Bufo
Encyclopedia
Bufo is a large genus
of about 150 species of true toad
s in the amphibian family Bufonidae. Bufo is a Latin word for toad.
s. Their dry skin is thick and warty.
Behind their eye
s, Bufo species have wart
like structures, the parotoid gland
s. These glands distinguish the true toads from all other tailless amphibians. They secrete a fatty, white poisonous substance which acts as a deterrent to predators. Ordinary handling of toads is not dangerous, and does not cause warts in contradiction to folk beliefs. The poison of most if not all toads contains bufotoxin
; the poison of the Sonoran Desert Toad, Bufo alvarius
, is a potent hallucinogen
containing 5-MeO-DMT
and bufotenin
. The poison's psychoactive effects are said to have been known to Precolumbian Native Americans.
Toads can also inflate their bodies when threatened. Males are usually smaller than females and possess the organ of Bidder, an incomplete ovary
. The adult males of many species show a dark throat. Breeding males have dark nuptial pads on their thumbs. When stressed, toads can let a poison seep through their skin that when swallowed could kill a large dog.
and Antarctic
, Madagascar
, Australia
(with the exception of the introduced Cane Toad
), and New Guinea
and Oceania
.
(Bufo bufo), and the Natterjack Toad
, (Bufo calamita). The former is found almost everywhere. The Natterjack, which differs in its shorter limbs with nearly free toes (which are so short that the toad never hops but proceeds in a running gait) and in usually possessing orange or red warts, green eyes and a pale yellow line along the middle of the back, is local in England, the south-west of Scotland, and the west of Ireland. It is further remarkable for the very loud croak of the males, produced by a large vocal bladder on the throat which, when inflated, is larger than the head.
and bufotenin
, while some others contain only bufotenin. Author Lee B. Croft, in his satiric novel, Toadies: The Explanation of Toxicomania in American Society, has coined the word "bufoglossation" to describe the deliberate licking of Bufo toads for hallucinogenic purposes, but psychoactive substance information site Erowid
warns against such use because of the cardiotoxins included in the toads' venom.
to split the genus, a recommendation that has been rejected (in part) by many taxonomists (see Pauly et al., 2004, Evolution 58: 2517–2535; Pauly et al., 2009, Herpetologica 65:115-128). Instead, the relationships between the different species are formalized by categorizing them into subgenera, such as Anaxyrus and Rhinella.
Bufo is a large group, and it is usually divided into several subgenera. Frost et al. (2006) removed most of the species of former Bufo to other genera and restricted the name Bufo to members of the Bufo bufo group of earlier authors. However, other authors continue to recognize these subgroups of Bufo as subgenera.
Rhinella
is composed of a combination of Rhamphophryne and Chaunus (two subgroups of Bufo in the broad sense). Rhinella
is recognized as a distinct genus by some, although other herpetologists disagree and maintain these species as a subgenus within Bufo. Here the species of Rhinella
are treated in a separate page (where they may be considered a separate genus or as a subgenus of Bufo).
Subgenus Anaxyrus
Contains 22 species found in North and Central America including the common American Toad, Bufo americanus
. See separate article
.
Genus
In biology, a genus is a low-level taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms, which is an example of definition by genus and differentia...
of about 150 species of true toad
Toad
A toad is any of a number of species of amphibians in the order Anura characterized by dry, leathery skin , short legs, and snoat-like parotoid glands...
s in the amphibian family Bufonidae. Bufo is a Latin word for toad.
Description
True toads have in common a stocky figure and short legs, which make them relatively poor jumpers. As with all members of the family Bufonidae, they lack a tail and teeth, and they have horizontal pupilPupil
The pupil is a hole located in the center of the iris of the eye that allows light to enter the retina. It appears black because most of the light entering the pupil is absorbed by the tissues inside the eye. In humans the pupil is round, but other species, such as some cats, have slit pupils. In...
s. Their dry skin is thick and warty.
