Bentley College
Encyclopedia
Bentley University is a private co-educational university in Waltham
Waltham, Massachusetts
Waltham is a city in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States, was an early center for the labor movement, and major contributor to the American Industrial Revolution. The original home of the Boston Manufacturing Company, the city was a prototype for 19th century industrial city planning,...

, Massachusetts
Massachusetts
The Commonwealth of Massachusetts is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. It is bordered by Rhode Island and Connecticut to the south, New York to the west, and Vermont and New Hampshire to the north; at its east lies the Atlantic Ocean. As of the 2010...

, 10 miles (16.1 km) west of Boston. Founded in 1917 as a school of accounting and finance in Boston's Back Bay neighborhood, Bentley moved to Waltham in 1968. In late 2010, Bentley University was ranked one of the top 20 undergraduate business schools by Business Week and was ranked #6 in Best Career/Job Placement Services by Princeton Review. As a business university, Bentley University's mission is to create new knowledge within and across business and the arts and sciences and to educate creative, ethical, and socially responsible organizational leaders. Bentley University provides a focused undergraduate business curriculum with bachelor of science degrees in 11 business fields and bachelor of arts degrees in six arts and sciences disciplines. The graduate school emphasizes the impact of technology on business practice and offers PhD programs in Business and Accountancy, the Bentley MBA with 16 areas of concentration, an integrated MS+MBA, seven Master of Science degrees, and custom executive education programs.

History

Bentley University was founded in 1917 as the Bentley School of Accounting and Finance by Harry C. Bentley who served as the school’s president until 1953. In 1961, the college was accredited to confer four-year Bachelor of Science degrees under President Morison, who moved the college from its Boylston Street address in Boston to its current day location in Waltham, Massachusetts. Gregory H. Adamian, a major driving force in the college's development, became the fourth president in 1970. Under his guidance, the college became accredited to confer four-year Bachelor of Arts degrees in 1971 and graduate degrees in 1973. During this time, the school also changed its name to Bentley College. In the late 1990s, Bentley College became a pioneer of incorporating information technology into its core business curriculum. In 2002, Bentley College opened up a campus in the Middle Eastern country of Bahrain
Bahrain
' , officially the Kingdom of Bahrain , is a small island state near the western shores of the Persian Gulf. It is ruled by the Al Khalifa royal family. The population in 2010 stood at 1,214,705, including 235,108 non-nationals. Formerly an emirate, Bahrain was declared a kingdom in 2002.Bahrain is...

 in partnership with the Bahrain Institute of Banking and Finance. The college was accredited to confer its first doctoral degrees in the fields of business and accountancy in 2005. A main fixture of the campus, The Bentley Library, underwent a sweeping renovation in 2006 during which time the school's logo was changed to showcase the clock tower that sits atop the building. One year later, Gloria Cordes Larson
Gloria Cordes Larson
Gloria Cordes Larson is a former politician and lawyer based in Boston. As of July 1, 2007, she was the first woman to be selected President of Bentley College in Waltham, Massachusetts. Larson, a Southerner, received her bachelor's degree from Vassar College and her J.D. from the University of...

, a former state and federal government official and Boston-based lawyer became the first female president of Bentley College. In 2008, the school changed its name to Bentley University after being authorized by the state board of higher education to do so.

Mobile Computing Program

All entering students receive a new notebook computer during their First Week sessions that familiarizes them with the computing resources available on campus. Students keep this computer until the beginning of their third year of study when they may exchange it for a new model. The Mobile Computing Program is mandatory, helping Bentley maintain hardware and software uniformity among all students and faculty.

Tomorrow25

Launched in 2005 to identify exemplary leaders of the future, the Tomorrow25 program honors 25 outstanding high school juniors with a series of special events on the Bentley campus. The winners receive national recognition and interact with high-profile business leaders at the annual Bentley Leadership Forum in cooperation with TIME magazine. The Tomorrow25 students also appear in an ad in TIME magazine as part of Bentley’s national recruitment campaign.

The Hughey Center for Financial Services (HCFS)

The Hughey Center for Financial Services (HCFS) named in honor of Bentley College alumnus David A. Hughey ’55 (retired executive vice president of Dean Witter Inter-capital), was established in 1997. The HCFS has earned a national reputation and has been featured on CNBC.

