Arkhangelsk Governorate
Encyclopedia
Archangelsk Governorate was an administrative division (a guberniya
) of the Russian Empire
, which existed from 1796 until 1929. Its seat was in Arkhangelsk. The governorate was located in the north of Russian Empire and bordered Tobolsk Governorate in the south-east, Vologda Governorate
in the south, Olonets Governorate
in the south-west, and Sweden
(later Grand Duchy of Finland
and later independent Finland
) in the west. In the north, the governorate was limited by the White
and Barents Sea
s.
The area of the governorate is currently split between Arkhangelsk
and Murmansk
oblasts, the Komi Republic
, the Republic of Karelia
, and the Nenets Autonomous Okrug
.
, with the center in Arkhangelsk, was abolished and transformed to Vologda Viceroyalty
. The viceroyalty was subdivided into three oblast
s: Vologda
, Veliky Ustyug, and Arkhangelsk. March 26, 1784 Arkhangelsk Oblast was split off and established as Arkhangelsk Viceroyalty. Tsar Paul I
on December 12, 1796 issued a decree remaining Arkhangelsk Viceroyalty into Arkhangelsk Governorate. Simultaneously, Olonets Viceroyalty was abolished, and Kemsky Uyezd and about a half of Povenetsky Uyezd were transferred to Arkhangelsk Governorate.
In 1780, Arkhangelsk Oblast (and later on Arkhangelsk Veceroyalty) was subdivided into seven uyezd
s (the administrative centers, which all had the town status, are given in parentheses),
Mezen, Onega, and Pinega were incorporated as towns in 1780 just to become the uyezd towns. Kola was incorporated in 1784.
In 1801, the portions of Povenetsky Uyezd were transferred to Olonets Governorate
, and Kemsky Uyzed, with the center in Kem, was left in Arkhangelsk Governorate. In 1854, the town of Kola was destroyed during the Crimean War
, and Kolsky Uyezd was merged into Kemsky Uyezd. In 1883, Kolsky Uyezd was restored, but in 1899, the uezd ceter was transferred to Aleksandrovsk
, and the uyezd renamed into Aleksandrovsky Uyezd. In 1891, Pechorsky Uyezd with the center in Ust-Tsilma was split off from Mezensky Uyezd.
The governorate structure remained in place after the 1917 revolution
. In 1917, the governorate thus comprised nine uyezds. March 2, 1918, Ust-Vashsky Uyezd with the center in Ust-Vashka
split off from Mezensky Uyezd (February 6, 1922 it was abolished and merged back into Mezensky Uyezd). Also in 1918, the western part of Aleksandrovsky Uyezd was transferred to Finland
, which became independent, and the rest of the uyezd was incorporated as Murmansk Governorate
. In 1920, Kemsky Uyezd was transferred to Karel Labour Commune, which later became the Karelian Socialist Soviet Republic
. In 1922, the majorn part of Pechorsky District moved to the newly established Komi-Zyryan Autonomous Oblast
. March 15, 1922 Kholmogorsky Uyezd was renamed into Yemetsky Uyezd, with the transfer of the uyezd town from Kholmogory to Yemetsk.
In the following, administrative changes in the governorate occurred almost on the yearly basis. In 1928, the governorate consisted of five uyezds: Arkhangelsky, Mezensky, Onezhsky, Pechorsky, and Shenkursky.
On January 14, 1929 by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee
three governorate
s (Arkhangelsk, Vologda
, and Northern Dvina
) and the Komi-Zyryan Autonomous Oblast
were merged into the Northern Krai
.
The governors of the Arkhangelsk Governorate were
After February 1917, the highest authority in the governorate belonged to the Comissar of the Governorate, and after November 1917 — to the Governorate Executive Committee (with the exception of the period of the Civil War in Russia, when Arkhangelsk was occupied by the Entente
troops). The governors were not appointed any more.
