Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark
Encyclopedia
The Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark (Bosnian
, Croatian
and Serbian
Latin
: konvertibilna marka, Serbian Cyrillic
: конвертибилна марка) (sign
: KM; code
: BAM) is the currency
of Bosnia and Herzegovina
. It is divided into 100 fenings (Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian Latin: feninga, Serbian Cyrillic: фенинга). The names derive from German
Mark and Pfennig
, hence the occasional local spelling of the subdivision as pfeniga. Its ISO 4217
code is BAM; it is locally abbreviated KM (Latin) or КМ (Cyrillic).
and replaced the Bosnia and Herzegovina dinar
, Croatian kuna
and Republika Srpska dinar
as the currency of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1998. Mark refers to the German mark
, the currency to which it was pegged at par. Since the replacement of the German mark by the euro
in 2002, the Bosnian convertible mark uses the same fixed exchange rate to euro
that the German mark has (that is,
These matters should be borne in mind when using the local names in English. For example, "ten feningas" is incorrect as the final "a" in "feninga" already indicates the plural. The Central Bank of Bosnia and Herzegovina
(CBBH) uses "fenings" as the English plural. Likewise, "ten marks" is correct and not "ten marakas".
The banknotes are issued by the Central Bank of Bosnia Herzegovina, with distinct designs for the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
and the Republika Srpska
, except for the 200-mark note. All current notes are valid throughout the country.
The withdrawal of KM 5 banknote from circulation was recommended by the CBBH Governing Board in March 2009. The KM 5 banknote was legal tender until 31 December 2009 and commercial banks continued to accept KM 5 banknotes until 31 March 2010. The KM 5 coin remains in circulation.
Bosnian language
Bosnian is a South Slavic language, spoken by Bosniaks. As a standardized form of the Shtokavian dialect, it is one of the three official languages of Bosnia and Herzegovina....
, Croatian
Croatian language
Croatian is the collective name for the standard language and dialects spoken by Croats, principally in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Serbian province of Vojvodina and other neighbouring countries...
and Serbian
Serbian language
Serbian is a form of Serbo-Croatian, a South Slavic language, spoken by Serbs in Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Croatia and neighbouring countries....
Latin
Latin alphabet
The Latin alphabet, also called the Roman alphabet, is the most recognized alphabet used in the world today. It evolved from a western variety of the Greek alphabet called the Cumaean alphabet, which was adopted and modified by the Etruscans who ruled early Rome...
: konvertibilna marka, Serbian Cyrillic
Cyrillic alphabet
The Cyrillic script or azbuka is an alphabetic writing system developed in the First Bulgarian Empire during the 10th century AD at the Preslav Literary School...
: конвертибилна марка) (sign
Currency sign
A currency sign is a graphic symbol used as a shorthand for a currency's name, especially in reference to amounts of money. They typically employ the first letter or character of the currency, sometimes with minor changes such as ligatures or overlaid vertical or horizontal bars...
: KM; code
ISO 4217
ISO 4217 is a standard published by the International Standards Organization, which delineates currency designators, country codes , and references to minor units in three tables:* Table A.1 – Current currency & funds code list...
: BAM) is the currency
Currency
In economics, currency refers to a generally accepted medium of exchange. These are usually the coins and banknotes of a particular government, which comprise the physical aspects of a nation's money supply...
of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina , sometimes called Bosnia-Herzegovina or simply Bosnia, is a country in Southern Europe, on the Balkan Peninsula. Bordered by Croatia to the north, west and south, Serbia to the east, and Montenegro to the southeast, Bosnia and Herzegovina is almost landlocked, except for the...
. It is divided into 100 fenings (Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian Latin: feninga, Serbian Cyrillic: фенинга). The names derive from German
Germany
Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate...
Mark and Pfennig
Pfennig
The Pfennig , plural Pfennige, is an old German coin or note, which existed from the 9th century until the introduction of the euro in 2002....