The mission of the center is to extend the educational goals of Bentley University through innovative classroom pedagogy, cutting-edge financial research, and real-world applications.

The mission is translated into three broad strategies:
  • To integrate the Trading Room into the graduate and undergraduate curricula in an effort to enhance student learning, professional development, and success
  • To create a positive, collegial, and collaborative environment that is supportive of faculty and student research activities
  • To strengthen external relations with the investment management community


The center is dedicated to providing world-class education through the integration of the multi-million-dollar Trading Room. Supporting more than 40 graduate and undergraduate courses and providing faculty, students, and staff to an unrivaled collection of financial technologies valued at more than $3.5 million in annual licensing fees, the Hughey Center serves as a model for other colleges and universities around the globe.

The Center for Business Ethics (CBE)

The Center for Business Ethics is one of the world’s leading research and educational institutes in the field of business ethics. It is also among the oldest, having been established in 1976, when the field was in its infancy.

CBE is guided by its mission to promote integrity and trust in business by encouraging the establishment of ethical cultures in businesses everywhere. The center staff pursues this through the application of expertise, research, education and a collaborative approach to the dissemination of best practices.

For over three decades, CBE has demonstrated unsurpassed leadership in advancing knowledge, stimulating public discourse and fostering an appreciation for the importance of business ethics among a global network of executives, ethics and compliance professionals, academics, researchers and students of business.

Campus

In 1968, Bentley moved from downtown Boston to Waltham, Massachusetts, to accommodate an increasing number of students. The first buildings on the Waltham campus were built between 1965 and 1968. Today, the campus stretches across 163 acre (0.65963818 km²) of land.

Bentley University's campus is divided into three parts: Upper Campus, Lower Campus and North Campus.

Upper Campus

Upper Campus contains most of the school's academic buildings and all of its classrooms. It is located on the North side of Beaver Street. Below is a list of the major buildings found on Upper Campus.

Non-Residence Hall Buildings

  • Bentley Library: opened 1968

  • Jennison Hall: opened 1968
  • LaCava Campus Center: opened 1968
  • Morison Hall: opened 1968
  • Lindsay Hall: home of the Koumantzelis Auditorium; opened 1969
  • Adamian Academic Center: opened 1983
  • President's House: opened 1983
  • Rauch Administration Center: opened 1986
  • Smith Academic Technology Center: opened 2000
  • Student Center: opened 2002

Residence Halls

  • Tree Dorms (Alder, Birch, Cedar, Elm, Maple, Oak, Spruce): opened 1968
  • Boylston Apartments (A and B): opened 1972
  • Rhodes Apartments: opened 1973
  • Kresge Hall: opened 1975
  • Forest Hall: opened 1976
  • Slade Hall: opened 1977
  • Miller Hall: opened 1979
  • Collins Hall: opened 1980
  • Falcone Apartments (North, West, East): opened 1985

Lower Campus

Lower Campus contains all of the school's athletic facilities and some of its newest dormitories. It is located on the South side of Beaver Street. Below is a list of the major buildings found on Lower Campus.

Non-Residence Hall Buildings

  • Lewis Hall: originally built in the 1800s, acquired by Bentley College in 1968
  • Dana Athletic Center: opened 1973

Residence Hall Buildings

  • The Castle: opened 1975
  • The Cape: opened 1986
  • Orchard North & South: opened 1988
  • Copley North & South: opened Summer 2001
  • Fenway Hall: opened Fall 2004

North Campus

North Campus is located 1/2 mile North of the main entrance to Upper Campus on Forest Street. Transportation to and from North Campus is provided via shuttle bus. North Campus contains only residence hall buildings named: A, B, C and D. Residence halls A and B were opened in 2005 while C and D were opened in 2007 making North Campus the most recent addition to Bentley's facilities. Each building has 3 floors and include an elevator and 2 stairwells. Originally North Campus was intended to be graduate student housing but due to the sharp growth of enrollment it is occupied mostly by undergraduates.

Rankings and Recognition by Major Media

U.S. News & World Report
U.S. News & World Report
U.S. News & World Report is an American news magazine published from Washington, D.C. Along with Time and Newsweek it was for many years a leading news weekly, focusing more than its counterparts on political, economic, health and education stories...