The military governors of the Arkhangelsk Governorate were
The following governors general were appointed,
Guberniya
A guberniya was a major administrative subdivision of the Russian Empire usually translated as government, governorate, or province. Such administrative division was preserved for sometime upon the collapse of the empire in 1917. A guberniya was ruled by a governor , a word borrowed from Latin ,...
) of the Russian Empire
Russian Empire
The Russian Empire was a state that existed from 1721 until the Russian Revolution of 1917. It was the successor to the Tsardom of Russia and the predecessor of the Soviet Union...
, which existed from 1796 until 1929. Its seat was in Arkhangelsk. The governorate was located in the north of Russian Empire and bordered Tobolsk Governorate in the south-east, Vologda Governorate
Vologda Governorate
The Vologda Governorate or Government of Vologda was a guberniya in the historical northern region of the European part of Russian Empire.In its size it was second right after the neighboring Archangelgorod Governorate...
in the south, Olonets Governorate
Olonets Governorate
The Olonets Governorate or Government of Olonets was a guberniya of north-western Imperial Russia, extending from Lake Ladoga almost to the White Sea, bounded W. by Finland, N. and E. by Arkhangelsk and Vologda, and S. by Novgorod and St. Petersburg...
in the south-west, and Sweden
Sweden
Sweden , officially the Kingdom of Sweden , is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden borders with Norway and Finland and is connected to Denmark by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund....
(later Grand Duchy of Finland
Grand Duchy of Finland
The Grand Duchy of Finland was the predecessor state of modern Finland. It existed 1809–1917 as part of the Russian Empire and was ruled by the Russian czar as Grand Prince.- History :...
and later independent Finland
Finland
Finland , officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of Northern Europe. It is bordered by Sweden in the west, Norway in the north and Russia in the east, while Estonia lies to its south across the Gulf of Finland.Around 5.4 million people reside...
) in the west. In the north, the governorate was limited by the White
White Sea
The White Sea is a southern inlet of the Barents Sea located on the northwest coast of Russia. It is surrounded by Karelia to the west, the Kola Peninsula to the north, and the Kanin Peninsula to the northeast. The whole of the White Sea is under Russian sovereignty and considered to be part of...
and Barents Sea
Barents Sea
The Barents Sea is a marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean, located north of Norway and Russia. Known in the Middle Ages as the Murman Sea, the sea takes its current name from the Dutch navigator Willem Barents...
s.
The area of the governorate is currently split between Arkhangelsk
Arkhangelsk
Arkhangelsk , formerly known as Archangel in English, is a city and the administrative center of Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia. It lies on both banks of the Northern Dvina River near its exit into the White Sea in the north of European Russia. The city spreads for over along the banks of the river...
and Murmansk
Murmansk
Murmansk is a city and the administrative center of Murmansk Oblast, Russia. It serves as a seaport and is located in the extreme northwest part of Russia, on the Kola Bay, from the Barents Sea on the northern shore of the Kola Peninsula, not far from Russia's borders with Norway and Finland...
oblasts, the Komi Republic
Komi Republic
The Komi Republic is a federal subject of Russia .-Geography:The republic is situated to the west of the Ural mountains, in the north-east of the East European Plain...
, the Republic of Karelia
Republic of Karelia
The Republic of Karelia is a federal subject of Russia .-Geography:The republic is located in the northwestern part of Russia, taking intervening position between the basins of White and Baltic seas...
, and the Nenets Autonomous Okrug
Nenets Autonomous Okrug
Nenets Autonomous Okrug is a federal subject of Russia .It has an area of 176,700 km2 and population of 42,628 as of the preliminary results of the 2010 Census , 21,296 of whom live in Naryan-Mar, the administrative center.-Geography and ecology:The arctic ecology of this...
.
History
In 1780, Archangelgorod GovernorateArchangelgorod Governorate
Archangelgorod Governorate , or the Government of Archangelgorod, was an administrative division of the Russian Empire, which existed from 1708 until 1780. Its seat was in Archangel...
