Carrie Fulton Phillips
Encyclopedia
Carrie Phillips was the mistress of Warren G. Harding
, 29th President of the United States
. Young Carrie Fulton matured into a great beauty, one that epitomized the Gibson Girl
beauty so popular at the time. Her relationship with then Senator Warren G. Harding was kept secret from the public during its time and for decades after. The affair ended when Phillips blackmailed Harding at the time he became President.
Carrie Fulton Phillips holds the infamous distinction of being the only woman in United States history known to have successfully blackmail
ed a major political party, by virtue of her long-term relationship with Senator (later President) Warren G. Harding
.
She married James Phillips, and the couple moved to Marion where Phillips was co-proprietor of the Uhler-Phillips Company, one of Marion's leading dry goods establishments. The couple quickly rose through the ranks of local society, in large part due to Carrie’s charm and great beauty. Among Mrs. Phillips's friends and confidants was Florence Harding
, wife of the owner and publisher of the city's leading newspaper, The Marion Star.
James and Carrie had two children: a daughter Isabel, and son James, Jr. James Phillips, Jr. died while still a toddler, and it was at this time of grief that Mrs. Phillips and Mr. Harding grew close, despite their respective marriages and friendships. The Phillipses and the Hardings undertook tours of Europe together. All the while Carrie Phillips and Harding carried on their intimate relationship.
Once the affair came to light, Florence Harding was furious and felt betrayed. This was not the first time that her husband had entered into an affair with a woman who she considered a friend. Phillips, too, was displeased with his wife’s conduct. To separate the two and to allow time for the marriages to be reconciled, Phillips took his family and returned to Europe, leaving the Hardings to tough it out in Marion. While in Germany
, Carrie Phillips became immersed in German culture, and refused to return to the United States at the tour's end, insisting she and their daughter stay behind. James Phillips returned to the United States alone.
While Carrie Phillips was still in Europe, Harding ran for the United States Senate
. As Europe moved closer to the brink of war, Carrie Phillips begrudgingly returned to the States. Her passion for Germany was very well known. At every opportunity, she pled Germany’s case. Once she returned to Marion, her affair with Harding reignited. Phillips threatened to expose the affair should Harding vote in favor of war with Germany, but did not follow through on this threat.
In the summer of 1920, immediately following acceptance of the Republican nomination, Harding disclosed his affair with Mrs. Phillips to the party bosses, and also disclosed that Mrs. Phillips was in the possession of hundreds of love letters written to her by Harding, many of which were written on Senate stationery. Afraid of a scandal involving both an affair as well as Mrs. Phillips' government files for supporting Germany in the recent war, the party bosses impressed upon Mr. and Mrs. Phillips the importance that their travel abroad could keep the matter quiet. Carrie refused, and immediately dictated the terms under which she would consider the party's wishes. In return for Mrs. Phillips' silence on the matter, the Republican Party
would pay for an extended tour of Asia and the Pacific Islands. In addition, they would also pay an annual stipend to Mrs. Phillips in return for her silence on the matter for the remainder of her life.
After the death of Mrs. Harding in 1924, Carrie Phillips returned to Germany under the guise of finding a suitable husband for her daughter. James Phillips, who by this time was exhibiting signs of heavy drinking, remained in Marion, Ohio
alone. Following the crash of 1929, Phillips lost control of his holdings and had to rely upon the income of his wife. Stripped of his dignity, James Phillips succumbed to alcoholism
. Near the end of his life, he was known to wander the streets of downtown Marion panhandling money for drink. He died in a back room walk up at the Marion Hotel in 1939, shortly after his estranged wife’s return from Europe.
During World War II
Carrie Phillips heavily supported the German cause as she had in World War I
, and again, the federal government began tracking her activities, including meetings with other no less enthusiastic supporters of Germany including Henry Ford
and Charles Lindbergh
.