, hence the occasional local spelling of the subdivision as pfeniga. Its ISO 4217
ISO 4217
ISO 4217 is a standard published by the International Standards Organization, which delineates currency designators, country codes , and references to minor units in three tables:* Table A.1 – Current currency & funds code list...
code is BAM; it is locally abbreviated KM (Latin) or КМ (Cyrillic).
History
The convertible mark was established by the 1995 Dayton AgreementDayton Agreement
The General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina, also known as the Dayton Agreement, Dayton Accords, Paris Protocol or Dayton-Paris Agreement, is the peace agreement reached at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base near Dayton, Ohio in November 1995, and formally signed in Paris on...
and replaced the Bosnia and Herzegovina dinar
Bosnia and Herzegovina dinar
The Bosnia and Herzegovina dinar was the independent currency of Bosnia and Herzegovina between 1992 and 1998, used in those areas under Bosniak control. No subdivisions were issued.-History:...
, Croatian kuna
Croatian kuna
The kuna is the currency of Croatia since 1994 . It is subdivided into 100 lipa. The kuna is issued by the Croatian National Bank and the coins are minted by the Croatian Monetary Institute....
and Republika Srpska dinar
Republika Srpska dinar
The dinar was the currency of the Republika Srpska between 1992 and 1998, during and following the Bosnian War. There were two distinct currencies issued by the National Bank of the Republika Srpska. The first was introduced in 1992 in conjunction with the Yugoslav dinar of that year, to which it...
as the currency of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1998. Mark refers to the German mark
German mark
The Deutsche Mark |mark]], abbreviated "DM") was the official currency of West Germany and Germany until the adoption of the euro in 2002. It is commonly called the "Deutschmark" in English but not in German. Germans often say "Mark" or "D-Mark"...
, the currency to which it was pegged at par. Since the replacement of the German mark by the euro
Euro
The euro is the official currency of the eurozone: 17 of the 27 member states of the European Union. It is also the currency used by the Institutions of the European Union. The eurozone consists of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg,...
in 2002, the Bosnian convertible mark uses the same fixed exchange rate to euro
Euro
The euro is the official currency of the eurozone: 17 of the 27 member states of the European Union. It is also the currency used by the Institutions of the European Union. The eurozone consists of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg,...
that the German mark has (that is,
Plurals
Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian have a complicated case system. In combination with the numbers 2, 3, and 4, nouns use the paucal form, which is marke in this case. In combination with numbers 5 or more, nouns use the genitive plural, or maraka. As for the fening, the paucal is feninga with a short unstressed a, whereas the genitive plural is feninga with a long unstressed a.These matters should be borne in mind when using the local names in English. For example, "ten feningas" is incorrect as the final "a" in "feninga" already indicates the plural. The Central Bank of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Central Bank of Bosnia and Herzegovina
The Central Bank of Bosnia and Herzegovina is the central bank of Bosnia and Herzegovina, located in the capital city, Sarajevo.The Central Bank of Bosnia and Herzegovina was established in accordance with the law adopted at the Parliamentary Assembly of Bosnia and Herzegovina on June 20, 1997...
(CBBH) uses "fenings" as the English plural. Likewise, "ten marks" is correct and not "ten marakas".
Coins
On 9 December 1998, coins were introduced in denominations of 10, 20 & 50 fenings which were designed by the Bosnian designer Kenan Zekic; coins of 1 mark and 2 marks followed on 31 July 2000. The 5 fening and 5 maraka coins were introduced on 5 January 2006. The 5 fening piece and the 1 mark are struck in nickel-plated steel, the 10, 20 and 50 fening pieces in copper-plated steel, while the 2 and 5 maraka pieces are bimetallic.Banknotes
In 1998, notes were introduced in denominations of 50 fenings, 1 mark, 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 marks. 200-mark notes were added in 2002, whilst the 50-fening note was withdrawn from circulation on March 31, 2003.The banknotes are issued by the Central Bank of Bosnia Herzegovina, with distinct designs for the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
The Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina is one of the two political entities that compose the sovereign country of Bosnia and Herzegovina . The two entities are delineated by the Inter-Entity Boundary Line...
and the Republika Srpska
Republika Srpska
Republika Srpska is one of two main political entities of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the other being the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina...
