Battle of Moscow (film)
Encyclopedia
The Battle of Moscow is a 1985 Soviet
Soviet Union
The Soviet Union , officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics , was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991....

 two-part film, presenting a dramatized account of the 1941 Battle of Moscow
Battle of Moscow
The Battle of Moscow is the name given by Soviet historians to two periods of strategically significant fighting on a sector of the Eastern Front during World War II. It took place between October 1941 and January 1942. The Soviet defensive effort frustrated Hitler's attack on Moscow, capital of...

 and the events preceding it. The films were a Soviet
Soviet Union
The Soviet Union , officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics , was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991....

-East German-Czechoslovak
Czechoslovakia
Czechoslovakia or Czecho-Slovakia was a sovereign state in Central Europe which existed from October 1918, when it declared its independence from the Austro-Hungarian Empire, until 1992...

-Vietnamese
Vietnam
Vietnam – sometimes spelled Viet Nam , officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam – is the easternmost country on the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia. It is bordered by China to the north, Laos to the northwest, Cambodia to the southwest, and the South China Sea –...

 co-production directed by Yuri Ozerov
Yuri Ozerov (director)
Yuri Ozerov was a Soviet film director and screenwriter. He directed 20 films between 1950 and 1995.-Early life:...

 who also wrote the script. It was made in time for the 40th anniversary of the Allied victory over Nazi Germany and the 20th anniversary of the proclamation of the Victory Day
Victory Day
Victory Day is a common name of many different public holidays in various countries to commemorate victories in important battles or wars in the countries' history.- April 30 in Vietnam :...

 holiday and Moscow's declaration as a Hero City
Hero City
Hero City is a Soviet honorary title awarded for outstanding heroism during the German-Soviet War of 1941 to 1945. It was awarded to twelve cities of the Soviet Union. In addition the Brest Fortress was awarded an equivalent title of Hero-Fortress...

.

Part 1

In the aftermath of the victory in France, Hitler
Adolf Hitler
Adolf Hitler was an Austrian-born German politician and the leader of the National Socialist German Workers Party , commonly referred to as the Nazi Party). He was Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and head of state from 1934 to 1945...

 decides to attack the Soviet Union
Operation Barbarossa
Operation Barbarossa was the code name for Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II that began on 22 June 1941. Over 4.5 million troops of the Axis powers invaded the USSR along a front., the largest invasion in the history of warfare...

 and selects Marshal von Bock
Fedor von Bock
Fedor von Bock was a German Generalfeldmarshall who served in the Wehrmacht during the Second World War. As a leader who lectured his soldiers about the honor of dying for the German Fatherland, he was nicknamed "Der Sterber"...

 in charge of leading the Wehrmacht
Wehrmacht
The Wehrmacht – from , to defend and , the might/power) were the unified armed forces of Nazi Germany from 1935 to 1945. It consisted of the Heer , the Kriegsmarine and the Luftwaffe .-Origin and use of the term:...

 into Russia. Ilse Stöbe
Ilse Stöbe
Ilse Stöbe was a German journalist and anti-Nazi resistance fighter.Ilse Stöbe grew up in a working class home in Berlin...

, Rudolf von Scheliha
Rudolf von Scheliha
Rudolf von Scheliha was a German diplomat executed by the Nazis during World War II.Scheliha was born in Zessel, Oels, Silesia , as the son of a Prussian squire. He served as an army officer in World War I, studied law and joined the German Foreign Service in 1922...

 and Richard Sorge
Richard Sorge
Richard Sorge was a German communist and spy who worked for the Soviet Union. He has gained great fame among espionage enthusiasts for his intelligence gathering during World War II. He worked as a journalist in both Germany and Japan, where he was imprisoned for spying and eventually hanged....

 inform of the danger, but the Soviet intelligence dismisses their warnings. Zhukov
Georgy Zhukov
Marshal of the Soviet Union Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov , was a Russian career officer in the Red Army who, in the course of World War II, played a pivotal role in leading the Red Army through much of Eastern Europe to liberate the Soviet Union and other nations from the Axis Powers' occupation...

 is concerned that the army is ill-prepared; Pavlov decries him as a fear-monger. The Red Army
Red Army
The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army started out as the Soviet Union's revolutionary communist combat groups during the Russian Civil War of 1918-1922. It grew into the national army of the Soviet Union. By the 1930s the Red Army was among the largest armies in history.The "Red Army" name refers to...

 officers are convinced that in the event of an invasion, they would immediately counter-attack. On 22 June 1941 Germany launches Operation Barbarossa
Operation Barbarossa
Operation Barbarossa was the code name for Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II that began on 22 June 1941. Over 4.5 million troops of the Axis powers invaded the USSR along a front., the largest invasion in the history of warfare...