In her later years, Carrie Phillips was known as an eccentric. Her home in Marion was overrun with German Shepherds, and she was known to walk the dogs while wearing large mink coats with little on underneath. In the late 1950s, before she was placed under a guardianship for her own protection, Carrie Phillips handed over her cache of love letters written by Harding to Francis Russell
, an author working on another biography of Harding, on the condition that they remain a secret until her death.
Following Phillips' death in 1960, the love letters became the centerpiece of a court battle that pitted Carrie’s daughter, Isabel Phillips Mathee, against nephews of Warren G. Harding
.
In a subsequent legal action, Isabel Mathee joined the Hardings and received a temporary injunction that prevented Russell's inclusion of the material in his book, The Shadow of Blooming Grove. Ultimately, the court ruled that the letters would be sealed until 2023, the 100th anniversary of Harding's death, at which time their contents would be made public. The material is now in the possession of the National Archives, with copies held at Ohio Historical Society
.
However Cleveland, Ohio attorney James Robenalt ascertained that the letters from Harding to Phillips had fallen out of copyright in 2003, seventy years after the death of the author (in this case, Warren G. Harding) had passed. Robenalt used a microfilm copy of the letters to write The Harding Affair: Love And Espionage During the Great War (2009, Palgrave Macmillian) scheduled for release on September 1, 2009. Advance copies of the book prove that the letters document an affair between Harding and Phillips, as well as Harding's efforts to deal with Carrie Phillips' increasing hostility toward Harding's public life and refusal to leave his wife. The letters also prove the degree of loyalty that Phillips held towards Germany the era from 1905 to 1923. Counter to speculation based on the secretive nature of the court's move to suppress the documents, the letters are neither graphic nor pornographic in their content.
Carrie Fulton Phillips was buried in Marion
Cemetery, next to her husband and their infant son. Their daughter Isabel, and her German-born husband, William Helmuth Mathee, are also buried in the family plot. There are no known living heirs.
Another Marion native, Nan Britton
, also claimed an affair with Harding, but her assertions have never been established as factual. Also, the paternity of the daughter that she said was conceived with Harding, Elizabeth Ann Blaesing
(née Christian), was never established or accepted by a court of law, and, of course, DNA testing was not available at the time.
Warren G. Harding
Warren Gamaliel Harding was the 29th President of the United States . A Republican from Ohio, Harding was an influential self-made newspaper publisher. He served in the Ohio Senate , as the 28th Lieutenant Governor of Ohio and as a U.S. Senator...
, 29th President of the United States
President of the United States
The President of the United States of America is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president leads the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces....
. Young Carrie Fulton matured into a great beauty, one that epitomized the Gibson Girl
Gibson Girl
The Gibson Girl was the personification of a feminine ideal as portrayed in the satirical pen-and-ink-illustrated stories created by illustrator Charles Dana Gibson during a 20-year period spanning the late nineteenth and early twentieth century in the United States.Some people argue that the...
beauty so popular at the time. Her relationship with then Senator Warren G. Harding was kept secret from the public during its time and for decades after. The affair ended when Phillips blackmailed Harding at the time he became President.
Carrie Fulton Phillips holds the infamous distinction of being the only woman in United States history known to have successfully blackmail
Blackmail
In common usage, blackmail is a crime involving threats to reveal substantially true or false information about a person to the public, a family member, or associates unless a demand is met. It may be defined as coercion involving threats of physical harm, threat of criminal prosecution, or threats...
ed a major political party, by virtue of her long-term relationship with Senator (later President) Warren G. Harding
Warren G. Harding
Warren Gamaliel Harding was the 29th President of the United States . A Republican from Ohio, Harding was an influential self-made newspaper publisher. He served in the Ohio Senate , as the 28th Lieutenant Governor of Ohio and as a U.S. Senator...
.
She married James Phillips, and the couple moved to Marion where Phillips was co-proprietor of the Uhler-Phillips Company, one of Marion's leading dry goods establishments. The couple quickly rose through the ranks of local society, in large part due to Carrie’s charm and great beauty. Among Mrs. Phillips's friends and confidants was Florence Harding
Florence Harding
Florence Mabel Kling "Flossie" Harding , wife of President Warren G...