Behind their eye
Eye
Eyes are organs that detect light and convert it into electro-chemical impulses in neurons. The simplest photoreceptors in conscious vision connect light to movement...
s, Bufo species have wart
Wart
A wart is generally a small, rough growth, typically on a human’s hands or feet but often other locations, that can resemble a cauliflower or a solid blister. They are caused by a viral infection, specifically by human papillomavirus 2 and 7. There are as many as 10 varieties of warts, the most...
like structures, the parotoid gland
Parotoid gland
The parotoid gland is an external skin gland on the back, neck, and shoulder of toads and some frogs and salamanders. It secretes a milky alkaloid substance to deter predators...
s. These glands distinguish the true toads from all other tailless amphibians. They secrete a fatty, white poisonous substance which acts as a deterrent to predators. Ordinary handling of toads is not dangerous, and does not cause warts in contradiction to folk beliefs. The poison of most if not all toads contains bufotoxin
Bufotoxin
Bufotoxins are a family of toxic substances found in the parotoid glands, skin and venom of many toads ; other amphibians; and some plants and mushrooms. The exact composition varies greatly with the specific source of the toxin. It can contain: 5-MeO-DMT, bufagins, bufotalin, bufotenine,...
; the poison of the Sonoran Desert Toad, Bufo alvarius
Colorado River Toad
The Colorado River toad, Bufo alvarius, also known as the Sonoran Desert toad, is a psychoactive toad found in northern Mexico and the southwestern United States...
, is a potent hallucinogen
Psychedelics, dissociatives and deliriants
This general group of pharmacological agents can be divided into three broad categories: psychedelics, dissociatives, and deliriants. These classes of psychoactive drugs have in common that they can cause subjective changes in perception, thought, emotion and consciousness...
containing 5-MeO-DMT
5-MeO-DMT
5-MeO-DMT is a powerful psychedelic tryptamine. It is found in a wide variety of plant and psychoactive toad species and, like its close relatives DMT and bufotenin , it has been used as an entheogen by South American shamans for thousands of years.-Chemistry:5-MeO-DMT was first synthesized in...
and bufotenin
Bufotenin
Bufotenin , or 5-hydroxy-dimethyltryptamine , is a tryptamine related to the neurotransmitter serotonin...
. The poison's psychoactive effects are said to have been known to Precolumbian Native Americans.
Toads can also inflate their bodies when threatened. Males are usually smaller than females and possess the organ of Bidder, an incomplete ovary
Ovary
The ovary is an ovum-producing reproductive organ, often found in pairs as part of the vertebrate female reproductive system. Ovaries in anatomically female individuals are analogous to testes in anatomically male individuals, in that they are both gonads and endocrine glands.-Human anatomy:Ovaries...
. The adult males of many species show a dark throat. Breeding males have dark nuptial pads on their thumbs. When stressed, toads can let a poison seep through their skin that when swallowed could kill a large dog.
Distribution
This is a truly cosmopolitan genus, able to live under adverse conditions, and occurring around the world except in the ArcticArctic
The Arctic is a region located at the northern-most part of the Earth. The Arctic consists of the Arctic Ocean and parts of Canada, Russia, Greenland, the United States, Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Iceland. The Arctic region consists of a vast, ice-covered ocean, surrounded by treeless permafrost...
and Antarctic
Antarctic
The Antarctic is the region around the Earth's South Pole, opposite the Arctic region around the North Pole. The Antarctic comprises the continent of Antarctica and the ice shelves, waters and island territories in the Southern Ocean situated south of the Antarctic Convergence...
, Madagascar
Madagascar
The Republic of Madagascar is an island country located in the Indian Ocean off the southeastern coast of Africa...
, Australia
Australia
Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the Southern Hemisphere comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is the world's sixth-largest country by total area...
(with the exception of the introduced Cane Toad
Cane Toad
The Cane Toad , also known as the Giant Neotropical Toad or Marine Toad, is a large, terrestrial true toad which is native to Central and South America, but has been introduced to various islands throughout Oceania and the Caribbean...