, with the center in Arkhangelsk, was abolished and transformed to Vologda Viceroyalty
Vologda Viceroyalty
Vologda Viceroyalty was an administrative division of the Russian Empire, which existed in 1780–1796.The viceroyalty was established by a decree of Catherine II on , 1780...
. The viceroyalty was subdivided into three oblast
Oblast
Oblast is a type of administrative division in Slavic countries, including some countries of the former Soviet Union. The word "oblast" is a loanword in English, but it is nevertheless often translated as "area", "zone", "province", or "region"...
s: Vologda
Vologda Oblast, Russian Empire
Vologda Oblast was an administrative division of Vologda Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire, which existed in 1780–1796.Vologda Oblast was one of the three original oblasts of Vologda Viceroyalty, when the latter was established by the Catherine II's decree on , 1780....
, Veliky Ustyug, and Arkhangelsk. March 26, 1784 Arkhangelsk Oblast was split off and established as Arkhangelsk Viceroyalty. Tsar Paul I
Paul I of Russia
Paul I was the Emperor of Russia between 1796 and 1801. He also was the 72nd Prince and Grand Master of the Order of Malta .-Childhood:...
on December 12, 1796 issued a decree remaining Arkhangelsk Viceroyalty into Arkhangelsk Governorate. Simultaneously, Olonets Viceroyalty was abolished, and Kemsky Uyezd and about a half of Povenetsky Uyezd were transferred to Arkhangelsk Governorate.
In 1780, Arkhangelsk Oblast (and later on Arkhangelsk Veceroyalty) was subdivided into seven uyezd
Uyezd
Uyezd or uezd was an administrative subdivision of Rus', Muscovy, Russian Empire, and the early Russian SFSR which was in use from the 13th century. Uyezds for most of the history in Russia were a secondary-level of administrative division...
s (the administrative centers, which all had the town status, are given in parentheses),
- Arkhangelsk Uyezd (ArkhangelskArkhangelskArkhangelsk , formerly known as Archangel in English, is a city and the administrative center of Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia. It lies on both banks of the Northern Dvina River near its exit into the White Sea in the north of European Russia. The city spreads for over along the banks of the river...
); - Kholmogorsky Uyezd (KholmogoryKholmogoryKholmogory is a historic village and the administrative center of Kholmogorsky District of Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia. It lies on the left bank of the Northern Dvina, along the Kholmogory Highway, 75 km southeast of Arkhangelsk and 90 km north of the Antonievo-Siysky Monastery. The name...
); - Kolsky UyezdKolsky UyezdKolsky Uyezd was an administrative division of the Tsardom of Russia and later of the Russian Empire.-16th–17th centuries:Russian expansion to the Kola Peninsula can be traced to the early 16th century when the Russian monk Trifon founded an Orthodox monastery at Pechenga...
(KolaKola (town)Kola is a town and the administrative center of Kolsky District of Murmansk Oblast, Russia, located at the confluence of the Kola and Tuloma Rivers, south of Murmansk and southwest of Severomorsk. It is the oldest town of the Kola Peninsula. Population: 11,060 ; -History:The district of Kolo...
); - Mezensky Uyezd (MezenMezen-See also:*Administrative divisions of Arkhangelsk Oblast...
); - Onezhsky Uyezd (OnegaOnegaOnega may refer to:*Lake Onega, Russia*Onega River, Russia*Onega, Russia, a town in Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia*Onega Bay , Russia*Onega Peninsula, Russia*Onega, Texas , United States*Onega, Minnesota, United States-Other:...
); - Pinezhsky Uyezd (PinegaPinegaPinega is a settlement, formerly a town, in Pinezhsky District, Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia, located on the right bank of the Pinega River . It serves as the administrative center of Pinezhsky Selsoviet, one of the seventeen selsoviets into which the district is administratively divided...