, wife of the owner and publisher of the city's leading newspaper, The Marion Star.
James and Carrie had two children: a daughter Isabel, and son James, Jr. James Phillips, Jr. died while still a toddler, and it was at this time of grief that Mrs. Phillips and Mr. Harding grew close, despite their respective marriages and friendships. The Phillipses and the Hardings undertook tours of Europe together. All the while Carrie Phillips and Harding carried on their intimate relationship.
Once the affair came to light, Florence Harding was furious and felt betrayed. This was not the first time that her husband had entered into an affair with a woman who she considered a friend. Phillips, too, was displeased with his wife’s conduct. To separate the two and to allow time for the marriages to be reconciled, Phillips took his family and returned to Europe, leaving the Hardings to tough it out in Marion. While in Germany
Germany
Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate...
, Carrie Phillips became immersed in German culture, and refused to return to the United States at the tour's end, insisting she and their daughter stay behind. James Phillips returned to the United States alone.
While Carrie Phillips was still in Europe, Harding ran for the United States Senate
United States Senate
The United States Senate is the upper house of the bicameral legislature of the United States, and together with the United States House of Representatives comprises the United States Congress. The composition and powers of the Senate are established in Article One of the U.S. Constitution. Each...
. As Europe moved closer to the brink of war, Carrie Phillips begrudgingly returned to the States. Her passion for Germany was very well known. At every opportunity, she pled Germany’s case. Once she returned to Marion, her affair with Harding reignited. Phillips threatened to expose the affair should Harding vote in favor of war with Germany, but did not follow through on this threat.
In the summer of 1920, immediately following acceptance of the Republican nomination, Harding disclosed his affair with Mrs. Phillips to the party bosses, and also disclosed that Mrs. Phillips was in the possession of hundreds of love letters written to her by Harding, many of which were written on Senate stationery. Afraid of a scandal involving both an affair as well as Mrs. Phillips' government files for supporting Germany in the recent war, the party bosses impressed upon Mr. and Mrs. Phillips the importance that their travel abroad could keep the matter quiet. Carrie refused, and immediately dictated the terms under which she would consider the party's wishes. In return for Mrs. Phillips' silence on the matter, the Republican Party
Republican Party (United States)
The Republican Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Democratic Party. Founded by anti-slavery expansion activists in 1854, it is often called the GOP . The party's platform generally reflects American conservatism in the U.S...
would pay for an extended tour of Asia and the Pacific Islands. In addition, they would also pay an annual stipend to Mrs. Phillips in return for her silence on the matter for the remainder of her life.
After the death of Mrs. Harding in 1924, Carrie Phillips returned to Germany under the guise of finding a suitable husband for her daughter. James Phillips, who by this time was exhibiting signs of heavy drinking, remained in Marion, Ohio
Marion, Ohio
Marion is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Marion County. The municipality is located in north-central Ohio, approximately north of Columbus....
alone. Following the crash of 1929, Phillips lost control of his holdings and had to rely upon the income of his wife. Stripped of his dignity, James Phillips succumbed to alcoholism
Alcoholism
Alcoholism is a broad term for problems with alcohol, and is generally used to mean compulsive and uncontrolled consumption of alcoholic beverages, usually to the detriment of the drinker's health, personal relationships, and social standing...
. Near the end of his life, he was known to wander the streets of downtown Marion panhandling money for drink. He died in a back room walk up at the Marion Hotel in 1939, shortly after his estranged wife’s return from Europe.
During World War II
World War II
World War II, or the Second World War , was a global conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945, involving most of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis...
Carrie Phillips heavily supported the German cause as she had in World War I
World War I
World War I , which was predominantly called the World War or the Great War from its occurrence until 1939, and the First World War or World War I thereafter, was a major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918...