  • Ranked 62 - MBA Top Graduate Business Schools '2009
  • Ranked 14 - MSIT program in the United States
  • Ranked 18 - Information System Schools
  • Top 20 Accounting Program in the US, Tied for #1 in New England
  • Top 50 Undergraduate Business Programs (Nationally, 2010)
  • Top 10 Master's Universities (North,2010)


The Princeton Review
The Princeton Review
The Princeton Review is an American-based standardized test preparation and admissions consulting company. The Princeton Review operates in 41 states and 22 countries across the globe. It offers test preparation for standardized aptitude tests such as the SAT and advice regarding college...

  • Ranked among the "361 Best Colleges and Universities for 2006"
  • # 3 in the Top 25 Most Connected Campuses (2004)
  • #6 in Best Career/Job Placement Services (2011)
  • #14 Best College Library (2011)
  • #18 Dorms Like Palaces (2011)


Kaplan
Kaplan, Inc.
Kaplan, Inc. is a for-profit corporation headquartered in New York City and was founded in 1938 by Stanley Kaplan. Kaplan provides higher education programs, professional training courses, test preparation materials and other services for various levels of education...

/Newsweek
Newsweek
Newsweek is an American weekly news magazine published in New York City. It is distributed throughout the United States and internationally. It is the second-largest news weekly magazine in the U.S., having trailed Time in circulation and advertising revenue for most of its existence...

  • Named one of the "12 Hot Schools of 2004"


BusinessWeek
BusinessWeek
Bloomberg Businessweek, commonly and formerly known as BusinessWeek, is a weekly business magazine published by Bloomberg L.P. It is currently headquartered in New York City.- History :...

  • Top Undergraduate Business Programs 2010, Ranking 21st
  • A in facilities and services
  • A in teaching quality
  • A in job placement

Athletics

Bentley's mascot is "Flex the Falcon." The university has 23 men's and women's varsity teams. All of the teams compete in the Northeast Ten Conference
Northeast Ten Conference
The Northeast-10 Conference is an intercollegiate athletic conference affiliated with the NCAA’s Division II. Member institutions are located in the northeastern United States in the states of Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, and Vermont...

 at the NCAA
National Collegiate Athletic Association
The National Collegiate Athletic Association is a semi-voluntary association of 1,281 institutions, conferences, organizations and individuals that organizes the athletic programs of many colleges and universities in the United States...

 Division II level, with the exception of the men's hockey program, which was one of the original six founding teams of Atlantic Hockey
Atlantic Hockey
The Atlantic Hockey Association is a NCAA Men's Division I Ice Hockey conference which operates primarily in the northeastern United States. It participates in the NCAA's Division I as an ice hockey–only conference. Unlike several other college athletic conferences, Atlantic Hockey has no women's...

 at the Division I level.

Bentley is also home to one of the best rugby programs in the Northeast winning two national Division III titles as well as winning the 2008 Beast of the East tournament.

After beating Saint Michael's College
Saint Michael's College
Saint Michael's College is a private, residential liberal arts Catholic college. The campus is located in Colchester, Vermont. It was founded in 1904 by the Society of Saint Edmund, a French order of Catholic priests.-History:...

 by a score of 85-65 on February 23, 2008, Bentley University Men's Basketball team set the record for the longest regular season winning streak in Division II history. Additionally, Bentley has men's, women's, and co-ed intramural programs for the fall, winter, and spring semesters.

Club Sports At Bentley University

In addition to the intercollegiate and intramural programs, the university offers a number of club sports for students to take part in. These clubs are operated within the Student Activities department, and are financially supported by the student's activity fees. Club Sports include: cheerleading, dance team, men’s rugby, women’s rugby, Ultimate Frisbee, and sailing.

Campus media

  • BS-TV: student-produced monthly television segment
  • The Vanguard: student-produced weekly on-campus newspaper
  • Piecework: student-produced annual literary magazine
  • Bentley Observer: staff-produced quarterly magazine for alumni
  • WBTY - Radio Bentley: on-campus radio station, operating at 105.3 FM
    FM broadcasting
    FM broadcasting is a broadcasting technology pioneered by Edwin Howard Armstrong which uses frequency modulation to provide high-fidelity sound over broadcast radio. The term "FM band" describes the "frequency band in which FM is used for broadcasting"...