), and New Guinea
New Guinea
New Guinea is the world's second largest island, after Greenland, covering a land area of 786,000 km2. Located in the southwest Pacific Ocean, it lies geographically to the east of the Malay Archipelago, with which it is sometimes included as part of a greater Indo-Australian Archipelago...
and Oceania
Oceania
Oceania is a region centered on the islands of the tropical Pacific Ocean. Conceptions of what constitutes Oceania range from the coral atolls and volcanic islands of the South Pacific to the entire insular region between Asia and the Americas, including Australasia and the Malay Archipelago...
.
Bufo species in the British Isles
Two species are found in the British Isles: the Common ToadCommon Toad
The common toad or European toad is an amphibian widespread throughout Europe, with the exception of Iceland, Ireland and some Mediterranean islands...
(Bufo bufo), and the Natterjack Toad
Natterjack Toad
The Natterjack Toad is a toad native to sandy and heathland areas of Europe. Adults are 60–70 mm in length and are distinguished from Common Toads by a yellow line down the middle of the back...
, (Bufo calamita). The former is found almost everywhere. The Natterjack, which differs in its shorter limbs with nearly free toes (which are so short that the toad never hops but proceeds in a running gait) and in usually possessing orange or red warts, green eyes and a pale yellow line along the middle of the back, is local in England, the south-west of Scotland, and the west of Ireland. It is further remarkable for the very loud croak of the males, produced by a large vocal bladder on the throat which, when inflated, is larger than the head.
Psychoactive properties
There are several species of Bufo toads which produce poison that has psychoactive properties. The poison of one species (Bufo alvarius) contains both 5-MeO-DMT5-MeO-DMT
5-MeO-DMT is a powerful psychedelic tryptamine. It is found in a wide variety of plant and psychoactive toad species and, like its close relatives DMT and bufotenin , it has been used as an entheogen by South American shamans for thousands of years.-Chemistry:5-MeO-DMT was first synthesized in...
and bufotenin
Bufotenin
Bufotenin , or 5-hydroxy-dimethyltryptamine , is a tryptamine related to the neurotransmitter serotonin...
, while some others contain only bufotenin. Author Lee B. Croft, in his satiric novel, Toadies: The Explanation of Toxicomania in American Society, has coined the word "bufoglossation" to describe the deliberate licking of Bufo toads for hallucinogenic purposes, but psychoactive substance information site Erowid
Erowid
Erowid, also called The Vaults of Erowid, is an online library of information about psychoactive plants and chemicals and other topics on altered states of consciousness such as meditation and lucid dreaming. It provides information about legal and illegal substances, including their desired and...
warns against such use because of the cardiotoxins included in the toads' venom.
Groups
Species in this genus can be quite different, which has led to a recent recommendation in the Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural HistoryAmerican Museum of Natural History
The American Museum of Natural History , located on the Upper West Side of Manhattan in New York City, United States, is one of the largest and most celebrated museums in the world...
to split the genus, a recommendation that has been rejected (in part) by many taxonomists (see Pauly et al., 2004, Evolution 58: 2517–2535; Pauly et al., 2009, Herpetologica 65:115-128). Instead, the relationships between the different species are formalized by categorizing them into subgenera, such as Anaxyrus and Rhinella.
Species
Rhinella
Rhinella
Rhinella is a subgenus of Bufo containing 71 species of true toads native to Neotropical Central and South America. Originally, all Rhinella species were included in the genus Bufo, then they were split into Chaunus and Rhamphophryne...
is composed of a combination of Rhamphophryne and Chaunus (two subgroups of Bufo in the broad sense). Rhinella
Rhinella
Rhinella is a subgenus of Bufo containing 71 species of true toads native to Neotropical Central and South America. Originally, all Rhinella species were included in the genus Bufo, then they were split into Chaunus and Rhamphophryne...
is recognized as a distinct genus by some, although other herpetologists disagree and maintain these species as a subgenus within Bufo. Here the species of Rhinella
Rhinella
Rhinella is a subgenus of Bufo containing 71 species of true toads native to Neotropical Central and South America. Originally, all Rhinella species were included in the genus Bufo, then they were split into Chaunus and Rhamphophryne...
are treated in a separate page (where they may be considered a separate genus or as a subgenus of Bufo).
