Wireless local loop
Encyclopedia
Wireless local loop is a term for the use of a wireless communications link as the "last mile
/ first mile" connection for delivering plain old telephone service
(POTS) and/or broadband
Internet
to telecommunications customers.
Various types of WLL systems and technologies exist.
Other terms for this type of access include Broadband Wireless Access (BWA), Radio In The Loop (RITL), Fixed-Radio Access (FRA) and Fixed Wireless Access (FWA).
s – such as GSM – in that a fixed
wireless terminal or desk phone will be limited to an almost permanent location with almost no roaming
abilities.
WLL and FWT are generic terms for radio based telecommunications technologies and the respective devices which can be implemented using a number of different wireless and radio technologies.
Wireless Local Loop service is segmented into a number of broad market and deployment groups. Services are split between Licensed – commonly used by Carriers and Telcos
– and Unlicensed services more commonly deployed by home users and Wireless ISPs (WISPs).
coast to coast backbone in the USA was largely carried over a chain of microwave towers. These systems have been largely using 3700-4200 MHz and 5000-6200 MHz. The 5 GHz band was even known as the "common carrier" band. This service typically was prohibitively expensive to be used for Local Loop, and was used for backbone networks. In the 80s and 90s it flourished under the growth of cell towers. This growth spurred research in this area, and as the cost continues to decline, it is being used as an alternative to T-1, T-3
, and fiber connectivity.
(MMDS) and Local Multipoint Distribution Service
(LMDS) were the first true multi point services for wireless local loop. While Europe and the rest of the world developed the 3500 MHz band for affordable broadband fixed wireless, the U.S. provided LMDS and MMDS, and most implementations in the United States were conducted at 2500 MHz. The largest was Sprint Broadband's deployment of Hybrid Networks equipment. Sprint was plagued with difficulties operating the network profitably, and service was often spotty, due to inadequate radio link quality.
Few years later NextWeb Networks of Fremont beginning deploying reliable license free service. For Nextweb they originally deployed 802.11b equipment and later switched to Axxcelera which uses propriety protocol.
1995–2004: License-Free Equipment
Most of the early vendors of license free fixed wireless equipment such as Adaptive Broadband (Axxcelera), Trango Broadband, Motorola
(Orthogon), Proxim Networks, RedLine and BreezeCom (Alvarion
) used proprietary protocols and hardware, creating pressure on the industry to adopt a standard for unlicensed fixed wireless. These Mac Layers typically used a 15–20 MHz channel using Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum and BPSK, CCK and QPSK for modulation.
These devices all describe the customer premises wireless system as the Subscriber Unit "SU", and the operator transmitter delivering the last mile local loop services as the "Access Point" (AP). 802.11 uses the terms AP and STA (Station).
2002–2005: Wi-Fi local loop
Originally designed for short range mobile internet
and local area network
access, IEEE 802.11
has emerged as the de facto standard
for unlicensed Wireless Local Loop. More 802.11 equipment is deployed for long range data service than any other technology. These systems have provided varying results, as the operators were often small and poorly trained in radio communications, additionally 802.11 was not intended to be used at long ranges and suffered from a number of problems, such as the hidden node problem
. Many companies such as KarlNet began modifying the 802.11 MAC to attempt to deliver higher performance at long ranges. (see Long-range Wi-Fi
)
2005–present: Maturation of the Wireless ISP market
In nearly every metropolitan area worldwide, operators and hobbyists deployed more and more unlicensed broadband point to multipoint systems. Providers that had rave reviews when they started faced the prospect of seeing their networks degrade in performance, as more and more devices were deployed using the license free U-NII (5.3/5.4 GHz) and ISM (2.4 and 5.8 GHz) bands and competitors sprung up around them.
The growing interference problem
Interference caused the majority of unlicensed wireless services to have much higher error rates and interruptions than equivalent wired or licensed wireless networks, such as the copper telephone network, and the coaxial cable network. This caused growth to slow, customers to cancel, and many operators to rethink their business model.
There were several responses to these problems.
2003: Voluntary frequency coordination (USA)
NextWeb, Etheric Networks, GateSpeed and a handful of other companies founded the first voluntary spectrum coordination body – working entirely independently of government regulators. This organization was founded in March 2003 as BANC, "Bay Area Network Coordination". By maintaining frequencies used in an interoperator database, disruptions between coordinating parties were minimized, as well as the cost of identifying new or changing transmission sources, by using the frequency database to determine what bands were in use. Because the parties in BANC comprised the majority of operators in the Bay Area, they used peer pressure to imply that operators who did not play nice would be collectively punished by the group, through interfering with the non cooperative, while striving not to interfere with the cooperative. BANC was then deployed in Los Angeles. Companies such as Deutsche Telekom joined. It looked like the idea had promise.
2005: Operators flee unlicensed for licensed
The better capitalized operators began reducing their focus on unlicensed and instead focused on licensed systems, as the constant fluctuations in signal quality caused them to have very high maintenance costs. NextWeb, acquired by Covad for a very small premium over the capital invested in it, is one operator who focused on licensed service, as did WiLine Networks
. This led to fewer of the more responsible and significant operators actually using the BANC system. Without its founders active involvement, the system languished.
