were named the Jie
Jie (ethnic group)
The Jié were members of a small tribe in Northern China in the 4th century CE. They established the Later Zhao state.According to the Book of Wei, their name derives from the Jiéshì area where they reside....
branch of the Huns, who created the Later Zhao
Later Zhao
The Later Zhao was a state of the Sixteen Kingdoms during the Jin Dynasty in China. It was founded by the Shi family of the Jie ethnicity...
Jie state led by Shi Le
Shi Le
Shi Le , courtesy name Shilong , formally Emperor Ming of Zhao , was the founding emperor of the Chinese/Jie state Later Zhao...
.