Subgenus AnaxyrusAnaxyrusAnaxyrus is a subgenus of true toads, genus Bufo, native to North and Central America. Some authors have recognized Anaxyrus as a separate genus, but this makes the rest of Bufo paraphyletic .-Species:-References: The history of a Nearctic...
Contains 22 species found in North and Central America including the common American Toad, Bufo americanusAmerican toad
The American Toad is a common species of toad found throughout the eastern United States and Canada. It is divided into three subspecies—the Eastern American Toad , the Dwarf American Toad , and the rare Hudson Bay Toad...
. See separate article
Anaxyrus
Anaxyrus is a subgenus of true toads, genus Bufo, native to North and Central America. Some authors have recognized Anaxyrus as a separate genus, but this makes the rest of Bufo paraphyletic .-Species:-References: The history of a Nearctic...
.
Subgenus Bufo
Composed of 12 species. Found in Temperate Eurasia and Japan south to North Africa, the Middle East, northeastern Myanmar and northern Vietnam.| Binomial Name and Author | Bufo aspinius Bufo aspinius Bufo aspinius is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is endemic to China.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes, rivers, swamps, and arable land.It is threatened by habitat loss.-Source:... |
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|---|---|---|---|
| Bufo bankorensis Bufo bankorensis Bufo bankorensis is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is endemic to Taiwan.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, rivers, intermittent rivers, freshwater marshes, intermittent freshwater marches, arable land, plantations , rural gardens, ponds, and... |
Central Formosa Toad, Bankor Toad | ||
| Bufo bufo | Common Toad, Common European Toad | ||
| Bufo gargarizans | Chusan Island Toad, Asiatic Toad | ||
| Bufo japonicus | Japanese Toad | ||
| Bufo kabischi Bufo kabischi Bufo kabischi is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family. It is endemic to China.Its natural habitats are temperate forests, rivers, and freshwater marshes.-Source:* Liang, F. & Matsui, M. 2004. . Downloaded on 21 July 2007.... |
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| Bufo minshanicus Bufo minshanicus Bufo minshanicus is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is endemic to China. It is known by the common names of Gansu Toad or Minshan Toad.... |
Gansu Toad, Minshan Toad | ||
| Bufo tibetanus | Tibetan Toad | ||
| Bufo torrenticola | Honshū Toad, Japanese Stream Toad | ||
| Bufo tuberculatus Bufo tuberculatus Bufo tuberculatus is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is endemic to China.Its natural habitats are swamps, freshwater marshes, intermittent freshwater marches, and arable land.It is threatened by habitat loss.-References:... |
Qinghai Lake Toad, Round-warted Toad | ||
| Bufo verrucosissimus | Caucasian Toad | ||
| Bufo wolongensis Bufo wolongensis Bufo wolongensis is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family. It is endemic to China.Its natural habitats are temperate forests, rivers, and freshwater marshes.-Source:* Matsui, M. & Guanfu, W. 2004. . Downloaded on 21 July 2007.... |
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Group "Bufo"
An assemblage of 25 species which remained outside the main groups. Frost et al. denoted the species in this group as polyphyletic by placing "Bufo" in quotation marks. Presumably, as these taxa are studied they will be allocated to one or another of the existing groups.| Binomial Name and Author | Bufo ailaoanus | Ejia Toad, Ailao Toad | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bufo arabicus | Arabian Toad | ||
| Bufo atukoralei Bufo atukoralei The Yala Toad is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family. It is also known as Atukorale's Dwarf Toad.It is endemic to Sri Lanka.... |
Yala Toad, Atukorale's Dwarf Toad | ||
| Bufo beddomii Bufo beddomii Beddome's Toad is a species of toad found in the Western Ghats of India.-Description:Bufo beddomii exhibits a crown that lacks bony ridges; its short, projecting snout has an angular canthus rostralis. Its interorbital space is somewhat broader than the upper eyelid. Its tympanum is very small,... |
Beddome's Toad | ||
| Bufo brevirostris | Kempholey Toad, Short-nosed Toad, Rao's Pale Brown Toad | ||