, overwhelming the Soviets.

Part 2

The Red Army tries to counter the assault with a string of hasty operations, while the Brest Fortress is desperately defended
Brest Fortress
Brest Fortress , formerly known as Brest-Litovsk Fortress , is a 19th century Russian fortress in Brest, Belarus. It is one of the most important Soviet World War II war monuments commemorating the Soviet resistance against the German invasion on June 22, 1941...

. The Soviets manages to recapture Yelnya
Yelnya Offensive
The Soviet Army's Yelnya Offensive operation was part of the Battle of Smolensk during the initial period of the German-Soviet War....

 but having Major General
Major General
Major general or major-general is a military rank used in many countries. It is derived from the older rank of sergeant major general. A major general is a high-ranking officer, normally subordinate to the rank of lieutenant general and senior to the ranks of brigadier and brigadier general...

 Konstantin Rakutin
Konstantin Rakutin
Konstantin Ivanovich Rakutin was a Major-General of the NKVD. He served during World War II. Rakutin was killed during the Yelnya Offensive in the opening stages of Operation Barbarossa.-His career:*1940 Chief of Staff NKVD Border Troops Leningrad,...

 killed in action. Stalin insists on defending Kiev
Battle of Kiev (1941)
The Battle of Kiev was the German name for the operation that resulted in a very large encirclement of Soviet troops in the vicinity of Kiev during World War II. It is considered the largest encirclement of troops in history. The operation ran from 23 August – 26 September 1941 as part of Operation...

, and his forces suffer immense losses.

Part 1

The Wehrmacht enacts to attack Moscow
Battle of Moscow
The Battle of Moscow is the name given by Soviet historians to two periods of strategically significant fighting on a sector of the Eastern Front during World War II. It took place between October 1941 and January 1942. The Soviet defensive effort frustrated Hitler's attack on Moscow, capital of...

 in which Hitler decides to call it Operation Typhoon. Richard Sorge finds out that Japan won't attack the USSR at 1941. The Germans approach the Soviet capital, winning the Battle at Borodino Field
Battle at Borodino Field
The Battle at Borodino Field was a part of the Battle of Moscow, on the Eastern Front of World War II. While referring to the battle in Russian, the Borodino Field is actually more commonly applied rather than just Borodino, cf...

 and breaching the Mozhaisk line. Stalin decides to remain in Moscow.

Part 2

The enemy is at the outskirts of the city, yet the traditional 7 November parade takes place as always. Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya
Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya
Zoya Anatolyevna Kosmodemyanskaya, alternatively Romanised as Kosmodem'yanskaya was a Soviet partisan, and a Hero of the Soviet Union...

 is captured and executed, and Panfilov
Ivan Panfilov
Not to be confused with Major General Alexei Pavlovich Panfilov, who is known for negotiating the creation of the Anders Army.In Allen Paul's book Katyn: Stalin's Massacre and the Triumph of Truth , page 172, it is written that the name of the assistant chief of the General Staff of the Red Army...

's men fight to the last. Rokossovsky begs Zhukov to allow retreat but is refused. After all seems lost, the Germans grind to a halt since because of the harsh winter. On 6 December, the Soviets launch a successful counter-offensive by using the air force, the cavalry, tanks, and ski troops. Forcing the Germans to retreat, causing Hitler to blame his generals.