); - Shenkursky Uyezd (ShenkurskShenkurskShenkursk is a town and the administrative center of Shenkursky District of Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia, located on the right bank of the Vaga River. Municipally, it is incorporated as Shenkurskoye Urban Settlement of Shenkursky Municipal District. Population:...
).
Mezen, Onega, and Pinega were incorporated as towns in 1780 just to become the uyezd towns. Kola was incorporated in 1784.
In 1801, the portions of Povenetsky Uyezd were transferred to Olonets Governorate
Olonets Governorate
The Olonets Governorate or Government of Olonets was a guberniya of north-western Imperial Russia, extending from Lake Ladoga almost to the White Sea, bounded W. by Finland, N. and E. by Arkhangelsk and Vologda, and S. by Novgorod and St. Petersburg...
, and Kemsky Uyzed, with the center in Kem, was left in Arkhangelsk Governorate. In 1854, the town of Kola was destroyed during the Crimean War
Crimean War
The Crimean War was a conflict fought between the Russian Empire and an alliance of the French Empire, the British Empire, the Ottoman Empire, and the Kingdom of Sardinia. The war was part of a long-running contest between the major European powers for influence over territories of the declining...
, and Kolsky Uyezd was merged into Kemsky Uyezd. In 1883, Kolsky Uyezd was restored, but in 1899, the uezd ceter was transferred to Aleksandrovsk
Murmansk
Murmansk is a city and the administrative center of Murmansk Oblast, Russia. It serves as a seaport and is located in the extreme northwest part of Russia, on the Kola Bay, from the Barents Sea on the northern shore of the Kola Peninsula, not far from Russia's borders with Norway and Finland...
, and the uyezd renamed into Aleksandrovsky Uyezd. In 1891, Pechorsky Uyezd with the center in Ust-Tsilma was split off from Mezensky Uyezd.
The governorate structure remained in place after the 1917 revolution
October Revolution
The October Revolution , also known as the Great October Socialist Revolution , Red October, the October Uprising or the Bolshevik Revolution, was a political revolution and a part of the Russian Revolution of 1917...
. In 1917, the governorate thus comprised nine uyezds. March 2, 1918, Ust-Vashsky Uyezd with the center in Ust-Vashka
Leshukonskoye
Leshukonskoye is a rural locality and the administrative center of Leshukonsky District, Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia, located on the left bank of the Vashka River. It also serves as the administrative center of Leshukonsky Selsoviet, one of the thirteen selsoviets into which the district is...
split off from Mezensky Uyezd (February 6, 1922 it was abolished and merged back into Mezensky Uyezd). Also in 1918, the western part of Aleksandrovsky Uyezd was transferred to Finland
Finland
Finland , officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of Northern Europe. It is bordered by Sweden in the west, Norway in the north and Russia in the east, while Estonia lies to its south across the Gulf of Finland.Around 5.4 million people reside...
, which became independent, and the rest of the uyezd was incorporated as Murmansk Governorate
Murmansk Governorate
Murmansk Governorate was an administrative division of the early Russian SFSR which existed in 1921–1927. The governorate was established on the territory of former Alexandrovsky Uyezd of Arkhangelsk Governorate by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee Decree issued on June 13, 1921...
. In 1920, Kemsky Uyezd was transferred to Karel Labour Commune, which later became the Karelian Socialist Soviet Republic
Republic of Karelia
The Republic of Karelia is a federal subject of Russia .-Geography:The republic is located in the northwestern part of Russia, taking intervening position between the basins of White and Baltic seas...
. In 1922, the majorn part of Pechorsky District moved to the newly established Komi-Zyryan Autonomous Oblast
Komi-Zyryan Autonomous Oblast
Komi-Zyryan Autonomous Oblast, one of several autonomous oblast's that existed in the former Soviet Union, was created August 22, 1921. It was the predecessor of the Komi Republic. The seat of the Oblast was located in Ust-Sysolsk ....