| Bufo cryptotympanicus Bufo cryptotympanicus Bufo cryptotympanicus is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is found in China and Vietnam.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, rivers, swamps, freshwater marshes, and intermittent freshwater marches.... |
Earless Toad | ||
| Bufo dhufarensis | Oman Toad - very similar to Bufo scorteccii | ||
| Bufo dodsoni Bufo dodsoni Bufo dodsoni is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is found in Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia, and Sudan.Its natural habitats are dry savanna, subtropical or tropical dry shrubland, freshwater marshes, intermittent freshwater marches, inland karsts, caves, and hot deserts.It... |
Dodson's Toad | ||
| Bufo hololius Bufo hololius Bufo hololius is a rare species of toad found in the Western Ghats.-Description:Crown without bony ridges; snout short, prominent; inter-orbital space as broad and the upper eyelid; tympanum very distinct, nearly as large as the eye and close to it... |
Malabar Toad, Gûnther's Toad | ||
| Bufo kotagamai Bufo kotagamai Bufo kotagamai is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is endemic to Sri Lanka.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montanes, and rivers.It is threatened by habitat loss.... |
Kotagama's Dwarf Toad | ||
| Bufo koynayensis Bufo koynayensis Bufo koynayensis is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is endemic to India.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montanes, subtropical or tropical dry lowland grassland, and rivers.It is threatened by habitat... |
Humbali Village Toad, Koyna Toad, Chrome-yellow Toad | ||
| Bufo mauritanicus | Berber Toad, Pantherine Toad, Moroccan Toad | ||
| Bufo olivaceus Bufo olivaceus The Olive Toad, Bufo olivaceus is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is found in Iran, Pakistan, and possibly Afghanistan.... |
Olive Toad, Baluchistan Coastal Toad, Makran Toad | ||
| Bufo pageoti | Tonkin Toad | ||
| Bufo parietalis Bufo parietalis The Ridged Toad, Bufo parietalis is a species of toad found in the Western Ghats of India.-Description:Head with very prominent ridges, namely a canthal, a slight preorbital, a supraorbital, a postorbital, a parietal, and an orbitotympanic; parietal ridges obliquely directed inwards; snout short,... |
Indian Toad, Ridged Toad, Timber Forest Toad | ||
| Bufo pentoni Bufo pentoni Bufo pentoni is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is found in Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Djibouti, Eritrea, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sudan, possibly Benin, possibly Central African Republic, possibly Chad, possibly Ivory Coast, possibly Ethiopia,... |
Shaata Gardens Toad, Penton's Toad | ||
| Bufo scaber Bufo scaber Ferguson's toad Bufo scaber is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is found in India and Sri Lanka.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests, subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical dry shrubland, subtropical or tropical dry lowland... |
Ferguson’s Toad | ||
| Bufo scorteccii Bufo scorteccii Bufo scorteccii is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is endemic to Yemen.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry shrubland and freshwater springs.-References:... |
Scortecci’s Toad | ||
| Bufo silentvalleyensis Bufo silentvalleyensis Bufo silentvalleyensis is a species of toad endemic to southern India.... |
Silent Valley Toad, South Indian Hill Toad | ||
| Bufo stejnegeri | Stejneger's Toad, Korean Toad, Water Toad | ||
| Bufo stomaticus Bufo stomaticus Indus Valley toad or marbled toad Bufo stomaticus is a species of toad found in Asia from Iran, Pakistan, Afghanistan to Nepal extending into Peninsular India from the plains to about 1800m. It is particularly common in the Indus valley.... |
Assam Toad, Indus Valley Toad, Marbled Toad | ||
| Bufo stuarti Bufo stuarti Bufo stuarti is a species of toad found in Southeast Asia. Known only from northern Myanmar and northeastern India.. The type locality is the Putao plains.... |
Stuart’s Toad | ||
| Bufo sumatranus | Sumatra Toad | ||
| Bufo tihamicus Bufo tihamicus Bufo tihamicus is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is found in Saudi Arabia and Yemen.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry shrubland, rivers, arable land, and irrigated land.-References:... |