Production

Battle of Moscow was director Ozerov's third film dealing with the Great Patriotic War, after the five-part Liberation
Liberation (film series)
Liberation is an epic five-part film series considered the most large-scale World War II film ever made in the Soviet Union. Filmed from 1967 to 1971, the first part was released during 1970 for the 25th anniversary of Victory Day...

and the TV mini-series Soldiers of Freedom
Soldiers of Freedom
Soldiers of Freedom is a 1977 film directed by Yuri Ozerov and starring Mikhail Ulyanov, Yevgeny Matveyev, Vasily Lanovoy. Soldiers of Freedom is the World War II historical drama.-Plot:...

. Ozerov was not allowed to deal with the early, dark chapters of the war in Liberation due to political pressure, and Soldiers of Freedom revolved around the battles outside the Soviet Union. For the 40th year to the victory over Germany, Ozerov intended to create a film about the first stages on the war, from the beginning of the invasion on 22 June 1941 until the Wehrmacht's defeat near Moscow.

Unlike Liberation, Ozerov's most acclaimed work, Battle of Moscow was a purely historical film, with no fictional characters included in the plot. The actors selected to portray the main roles were mostly ones who already appeared as such in the director's earlier works, especially Mikhail Ulyanov
Mikhail Ulyanov
Mikhail Alexandrovich Ulyanov was a Soviet and Russian actor who was one of the most recognizable persons of the post-World War II Soviet theatre and cinema. He was named People's Artist of the USSR in 1969 and received a special prize from the Venice Film Festival in 1982.Mikhail Alexandrovich...

 who depicted Zhukov in all of Ozerov's films. Eventually, the production involved a crew of some six thousand people.

The German-speaking actors were contacted through DEFA, while the scenes involving Richard Sorge were shot in Vietnam with the assistance of the Fafim studio. Marshal Sergei Rudenko
Sergei Rudenko (general)
Serhi Gnatovich Rudenko was a Soviet Marshal of the Aviation.-Early life:...

 served as the chief military consultant of the movie; the battle scenes involved troops from the Red Army as extras. The filming of the open-door battle scenes took place in Czechoslovakia, but the urban combat was shot Moscow itself: buildings in the wrecked parts of the city were demolished with explosives to simulate bomber attacks.

The film premiered in the Moscow Film Festival.

Reception

Yuri Ozerov won the Grand Prize in the 1986 Alma Ata All-Union Film Festival
All-Union Film Festival
The All-Union Film Festival was one of the most important film festivals of the Soviet Union. It was founded in 1958 and held regularly from 1964-1988. It was held annually from 1972 onwards, and bi-annually before that...

 for his work on the film, as well as the Alexander Dovzhenko
Alexander Dovzhenko
Aleksandr Petrovich Dovzhenko , was a Soviet screenwriter, film producer and director of Ukrainian descent. He is often cited as one of the most important early Soviet filmmakers, alongside Sergei Eisenstein and Vsevolod Pudovkin.- Biography :...

 Golden Medal.

Russian film critic Alexander Fedorov called the movie "a large-scale war production typical to Yuri Ozerov" which presents Stalin as a wise leader, and depicts Zhukov as a brilliant general. Fedorov also commented on the battle scenes, describing them as "impressive... involving tanks, airplanes and artillery."

Cast

  • Yakov Tripolski as Joseph Stalin
    Joseph Stalin
    Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin was the Premier of the Soviet Union from 6 May 1941 to 5 March 1953. He was among the Bolshevik revolutionaries who brought about the October Revolution and had held the position of first General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union's Central Committee...

    .
  • Anatoly Nikitin as Mikhail Kalinin
    Mikhail Kalinin
    Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin , known familiarly by Soviet citizens as "Kalinych," was a Bolshevik revolutionary and the nominal head of state of Russia and later of the Soviet Union, from 1919 to 1946...

    .
  • Nikolai Zasukhin as Vyacheslav Molotov
    Vyacheslav Molotov
    Vyacheslav Mikhailovich Molotov was a Soviet politician and diplomat, an Old Bolshevik and a leading figure in the Soviet government from the 1920s, when he rose to power as a protégé of Joseph Stalin, to 1957, when he was dismissed from the Presidium of the Central Committee by Nikita Khrushchev...