Mission

The Office of Fraternity and Sorority Life is a division of Student Activities that directly supports recognized social Greek-Lettered fraternities and sororities at Bentley University. Scholarship, Leadership, Service, and Brotherhood/Sisterhood are the pillars that strengthen the development of each individual member and all chapters. The Office of Fraternity and Sorority Life partners with campus administrators, local and national volunteers as well as alumni/alumnae members to encourage purposeful campus programming and service learning opportunities that promote lifelong friendships.

Sororities

There currently are five recognized women’s sororities at Bentley University. These chapters are governed by the National Panhellenic Conference or the National Association of Latina/Latino Fraternal Organizations, Inc. For additional information on each of the organizations please see their individual websites:
  • Alpha Phi
    Alpha Phi
    Alpha Phi International Women's Fraternity was founded at Syracuse University on September 18, 1872. Alpha Phi currently has 152 active chapters and over 200,000 initiated members. Its celebrated Founders' Day is October 10. It was the third Greek-letter organization founded for women. In Alpha...

    : Alpha Phi is a sisterhood of outstanding women supporting one another in lifelong achievement.
Motto: Union Hand in Hand
Established at Bentley in 1982

  • Delta Phi Epsilon
    Delta Phi Epsilon (social)
    Delta Phi Epsilon is an international sorority founded on March 17, 1917 at New York University Law School in New York City...

    : Delta Phi Epsilon develops a social consciousness and a commitment to think and act for the greater good. We assure continuous development and achievement for women through individual attention and smart strategic growth.
Motto: To Be Rather Than Seem to Be
Established at Bentley in 1987

  • Gamma Phi Beta
    Gamma Phi Beta
    Gamma Phi Beta is an international sorority that was founded on November 11, 1874, at Syracuse University in Syracuse, New York. The term "sorority," meaning sisterhood, was coined for Gamma Phi Beta by Dr. Frank Smalley, a professor at Syracuse University.The four founders are Helen M. Dodge,...

    : To foster a nurturing environment that provides women the opportunity to achieve their potential through lifelong commitment to intellectual growth, individual worth and service to humanity.
Motto: Founded Upon a Rock
Established at Bentley in 1975

  • Hermandad de Sigma Iota Alpha
    Sigma Iota Alpha
    Hermandad de Sigma Iota Alpha, Inc. --is a Latina-based Greek lettered intercollegiate sorority founded on September 29, 1990, by 13 dedicated ladies from four universities in the state of New York: SUNY Albany, SUNY Stony Brook, SUNY New Paltz, and Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute...

    : SIA strives to promote education and unity among women. We endeavor to foster a sense of pride for our heritage, and in doing so hope to abolish ignorance, prejudice, and racism in society at large.
Motto: Always One and Inseparable
Established at Bentley in 2009

  • Phi Sigma Sigma
    Phi Sigma Sigma
    Phi Sigma Sigma , colloquially known as "Phi Sig," was the first collegiate nonsectarian fraternity, welcoming women of all faiths and backgrounds...

    : To inspire the personal development of each sister and perpetuate the advancement of womanhood.
Motto: Aim High
Established at Bentley in 1991

Fraternities

There currently are six recognized men’s fraternities at Bentley University. Four chapters are inter/national and are governed by the North American Interfraternity Conference. Two of the men’s organizations are local groups which mean that Bentley University is the only institution that house these chapters. For additional information on each of the organizations please see their individual websites.
  • Alpha Epsilon Pi
    Alpha Epsilon Pi
    Alpha Epsilon Pi , the Global Jewish college fraternity, has 155 active chapters in the United States, Canada, United Kingdom and Israel with a membership of over 9,000 undergraduates...

     Alpha Epsilon Pi was founded to provide opportunities for the Jewish college man seeking the best possible college and fraternity experience.
Motto: Developing Leadership for the Jewish Community
Established at Bentley in 2005

  • Alpha Gamma Pi: As a local fraternity, Alpha Gamma Pi realizes the benefit of giving back to the community. We believe that donating our time to help others not only improves their standard of living, but also adds tremendous value to our lives.
Motto: Brotherhood Through Fraternity Forever
Established at Bentley in 1924

  • Alpha Sigma Phi
    Alpha Sigma Phi
    Alpha Sigma Phi Fraternity is a social fraternity with 71 active chapters and 9 colonies. Founded at Yale in 1845, it is the 10th oldest fraternity in the United States....