. March 15, 1922 Kholmogorsky Uyezd was renamed into Yemetsky Uyezd, with the transfer of the uyezd town from Kholmogory to Yemetsk.
In the following, administrative changes in the governorate occurred almost on the yearly basis. In 1928, the governorate consisted of five uyezds: Arkhangelsky, Mezensky, Onezhsky, Pechorsky, and Shenkursky.
On January 14, 1929 by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee
All-Russian Central Executive Committee
All-Russian Central Executive Committee , was the highest legislative, administrative, and revising body of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. Although the All-Russian Congress of Soviets had supreme authority, in periods between its sessions its powers were passed to VTsIK...
three governorate
Governorate
A governorate is an administrative division of a country. It is headed by a governor. As English-speaking nations tend to call regions administered by governors either states, provinces, or colonies, the term governorate is often used in translation from non-English-speaking administrations.The...
s (Arkhangelsk, Vologda
Vologda Governorate
The Vologda Governorate or Government of Vologda was a guberniya in the historical northern region of the European part of Russian Empire.In its size it was second right after the neighboring Archangelgorod Governorate...
, and Northern Dvina
Northern Dvina Governorate
Northern Dvina Governorate was a governorate of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic from 1918 to 1929. Its seat was in the city of Veliky Ustyug. The governorate was located in the North of European Russia, and its territory is currently divided between Arkhangelsk, Vologda,...
) and the Komi-Zyryan Autonomous Oblast
Komi-Zyryan Autonomous Oblast
Komi-Zyryan Autonomous Oblast, one of several autonomous oblast's that existed in the former Soviet Union, was created August 22, 1921. It was the predecessor of the Komi Republic. The seat of the Oblast was located in Ust-Sysolsk ....
were merged into the Northern Krai
Northern Krai
Northern Krai was a krai of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic from 1929 to 1936. Its seat was in the city of Arkhangelsk...
.
Governors
The administration tasks in the vice-royalty was shared between a governor and a governor general; the governorate had a military governor and a (civil) governor; the military governors were not always appointed. Sometimes a governor general was appointed. The governors of the Arkhangelogorod Viceroyalty were- 1784-1796 Ivan Romanovich Liven (Johann Christophor Lieven), a governor
- 1796-1797 Ivan Ilyich Grevens, a governor
- 1784-1793 Timofey Ivanovich Tutolmin, a governor general;
- 1793-1796 Pyotr Petrovich Konovnitsyn, a governor general;
- 1796 Ivan Romanovich Liven, a governor general.
The governors of the Arkhangelsk Governorate were
- 1797 Dmitry Fyodorovich Glinka;
- 1797-1798 Nikolay Isayevich Akhverdov;
- 1798-1799 Nazariy Stepanovich Muravyov;
- 1799-1802 Ivan Fyodorovich Mezentsev;
- 1802 Alexey Matveyevich Okulov;
- 1802-1803 Pyotr Fyodorovich Martyanov, acting governor;
- 1803-1804 Alexandr Matveyevich Veryovkin;
- 1804-1805 Pyotr Fyodorovich Martyanov, acting governor;
- 1805-1807 Kazimir Ash;
- 1807-1823 Andrey Yakovlevich Perfilyev;
- 1823-1824 Nikolay Sergeyevich Tukhachevsky;
- 1824-1827 Yakov Fyodorovich Ganskau;
- 1827-1829 Ivan Yakovlevich Bukharin;
- 1829-1831 Vladimir Sergeyevich Filimonov;
- 1831-1837 Ilya Ivanovich Ogaryov;
- 1837 Viktor Yakovlevich Roslavets;
- 1837 Nikolay Ivanovich Khmelnitsky;
- 1837-1839 Alexander Niklayevich Muravyov, formerly sentenced as a decembristDecembrist revoltThe Decembrist revolt or the Decembrist uprising took place in Imperial Russia on 14 December , 1825. Russian army officers led about 3,000 soldiers in a protest against Nicholas I's assumption of the throne after his elder brother Constantine removed himself from the line of succession...