Balletto's Toad | ||
| Bufo valhallae Bufo valhallae Bufo valhallae is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is endemic to Indonesia.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, rivers, freshwater marshes, intermittent freshwater marches, and pools.-Source:... |
Pulo Weh Toad | ||
Subgenus Nannophryne
Four species. Removed from the synonymy of Bufo by Frost et al., 2006. Smith and Chiszar, 2006 implied that this taxon should be considered a subgenus of Bufo. Found in South America.| Binomial Name and Author | Bufo apolobambica | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Bufo cophotis | Paramo Toad | ||
| Bufo corynetes | Abra Malaga Toad | ||
| Bufo variegatus | Eden Harbour Toad | ||
Subgenus Incilius
Contains 33 species. Frost et al. moved these members to a separate genus in 2006, first to Cranopsis and then to Ollotis and then to Incilius. Most herpetologists are retaining the use of Bufo at this time (e.g., following Pauly et al., 2004; and Pauly et al., 2009) as the valid name for this group of toads.| Binomial Name and Author | Bufo alvarius | Sonoran Desert Toad | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bufo aucoinae | |||
| Bufo bocourti | Bocourt's Toad | ||
| Bufo campbelli | Campbell's Forest Toad | ||
| Bufo canaliferus | Dwarf Toad | ||
| Bufo cavifrons | Mountain Toad | ||
| Bufo coccifer | Southern Roundgland Toad | ||
| Bufo coniferus | Evergreen Toad | ||
| Bufo cristatus | Large-crested Toad | ||
| Bufo cycladen | Northern Roundgland Toad | ||
| Bufo fastidiosus | Pico Blanco Toad | ||
| Bufo gemmifer | Jeweled Toad | ||
| Bufo holdridgei | Holdridge's Toad | ||
| Bufo ibarrai | Jalapa Toad | ||
| Bufo intermedius Bufo intermedius Bufo intermedius is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family. It is virtually unknown and its taxonomic validity has been questioned. According to the original description in 1858, the type locality is in the Andes of Ecuador, but it is more likely that it originates from Mexico or Central... |
Gunther's Tropical Toad | ||
| Bufo leucomyos | |||
| Bufo luetkenii | Yellow Toad | ||
| Bufo macrocristatus | Large-crested Toad | ||
| Bufo marmoreus | Marbled Toad | ||
| Bufo mazatlanensis | Sinaloa Toad | ||
| Bufo melanochlorus | Dark Green Toad | ||
| Bufo nebulifer Bufo nebulifer Bufo nebulifer is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is found in Mexico and the United States.Its natural habitats are temperate forests, temperate grassland, intermittent rivers, swamps, freshwater marshes, intermittent freshwater marches, sandy shores, urban areas, and canals and ditches... |
Gulf Coast Toad | ||
| Bufo occidentalis | Pine Toad | ||
| Bufo periglenes | Monte Verde Golden Toad | ||
| Bufo peripatetes | Almirante Trail Toad | ||
| Bufo perplexus | Confusing Toad | ||
| Bufo pisinnus Bufo pisinnus Bufo pisinnus is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is endemic to Mexico.Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical seasonally wet or flooded lowland grassland.It is threatened by habitat loss.-Source:... |
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| Bufo porteri | |||
| Bufo signifer Bufo signifer Bufo signifer is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is endemic to Panama.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests and intermittent freshwater marshes.It is threatened by habitat loss.-References:... |
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| Bufo spiculatus | |||
| Bufo tacanensis | Volcan Tacana Toad | ||
| Bufo tutelarius | |||
| Bufo valliceps Bufo valliceps The Gulf Coast Toad is a species of toad native to the southern United States , Mexico, and Central America as far south as Costa Rica.- Description :... |
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Subgenus Peltophryne
Contains 11 species. Distributed in the Greater Antilles.| Binomial Name and Author | Bufo cataulaciceps | Schwartz's Caribbean Toad | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bufo empusus | Cope's Caribbean Toad, Cuban Toad | ||
| Bufo fluviaticus | Dominican Caribbean Toad | ||
| Bufo fractus | |||
| Bufo fustiger | |||
| Bufo guentheri Bufo guentheri Bufo guentheri is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is found in the Dominican Republic and Haiti.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests, subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, and intermittent freshwater marshes.... |