, and again, the federal government began tracking her activities, including meetings with other no less enthusiastic supporters of Germany including Henry Ford
Henry Ford
Henry Ford was an American industrialist, the founder of the Ford Motor Company, and sponsor of the development of the assembly line technique of mass production. His introduction of the Model T automobile revolutionized transportation and American industry...
and Charles Lindbergh
Charles Lindbergh
Charles Augustus Lindbergh was an American aviator, author, inventor, explorer, and social activist.Lindbergh, a 25-year-old U.S...
.
In her later years, Carrie Phillips was known as an eccentric. Her home in Marion was overrun with German Shepherds, and she was known to walk the dogs while wearing large mink coats with little on underneath. In the late 1950s, before she was placed under a guardianship for her own protection, Carrie Phillips handed over her cache of love letters written by Harding to Francis Russell
Francis Russell
Francis Russell was an American author specializing in American history and historical figures. Russell is best known for his book on Warren G. Harding, The Shadow of Blooming Grove...
, an author working on another biography of Harding, on the condition that they remain a secret until her death.
Following Phillips' death in 1960, the love letters became the centerpiece of a court battle that pitted Carrie’s daughter, Isabel Phillips Mathee, against nephews of Warren G. Harding
Warren G. Harding
Warren Gamaliel Harding was the 29th President of the United States . A Republican from Ohio, Harding was an influential self-made newspaper publisher. He served in the Ohio Senate , as the 28th Lieutenant Governor of Ohio and as a U.S. Senator...
.
In a subsequent legal action, Isabel Mathee joined the Hardings and received a temporary injunction that prevented Russell's inclusion of the material in his book, The Shadow of Blooming Grove. Ultimately, the court ruled that the letters would be sealed until 2023, the 100th anniversary of Harding's death, at which time their contents would be made public. The material is now in the possession of the National Archives, with copies held at Ohio Historical Society
Ohio Historical Society
The Ohio Historical Society is a non-profit organization incorporated in 1885 as The Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society "to promote a knowledge of archaeology and history, especially in Ohio"...
.
However Cleveland, Ohio attorney James Robenalt ascertained that the letters from Harding to Phillips had fallen out of copyright in 2003, seventy years after the death of the author (in this case, Warren G. Harding) had passed. Robenalt used a microfilm copy of the letters to write The Harding Affair: Love And Espionage During the Great War (2009, Palgrave Macmillian) scheduled for release on September 1, 2009. Advance copies of the book prove that the letters document an affair between Harding and Phillips, as well as Harding's efforts to deal with Carrie Phillips' increasing hostility toward Harding's public life and refusal to leave his wife. The letters also prove the degree of loyalty that Phillips held towards Germany the era from 1905 to 1923. Counter to speculation based on the secretive nature of the court's move to suppress the documents, the letters are neither graphic nor pornographic in their content.
Carrie Fulton Phillips was buried in Marion
Marion County, Ohio
Marion County is a county located in the state of Ohio, United States. As of the 2010 census, the population was 66,501. Its county seat is the city of Marion and is named for General Francis "The Swamp Fox" Marion, an officer in the Revolutionary War....
Cemetery, next to her husband and their infant son. Their daughter Isabel, and her German-born husband, William Helmuth Mathee, are also buried in the family plot. There are no known living heirs.
Another Marion native, Nan Britton
Nan Britton
Nan P. "Nanny" Britton was a figure associated with the Presidency of Warren G. Harding due to her claim that Harding fathered her illegitimate daughter shortly before his election as President....
, also claimed an affair with Harding, but her assertions have never been established as factual. Also, the paternity of the daughter that she said was conceived with Harding, Elizabeth Ann Blaesing
Elizabeth Ann Blaesing
Elizabeth Ann Britton Harding Blaesing was the alleged illegitimate daughter of Warren G. Harding, the 29th President of the United States, and Nan Britton, a native of Marion, Ohio....
(née Christian), was never established or accepted by a court of law, and, of course, DNA testing was not available at the time.
Sources
- Robenalt, James D. The Harding Affair, Love and Espionage During the Great War. Plagrave Macmillian (2009), ISBN 978-0-230-60964-8.