, except for the 200-mark note. All current notes are valid throughout the country.
The withdrawal of KM 5 banknote from circulation was recommended by the CBBH Governing Board in March 2009. The KM 5 banknote was legal tender until 31 December 2009 and commercial banks continued to accept KM 5 banknotes until 31 March 2010. The KM 5 coin remains in circulation.
- 50 feninga/фенинга, (Skender KulenovićSkender KulenovicSkender Kulenović was a Bosnian poet, novelist and dramatist.-Background:Skender Kulenović was born in 1910 in the Bosnian town of Bosanski Petrovac, when Bosnia and Herzegovina was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Kulenović family was a Muslim land-owning family, though Skender’s parents ran...
and Branko ĆopićBranko CopicBranko Ćopić was Yugoslav writer. He was an ethnic Serb born in the village of Hašani near Bosanska Krupa. He attended schools in Bihać, Banja Luka, Sarajevo and Karlovac before moving to Belgrade to study philosophy at the University of Belgrade until his graduation in 1940.Upon the uprising in...
) (withdrawn in 2003) - 1 marka/марка (Ivan Frano JukićIvan Frano JukicIvan Franjo Jukić was a writer from Bosnia and Herzegovina whose life and cultural and political legacy have left an indelible mark on the cultural history of the country, where he is remembered as one of the founders of Bosnian modernism.-Biography:Ivan Jukić was born in Banja Luka to the family...
and Ivo AndrićIvo AndricIvan "Ivo" Andrić was a Yugoslav novelist, short story writer, and the 1961 winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature. His writings dealt mainly with life in his native Bosnia under the Ottoman Empire...
) (withdrawn in 2009) - 5 maraka/марака (Meša SelimovićMeša SelimovicMehmed "Meša" Selimović was a Yugoslav writer. His novel Death and the Dervish is one of the most important literary works in post-war Yugoslavia. Some of the main themes in his works are relations between individual and authority, life and death, and other existential problems...
) (withdrawn in the beginning of 2010) - 10 maraka/марака (Mehmedalija Mak DizdarMak DizdarMehmedalija "Mak" Dizdar was one of the greatest Bosnian and Yugoslav poets of the second half of the 20th century.-Biography:...
and Aleksa ŠantićAleksa ŠanticAleksa Šantić was a Serb poet from Herzegovina.He was born and lived most his life in Mostar, Bosnia-Herzegovina, a province that was occupied by Austria-Hungary in 1878 and annexed by them in 1908...
) - 20 maraka/марака (Antun Branko ŠimićAntun Branko ŠimicAntun Branko Šimić was a Herzegovinian Croat expressionist poet.-Life:He was born in Drinovci near Grude on November 18, 1898, in the family of Vida and Martin Šimić. He attended primary school in his native village, and then the first three forms of the Franciscan classical grammar school in...
and Filip VišnjićFilip VišnjicFilip Višnjić was a popular Serbian epic poet and guslar , born in northern Bosnia. He is often described as the "Serbian Homer" both because he was blind and for his poetic gift...
) - 50 maraka/марака (Musa Ćazim ĆatićMusa Cazim CaticMusa Ćazim Ćatić was a Bosnian Muslim poet of Croat orientation. He is currently featured on the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina 50 km note ....
and Jovan DučićJovan DucicJovan Dučić was a Serbian poet born in Herzegovina, writer and diplomat.-Biography:...
) - 100 maraka/марака (Nikola Šop and Petar KočićPetar KocicPetar Kočić was a Serb prose writer and politician from Bosnia and Herzegovina. He was active in the Serbian National Organization with ties to the Mlada Bosna revolutionaries, after which he seceded with his closest supporters leading a wing under his leadership.Like both Borisav Stanković, who...
) - 200 maraka/марака (Ivo AndrićIvo AndricIvan "Ivo" Andrić was a Yugoslav novelist, short story writer, and the 1961 winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature. His writings dealt mainly with life in his native Bosnia under the Ottoman Empire...
)