Gunther's Caribbean Toad | ||
| Bufo gundlachi | Gundlach's Caribbean Toad | ||
| Bufo lemur | Lowland Caribbean Toad | ||
| Bufo longinasus | Stejneger's Caribbean Toad | ||
| Bufo peltocephalus Bufo peltocephalus Bufo peltocephalus is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is endemic to Cuba.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, moist savanna, subtropical or tropical seasonally wet or flooded lowland grassland, rivers, swamps, freshwater marshes, intermittent... |
Tschudi's Caribbean Toad | ||
| Bufo taladai | Cuban Caribbean Toad | ||
Subgenus Phrynoidis
Two species. Redelimited and removed from the synonymy of Bufo by Frost et al., 2006. Others implied that this taxon should be considered a subgenus of Bufo.| Binomial Name and Author | Bufo asper Bufo asper The Asian Giant Toad , sometimes referred to as the River Toad, is a large toad native to southeast Asia.- Description :Bufo asper is generally a dark grey, green, black or brown in color, and is heavily covered in tubercles... |
Malayan Giant Toad | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bufo juxtasper Bufo juxtasper Bufo juxtasper is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is found in Brunei, Indonesia, and Malaysia.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montanes, rivers, and plantations .... |
Giant River Toad | ||
Subgenus Poyntonophrynus
Ten species. Frost et al. moved it in 2006 to a separate genus.| Binomial Name and Author | Bufo beiranus | Beira's Toad | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bufo damaranus Bufo damaranus Bufo damaranus is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is endemic to Namibia.Its natural habitats are dry savanna, subtropical or tropical dry shrubland, subtropical or tropical dry lowland grassland, intermittent rivers, and intermittent freshwater marshes.-Source:* Channing, A. & Tandy,... |
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| Bufo dombensis | Dombe Toad | ||
| Bufo fenoulheti Bufo fenoulheti Bufo fenoulheti is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is found in Botswana, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and possibly Angola.... |
Transvaal Dwarf Toad | ||
| Bufo grandisonae Bufo grandisonae Bufo grandisonae is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is endemic to Angola.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry shrubland, intermittent freshwater marshes, and rocky areas.-Source:... |
Mossamedes Toad, Grandison's Toad | ||
| Bufo hoeschi Bufo hoeschi Bufo hoeschi is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is endemic to Namibia.Its natural habitats are dry savanna, subtropical or tropical dry shrubland, intermittent freshwater marshes, and rocky areas.It is threatened by habitat loss.... |
Okahandja Toad, Hoesch's Toad | ||
| Bufo kavangensis Bufo kavangensis Bufo kavangensis is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is found in Angola, Botswana, Namibia, Zimbabwe, and possibly Zambia.Its natural habitats are dry savanna, subtropical or tropical dry lowland grassland, subtropical or tropical seasonally wet or flooded lowland grassland, and... |
Khwai River Toad, Kavanga Toad | ||
| Bufo lughensis Bufo lughensis Bufo lughensis is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is found in Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan, and possibly Uganda.Its natural habitats are dry savanna, subtropical or tropical dry shrubland, intermittent freshwater marshes, and canals and ditches.It is threatened by habitat... |
Lugh Toad | ||
| Bufo parkeri Bufo parkeri Bufo parkeri is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is found in Kenya and Tanzania.Its natural habitats are dry savanna, moist savanna, subtropical or tropical dry shrubland, temperate grassland, subtropical or tropical seasonally wet or flooded lowland grassland, and intermittent... |
Parker's Toad | ||
| Bufo vertebralis Bufo vertebralis Bufo vertebralis is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is found in South Africa and possibly Botswana.Its natural habitats are dry savanna, subtropical or tropical dry shrubland, subtropical or tropical dry lowland grassland, subtropical or tropical seasonally wet or flooded lowland... |
African Dwarf Toad, Pygmy Toad | ||
Subgenus Epidalea