    : To Better the Man, through the creation and perpetuation of Brotherhood founded upon the virtues of character… Silence, Purity, Charity, Honor, Patriotism.
Motto: To Better the Man
Established at Bentley in 2000

  • Delta Kappa Epsilon
    Delta Kappa Epsilon
    Delta Kappa Epsilon is a fraternity founded at Yale College in 1844 by 15 men of the sophomore class who had not been invited to join the two existing societies...

    : The Cultivation of General Literature and Social Culture, the Advancement and Encouragement of Intellectual Excellence, the Promotion of Honorable Friendship and Useful Citizenship, the Development of a Spirit of Tolerance and Respect for the Rights and Views of Others, the Maintenance of Gentlemanly Dignity, Self-Respect, and Morality in All Circumstances, and the Union of Stout Hearts and Kindred Interests to Secure to Merit its Due Reward.
Motto: Friends from the Heart Forever
Established at Bentley in 1991

  • Sigma Gamma Delta: Our purpose is to promote goodwill and friendship between its members, acquaintances, the college community, and the community at large. We also have the objective of increasing the social relationships and activities of its members through a distinct vision of friendship. We aim to create a cohesive brotherhood that will stand the test of time while giving back to the world in which we live through charity. In unity is strength!
Motto: In Unity Is Strength (Unis Veris)
Established at Bentley in 1965

  • Sigma Pi
    Sigma Pi
    Sigma Pi is an international college secret and social fraternity founded in 1897 at Vincennes University. Sigma Pi International fraternity currently has 127 chapters and 4 colonies in the United States and Canada and is headquartered in Brentwood, Tennessee...

    : To build and support chapters and alumni organizations for the purpose of maintaining a Fellowship of kindred minds united in Brotherhood.
Motto: A New Generation of Leaders
Established at Bentley in 2008

Notable alumni

  • Mackenzy Bernadeau
    Mackenzy Bernadeau
    Mackenzy Bernadeau is an American football guard for the Carolina Panthers of the National Football League. He was drafted with the 250th pick by the Panthers in the seventh round of the 2008 NFL Draft...

    , '08, professional football
    American football
    American football is a sport played between two teams of eleven with the objective of scoring points by advancing the ball into the opposing team's end zone. Known in the United States simply as football, it may also be referred to informally as gridiron football. The ball can be advanced by...

     player with Carolina Panthers; drafted 250th overall in 2008 NFL Draft
    2008 NFL Draft
    The 2008 NFL Draft took place at Radio City Music Hall in New York City on April 26 and April 27, 2008. For the 29th consecutive year, ESPN televised the draft; the NFL Network also broadcast the event, its third year doing so...

    .
  • Greg Maloomian, '07, "The Great Moomsi", Competitive Eater, guest-starred on the Travel Channel's Man vs Food season 2 finale.
  • J. Terence Carleton, '77, Executive Vice President of Technology, Hill, Holliday, Connors, Cosmopulos, Inc.
    Hill Holliday
    Hill, Holliday is an American advertising agency. It is part of the world's third largest advertising conglomerate, IPG.It was founded as Hill, Holliday, Connors, Cosmopulos, Inc., in 1968 in Boston, by founding partners Jack Connors, Jay Hill, Steve Cosmopulos and Alan Holliday...

  • Richard Caturano, '72, Co-Founder of Caturano and Company, McGladrey Northeast Managing Director
  • R. Marcelo Claure, '93, Chairman, CEO and President, Brightstar Corporation
    Brightstar Corporation
    Brightstar Corp, founded in 1997, is a U.S. based privately held corporation that provides logistical services and supply chain management within the wireless telecommunications industry. The company's headquarters is located in suburban unincorporated Miami-Dade County, Florida in Miami, Florida...

  • Charles Dockendorff, Chief Financial Officer and Executive Vice-President of Covidien
    Covidien
    Covidien , formerly Tyco Healthcare, is a healthcare device and supply company, incorporated in Dublin, Ireland, although its corporate offices are located in Mansfield, Massachusetts. On June 29, 2007, Covidien became an independent publicly traded company after being spun off from Tyco...