; - 1839-1842 Platon Viktorovich Stepanov;
- 1842-1843 Mikhail Fyodorovich Nozhin, acting governor;
- 1843-1856 Vilem (Vikentiy) Frantsevich Fribers;
- 1856-1863 Nikolay Ivanovich Arandarenko;
- 1863-1866 Nikolay Martynovich Garting;
- 1866 Alexey Gavrilovich Kaznacheyev;
- 1866-1869 Sergey Pavlovich Gagarin;
- 1869-1870 Nikolay Alexandrovich Kachalov;
- 1871-1880 Nikolay Pavlovich Ignatyev;
- 1880-1881 Modest Mavrikiyevich Koniar;
- 1881-1882 Nikolay Mikhaylovich Baranov;
- 1882-1883 Pyotr Alexeyevich Poltoratsky;
- 1883 Nikolay Pavlovich Shchepkin;
- 1883-1885 Konstantin Ivanovich Pashchenko;
- 1885-1893 Nikolay Dmitrievich Golitsyn, later the last Imperial Prime Minister of Russia;
- 1893-1901 Alexander Platonovich Engelgardt;
- 1901-1904 Nikolay Aleksandrovich Rimsky-Korsakov;
- 1904-1905 Nikolay Georgievich fon Byunting (von Bünting);
- 1905-1907 Nikolay Nikolayevich Kachalov;
- 1907-1911 Ivan Vasilyevich Sosnovsky;
- 1911-1917 Sergey Dmitriyevich Bibikov.
After February 1917, the highest authority in the governorate belonged to the Comissar of the Governorate, and after November 1917 — to the Governorate Executive Committee (with the exception of the period of the Civil War in Russia, when Arkhangelsk was occupied by the Entente
Entente
Entente, meaning a diplomatic "understanding", may refer to a number of agreements:- History :* The Entente cordiale, 1904 between France and the United Kingdom* The Anglo-Russian Entente, 1907 between the United Kingdom and Russia...
troops). The governors were not appointed any more.
The military governors of the Arkhangelsk Governorate were
- 1797-1798 Ivan Romanovich Liven;
- 1798 Boris Borisovich Letstsano (Lezzano);
- 1798 Dmitry Ivanovich Lobanov-RostovskyDmitry Ivanovich Lobanov-RostovskyPrince Dmitry Ivanovich Lobanov-Rostovsky , Russian Prince, statesman and military leader.Rostovsky was as a descendent of prince Rurik and one of the most major Russian noblemen in the court of Catherine II of Russia.After Russia's defeat at on 14 June 1807, Russia asked for an armistice, which...
; - 1798-1799 Dmitry Petrovich Volkonsky;
- 1799-1801 Karl Andreyevich Liven;
- 1802-1803 Sergey Andreyevich Bekleshov;
- 1803-1807 Ivan Petrovich Ferster;
- 1807-1811 Martin Petrovich Dezin;
- 1811-1813 Alexey Grigoryevich Spiridov;
- 1813-1820 Alexey Fedotovich Klokachyov;
- 1842-1850 Alexander Ivanovich Traverse;
- 1850-1854 Roman Platonovich Boil;
- 1854-1857 Stepan Petrovich Khrushchov;
- 1857-1859 Bogdan Alexandrovich Glazenap;
- 1907 Dmitry Davidovich Grigoryev.
The following governors general were appointed,
- 1820-1823 Alexey Fedotovich Klokachyov;
- 1823-1830 Stepan Ivanovich Minitsky;
- 1836-1842 Iosif Ivanovich Sulima;
- 1862-? Konstantin Ivanovich Istomin;
- 1915 Arkady Mikhaylovich Valuyev, acting governor general.