    .
  • Vyacheslav Ezepov as Alexander Shcherbakov.
  • Vladimir Troshin as Kliment Voroshilov
    Kliment Voroshilov
    Kliment Yefremovich Voroshilov , popularly known as Klim Voroshilov was a Soviet military officer, politician, and statesman...

    .
  • Stepan Mikoyan as Anastas Mikoyan
    Anastas Mikoyan
    Anastas Ivanovich Mikoyan was an Armenian Old Bolshevik and Soviet statesman during the rules of Vladimir Lenin, Joseph Stalin, Nikita Khrushchev, and Leonid Brezhnev....

    .
  • Evgeni Novikov as Nikolay Shvernik
    Nikolay Shvernik
    Nikolay Mikhailovich Shvernik was a Russian politician, who was the Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR from March 19, 1946 until March 15, 1953...

    .
  • Achim Petri as Adolf Hitler
    Adolf Hitler
    Adolf Hitler was an Austrian-born German politician and the leader of the National Socialist German Workers Party , commonly referred to as the Nazi Party). He was Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and head of state from 1934 to 1945...

    .
  • Olegar Fedoro
    Olegar Fedoro
    Olegar Fedoro is a Ukrainian-born former Soviet performer who later became a Spanish and then English actor.He started with a work for Andrei Tarkovsky's Stalker...

     as People's Commisar.
  • Rostislav Yankovsky
    Rostislav Yankovsky
    Rostislav Ivanovich Yankovsky is a major Belarusian actor. He was born in Odessa 0n 5 February 1930, studied in Leninabad and debuted in the Tajik theatre in 1951. He has been working in the Minsk Drama Theatre since 1957 . Yankovsky was named a People's Artist of the USSR in 1978 . He is the...

     as General Vasily Smirnov.
  • Mikhail Ulyanov
    Mikhail Ulyanov
    Mikhail Alexandrovich Ulyanov was a Soviet and Russian actor who was one of the most recognizable persons of the post-World War II Soviet theatre and cinema. He was named People's Artist of the USSR in 1969 and received a special prize from the Venice Film Festival in 1982.Mikhail Alexandrovich...

     as Marshal Georgy Zhukov
    Georgy Zhukov
    Marshal of the Soviet Union Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov , was a Russian career officer in the Red Army who, in the course of World War II, played a pivotal role in leading the Red Army through much of Eastern Europe to liberate the Soviet Union and other nations from the Axis Powers' occupation...

    .
  • Aleksandr Filippenko
    Aleksandr Filippenko
    Aleksandr Georgievich Filippenko is a famous Soviet and Russian actor. Filippenko was honored with People's Artist of Russia in 2000.-Biography:...

     as General Dmitry Pavlov.
  • Bruno Freindlich
    Bruno Freindlich
    Bruno Arturovich Freindlich was a Soviet/Russian actor of German ancestry who became People's Artist of the USSR in 1974. His daughter Alisa Freindlich is also a notable actress.-Biography:...

     as Marshal Boris Shaposhnikov
    Boris Shaposhnikov
    Boris Mikhailovitch Shaposhnikov was a Soviet military commander.-Biography:Shaposhnikov was born at Zlatoust, near Chelyabinsk in the Urals. He joined the army of the Russian Empire in 1901 and graduated from the Nicholas General Staff Academy in 1910, reaching the rank of colonel in the...

    .
  • Yury Yakovlev
    Yury Yakovlev
    Yury Vasilyevich Yakovlev is one of the most popular and critically acclaimed Soviet film actors. He was named People's Artist of the USSR in 1976....

     as General Leonid Petrovsky.
  • Juozas Budraitis
    Juozas Budraitis
    Juozas Budraitis is a Soviet and Lithuanian actor. He has appeared in 67 films and television shows since 1966. He starred in the Soviet film Wounded Game, which was entered into the 1977 Cannes Film Festival.-Selected filmography:...

     as Richard Sorge
    Richard Sorge
    Richard Sorge was a German communist and spy who worked for the Soviet Union. He has gained great fame among espionage enthusiasts for his intelligence gathering during World War II. He worked as a journalist in both Germany and Japan, where he was imprisoned for spying and eventually hanged....