    .
  • Thomas M. Feeley, '82, Managing Partner of Feeley & Driscoll, PC
  • Taylor Fisher, '76, CPA for the Boston Red Sox
    Boston Red Sox
    The Boston Red Sox are a professional baseball team based in Boston, Massachusetts, and a member of Major League Baseball’s American League Eastern Division. Founded in as one of the American League's eight charter franchises, the Red Sox's home ballpark has been Fenway Park since . The "Red Sox"...

     (retired).
  • William C. Freda, Managing Partner of Clients & Markets at Deloitte & Touche USA LLP.
  • Michael Gilburd, '78, businessman and valuation expert, President of ValuCorp International, Inc.; former managing director of corporate finance of American Express.
  • Andrew Henshaw, '88, Chief Financial Officer of Novatec, Inc.
  • Edward J. King
    Edward J. King
    Edward Joseph "Ed" King was the 66th Governor of the U.S. state of Massachusetts from 1979 to 1983.Born in Chelsea, Massachusetts, and a graduate of Boston College and Bentley College, King played professional football as a guard with the All-America Football Conference Buffalo Bisons from 1948 to...

    , '53, professional football player with Buffalo Bills and Baltimore Colts 1948-1950; Governor of Massachusetts 1979-1983 (deceased).
  • Bud Lacava, '78, KPMG
    KPMG
    KPMG is one of the largest professional services networks in the world and one of the Big Four auditors, along with Deloitte, Ernst & Young and PwC. Its global headquarters is located in Amstelveen, Netherlands....

     Northeast Managing Partner.
  • Mike Malin, owner of the Dolce Group and contestant on both Big Brother 2 and Big Brother: All Stars.
  • Mike Mangini
    Mike Mangini
    Mike Mangini is an American drummer, and the current drummer for the progressive metal band Dream Theater. He has played for Annihilator, Extreme, James LaBrie, and Steve Vai, among others. He lectured at the Berklee College of Music in Boston and is also known for his work as a session musician...

    , Current drummer of Dream Theater
    Dream Theater
    Dream Theater is an American progressive metal band formed in 1985 under the name Majesty by John Petrucci, John Myung, and Mike Portnoy while they attended Berklee College of Music in Massachusetts. They subsequently dropped out of their studies to further concentrate on the band that would...

    ; former drum teacher at Berklee College of Music
    Berklee College of Music
    Berklee College of Music, located in Boston, Massachusetts, is the largest independent college of contemporary music in the world. Known primarily as a school for jazz, rock and popular music, it also offers college-level courses in a wide range of contemporary and historic styles, including hip...

  • Elkin B. McCallum, '67, Chairman and CEO (retired), Jo-Ann Fabrics Corporation.
  • Matthew McKay, '52, Chief Operating Officer of Belleview Corporation (retired).
  • Robert F. Smith, '53, Chairman and CEO (retired), American Express Bank.
  • Charles Taylor, '77, Prominent war criminal; African Warlord; 22nd President of Liberia
  • Daniel Welbeck, '84, Chief Operation Officer and board member of Radio Shack
    Radio shack
    Radio shack is a slang term for a room or structure for housing radio equipment.-History:In the early days of radio, equipment was experimental and home-built. The first radio transmitters used a noisy spark to generate radio waves and were often housed in a garage or shed. When radio was first...

    .
  • Robert J. Wentworth, '76, Partner, Platinum Equity
    Platinum Equity
    Platinum Equity, LLC is a private equity investment firm founded by Tom Gores in 1995. The firm focuses on leveraged buyout investments of established companies in the U.S. and Europe....

    .
  • Joe Wickwire, '93, Manager of the Fidelity Select Gold Portfolio Fund.
  • Richard F. Zannino, '80, Former CEO, Dow Jones, Delphi Group.
  • Michael Jingozian, '91, Founder & CEO, AngelVision, TV Producer

Also of note: Comedian Jay Leno
Jay Leno
James Douglas Muir "Jay" Leno is an American stand-up comedian and television host.From 1992 to 2009, Leno was the host of NBC's The Tonight Show with Jay Leno. Beginning in September 2009, Leno started a primetime talk show, titled The Jay Leno Show, which aired weeknights at 10:00 p.m. ,...

attended Bentley for one semester but dropped out.

External links

The source of this article is wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.  The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.
 
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