One species. Frost et al. moved it in 2006 to a separate genus. Found in Europe.| Binomial Name and Author | Bufo calamita | Natterjack | |
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Subgenus Pseudepidalea
15 species. Frost et al. moved it in 2006 to a separate genus. It is the Bufo viridis group of previous authors.| Binomial Name and Author | Bufo balearicus | ||
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| Bufo baturae | Batura Toad | ||
| Bufo boulengeri | |||
| Bufo brongersmai | Tiznit Toad | ||
| Bufo latastii Bufo latastii The Baltistan toad, Bufo latastii, is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is found in India and Pakistan.Its natural habitats are temperate forests, intermittent rivers, freshwater marshes, arable land, and ponds.... |
Ladakh Toad, Lataste's Toad | ||
| Bufo luristanicus Bufo luristanicus Bufo luristanicus is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is endemic to Iran.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry shrubland, subtropical or tropical dry lowland grassland, intermittent freshwater marshes, arable land, pastureland, rural gardens, urban areas, and .It is... |
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| Bufo oblongus Bufo oblongus Pseudepidalea oblonga is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is found in Iran, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan and possibly Afghanistan.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry shrubland, freshwater marshes, and freshwater springs.... |
Danata Toad, Middle Asiatic Toad | ||
| Bufo pewzowi | |||
| Bufo pseudoraddei Bufo pseudoraddei Bufo pseudoraddei is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is found in Pakistan and possibly Afghanistan.Its natural habitats are temperate forests, intermittent freshwater marshes, arable land, pastureland, plantations , and rural gardens.... |
Swat Green Toad | ||
| Bufo raddei | Tengger Desert Toad, Radde's Toad | ||
| Bufo siculus | Sicilian Green Toad, | ||
| Bufo surdus | Pakistan Toad, Iranian Toad | ||
| Bufo turanensis | |||
| Bufo variabilis | |||
| Bufo viridis | European Green Toad | ||
| Bufo zamdaensis | |||
| Bufo zugmayeri | |||
Subgenus Rhaebo
Eight species. Redelimited and removed from the synonymy of Bufo by Frost et al., 2006. Others implied that this taxon should be considered a subgenus of Bufo.| Binomial Name and Author | Bufo anderssoni Bufo anderssoni Bufo anderssoni is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is found in Brazil, Colombia, possibly Peru, and possibly Venezuela.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and intermittent freshwater marshes.... |
Andersson's Toad | |
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| Bufo blombergi | Colombian Giant Toad, Blomberg's Toad | ||
| Bufo caeruleostictus Bufo caeruleostictus Bufo caeruleostictus is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is endemic to Ecuador.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montanes, and rivers.It is threatened by habitat loss.... |
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| Bufo glaberrimus Bufo glaberrimus Bufo glaberrimus is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is found in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montanes, rivers, freshwater marshes, and intermittent freshwater marches.It is... |
Cundinamarca Toad | ||
| Bufo guttatus | Spotted Toad, Smooth-sided Toad | ||
| Bufo haematiticus Bufo haematiticus Bufo haematiticus is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is found in Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, and Venezuela.... |
Truando Toad | ||
| Bufo hypomelas Bufo hypomelas Bufo hypomelas is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is found in Colombia and Ecuador.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, rivers, freshwater marshes, and intermittent freshwater marches.... |
Choco Toad | ||
| Bufo nasicus | Werner's Toad | ||
Subgenus Vandijkophrynus
Five species. It is the former Bufo angusticeps group of Tandy and Keith, 1972. This group was placed by Frost et al. in a separate genus.| Binomial Name and Author | Bufo amatolicus | Amatola Toad | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bufo angusticeps | Sand Toad, Common Cape Toad | ||
| Bufo gariepensis | Karroo Toad, Gariep Toad | ||
| Bufo inyangae | Inyanga Toad | ||
| Bufo robinsoni | Paradise Toad | ||