    .
  • Aleksandr Goloborodko as General Konstantin Rokossovsky
    Konstantin Rokossovsky
    Konstantin Rokossovskiy was a Polish-origin Soviet career officer who was a Marshal of the Soviet Union, as well as Marshal of Poland and Polish Defence Minister, who was famously known for his service in the Eastern Front, where he received high esteem for his outstanding military skill...

    .
  • Vitali Rozstalnoi as Marshal Semyon Timoshenko
    Semyon Timoshenko
    Semyon Konstantinovich Timoshenko was a Soviet military commander and senior professional officer of the Red Army at the beginning of the German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941.-Early life:...

    .
  • Emanuil Vitorgan as Commissar Yefim Fomin.
  • Leonid Kulagin as General Maksim Purkayev
    Maksim Purkayev
    Maksim Alexeyevich Purkayev , 1894, in the village of Nalitovo, Dubyonsky Uyezd, Volhynian Governorate, Russian Empire - January 1, 1953, Moscow) was a Soviet military leader, reaching service rank of Army General....

    .
  • Lev Pregunov as General Lev Dovator.
  • Gennadi Saifulin as General Dmitry Lelyushenko.
  • Irina Shemliova as Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya
    Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya
    Zoya Anatolyevna Kosmodemyanskaya, alternatively Romanised as Kosmodem'yanskaya was a Soviet partisan, and a Hero of the Soviet Union...

    .
  • Irina Gubanova as Zoya's mother.
  • Konstantin Stepankov as General Ivan Panfilov
    Ivan Panfilov
    Not to be confused with Major General Alexei Pavlovich Panfilov, who is known for negotiating the creation of the Anders Army.In Allen Paul's book Katyn: Stalin's Massacre and the Triumph of Truth , page 172, it is written that the name of the assistant chief of the General Staff of the Red Army...

    .
  • Gennadi Frolov as General Timofei Orlenko.
  • Nikolai Ivanov as Colonel Victor Polosukhin.
  • Victor Zozulin as General Mikhail Katukov
    Mikhail Katukov
    Marshal of the Armored Troops Mikhail Efimovich Katukov served as a commander of armored troops in the Red Army during and following World War II. He is viewed as one of the most talented Soviet armor commanders.-Pre-War:...

    .
  • Vasily Korzun as General Dmitry Ryabyshev
    Dmitry Ryabyshev
    Dmitry Ivanovich Ryabyshev , was a Soviet military commander, commander of 8th mechanized corps .- Before World War II :Ryabyshev was born in Kolotovka, , Russian Empire. Following the Russian Revolution of 1917 he was a commander of the 42nd Brigade, 14th Division of the 1st Cavalry Army during...

    .
  • Nikolai Kryuchkov
    Nikolai Kryuchkov
    Nikolai Kryuchkov was a Soviet film actor. He appeared in 94 films between 1932 and 1993.-Selected filmography:* Okraina * By the Bluest of Seas * The Return of Maxim * The Vyborg Side * Salavat Yulayev...

     as old man in Vyazma
    Vyazma
    Vyazma is a town and the administrative center of Vyazemsky District of Smolensk Oblast, Russia, located on the Vyazma River, about halfway between Smolensk and Mozhaysk. Throughout its turbulent history, the city defended western approaches to the city of Moscow...

    .
  • Oleg Stefan
    Oleg Stefan
    Oleg Stefan is a film actor. He has appeared in a number of popular television series, including Frasier and JAG. He had a role in Robert De Niro's The Good Shepherd opposite Matt Damon.-External links:...

     as Lieutenant Manchich.
  • Leonid Evtifiev as General Vasily Sokolovsky
    Vasily Sokolovsky
    Vasily Danilovich Sokolovsky was a Soviet military commander.Sokolovsky was born into a peasant family in Kozliki, a small town in the province of Grodno, near Białystok in Poland . He worked as a teacher in a rural school, where he took part in a number of protests and demonstrations against the...

    .
  • Aleksandr Voevodin as Commissar Vasily "Diev" Kluchkov.
  • Piotr Glebov as Marshal Semyon Budyonny
    Semyon Budyonny
    Semyon Mikhailovich Budyonny , sometimes transliterated as Budennyj, Budyonnyy, Budennii, Budenny, Budyoni, Budyenny, or Budenny, was a Soviet cavalryman, military commander, politician and a close ally of Soviet leader Joseph Stalin.-Early life:...

    .
  • Nikolai Volkov as General Mikhail Kirponos
    Mikhail Kirponos
    Mikhail Petrovich Kirponos was a Soviet Ukrainian general of the Red Army. Being accorded the highest military decoration, the Hero of the Soviet Union title, for the skill and courage in commanding a division in the 1939-1940 Finnish campaign, Kirponos is mostly remembered for his crucial role...

    .
  • Aleksandr Martinov as General Ivan Kopetz.
  • Boris Scherbakov as General Mikhail Romanov.
  • Valeri Yurchenko as Commissar Nikolai Popel.
  • Romualds Ancāns as Major Pyotr Gavrilov.
  • Vladimir Kuznetsov as General Nikolai Vashugin
    Nikolai Vashugin
    Nikolai Nikolaevich Vashugin was a Soviet general and a political officer.-Early life:...

    .
  • Boris Guasakov as General Dmitriy Ustinov
    Dmitriy Ustinov
    Dmitriy Feodorovich Ustinov was Minister of Defense of the Soviet Union from 1976 until his death.-Early life:Dimitry Feodorovich Ustinov was born in a working-class family in Samara. During the civil war, when hunger became intolerable, his sick father went to Samarkand, leaving Dimitry as head...

    .
  • Yuri Gusev as General Vladimir Klimovskikh.
  • Mik Mikiver as General Ivan Konev
    Ivan Konev
    Ivan Stepanovich Konev , was a Soviet military commander, who led Red Army forces on the Eastern Front during World War II, retook much of Eastern Europe from occupation by the Axis Powers, and helped in the capture of Germany's capital, Berlin....

    .
  • Valeri Karen as General Hovhannes Bagramyan
    Hovhannes Bagramyan
    Ivan Khristoforovich Bagramyan , also known as Hovhannes Khachaturi BaghramyanPronunciation: Bagramyan's name is most commonly written in English as Bagramyan "bahg-rahm-yahn" or Bagramian...

    .
  • Joachim Tomaschewsky as Field Marshal Hans von Kluge.
  • Erik Veldre as General Heinz Guderian
    Heinz Guderian
    Heinz Wilhelm Guderian was a German general during World War II. He was a pioneer in the development of armored warfare, and was the leading proponent of tanks and mechanization in the Wehrmacht . Germany's panzer forces were raised and organized under his direction as Chief of Mobile Forces...

    .
  • Gerd Michael Henneberg
    Gerd Michael Henneberg
    Gerd Michael Henneberg was a German actor and theater director.-Biography:Gerd Henneberg's father, Richard, was a theater director. After the young Heeneberg took private acting classes, he made his debut on stage at the age of sixteen, in the Leipzig Theater...

     as Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel
    Wilhelm Keitel
    Wilhelm Bodewin Gustav Keitel was a German field marshal . As head of the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht and de facto war minister, he was one of Germany's most senior military leaders during World War II...

    .
  • Ernst Heise as Field Marshal Fedor von Bock
    Fedor von Bock
    Fedor von Bock was a German Generalfeldmarshall who served in the Wehrmacht during the Second World War. As a leader who lectured his soldiers about the honor of dying for the German Fatherland, he was nicknamed "Der Sterber"...

    .

Soundtrack

Aleksandra Pakhmutova
Aleksandra Pakhmutova
Aleksandra "Alya" Nikolayevna Pakhmutova has remained one of the best known figures in Soviet and later Russian popular music since she first achieved fame in her homeland in the 1960s....

 made the music and the movie soundtrack. The movie's theme song "You're my hope, you're my joy" was composed by her and Nikolai Dobronranov, and was sung by Lev Leshchenko
Lev Leshchenko
Lev Valerjanovich Leshchenko , is a renowned Russian singer, who was best known for his rendition of "Den Pobedy" and the 1980 Summer Olympics closing ceremony theme song "Do svidanja, Moskva".-Biography:...

.

External links

The source of this article is wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.  The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.
 
x
OK