2005 to present: Adaptive network technology
Operators began to apply the principles of self healing networks. Etheric Networks followed this path. Etheric Networks
focused on improving performance by developing dynamic interference and fault detection and reconfiguration. As well as optimizing quality based routing software, such as MANET and using multiple paths to deliver service to customers. This approach is generally called "Mesh Networking
" which relies on ad hoc networking Protocols, however Mesh and ad-hoc networking protocols have yet to deliver high speed low latency business class end to end reliable local loop service, as the paths can sometimes traverse exponentially more radio links than a traditional star (AP->SU) topology.
Adaptive network management actively monitors the local loop quality and behaviour, using automation to reconfigure the network and its traffic flows, to avoid interference and other failures.
(CDMA), Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications
– DECT (TDMA/DCA) ( See ETSI 6 EN 300 765-1 V1.3.1 (2001-04) -"Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT); Radio in the Local Loop (RLL) Access Profile (RAP); Part 1: Basic telephony services"), Global System for Mobile Communications(GSM), IS136 Time Division Multiple Access
(TDMA) as well as analog access technologies such as Advanced Mobile Phone System
(AMPS), for which there will be independent standards defining every aspect of modulation, protocols, error handling, etc.
, or work through the ILECs
, reselling the telephone, cable or satellite networks, owned by companies that prefer to largely sell direct.
This trend revived the prospects for local and regional ISPs, as those willing to deploy fixed wireless networks were not at the mercy of the large telecommunication monopolies. They were at the mercy of unregulated re-use of unlicensed frequencies upon which they communicate.
Due to the enormous quantity of 802.11 "Wi-Fi" equipment and software, coupled with the fact that spectrum licenses are not required in the ISM
and U-NII bands, the industry has moved well ahead of the regulators and the standards bodies.
Sprint and ClearWire were preparing to roll out massive WiMAX networks in the United States, but those talks may be stalled pending new investment.
Last mile
The "last mile" or "last kilometer" is the final leg of delivering connectivity from a communications provider to a customer. The phrase is therefore often used by the telecommunications and cable television industries. The actual distance of this leg may be considerably more than a mile,...
/ first mile" connection for delivering plain old telephone service
Plain old telephone service
Plain old telephone service is the voice-grade telephone service that remains the basic form of residential and small business service connection to the telephone network in many parts of the world....
(POTS) and/or broadband
Broadband
The term broadband refers to a telecommunications signal or device of greater bandwidth, in some sense, than another standard or usual signal or device . Different criteria for "broad" have been applied in different contexts and at different times...
Internet
Internet
The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet protocol suite to serve billions of users worldwide...
to telecommunications customers.
Various types of WLL systems and technologies exist.
Other terms for this type of access include Broadband Wireless Access (BWA), Radio In The Loop (RITL), Fixed-Radio Access (FRA) and Fixed Wireless Access (FWA).
Definition of Fixed Wireless Service
Fixed Wireless Terminal (FWT) units differ from conventional mobile terminal units operating within cellular networkCellular network
A cellular network is a radio network distributed over land areas called cells, each served by at least one fixed-location transceiver known as a cell site or base station. When joined together these cells provide radio coverage over a wide geographic area...
s – such as GSM – in that a fixed
Landline
A landline was originally an overland telegraph wire, as opposed to an undersea cable. Currently, landline refers to a telephone line which travels through a solid medium, either metal wire or optical fibre, as distinguished from a mobile cellular line, where transmission is via radio waves...
wireless terminal or desk phone will be limited to an almost permanent location with almost no roaming
Roaming
In wireless telecommunications, roaming is a general term referring to the extension of connectivity service in a location that is different from the home location where the service was registered. Roaming ensures that the wireless device is kept connected to the network, without losing the...
abilities.
WLL and FWT are generic terms for radio based telecommunications technologies and the respective devices which can be implemented using a number of different wireless and radio technologies.
Wireless Local Loop service is segmented into a number of broad market and deployment groups. Services are split between Licensed – commonly used by Carriers and Telcos
Telephone company
A telephone company is a service provider of telecommunications services such as telephony and data communications access. Many were at one time nationalized or state-regulated monopolies...
– and Unlicensed services more commonly deployed by home users and Wireless ISPs (WISPs).
Licensed Point to Point Microwave service
Licensed Microwave service has been used since the 1960s to transmit very large amounts of data. The AT&T Long LinesAT&T Communications
AT&T Communications - East, Inc. was a holding company for the 23 subsidiaries that provide interexchange carrier and long distance telephone services owned by AT&T.-AT&T Long Lines:...
coast to coast backbone in the USA was largely carried over a chain of microwave towers. These systems have been largely using 3700-4200 MHz and 5000-6200 MHz. The 5 GHz band was even known as the "common carrier" band. This service typically was prohibitively expensive to be used for Local Loop, and was used for backbone networks. In the 80s and 90s it flourished under the growth of cell towers. This growth spurred research in this area, and as the cost continues to decline, it is being used as an alternative to T-1, T-3
T-carrier
In telecommunications, T-carrier, sometimes abbreviated as T-CXR, is the generic designator for any of several digitally multiplexed telecommunications carrier systems originally developed by Bell Labs and used in North America, Japan, and South Korea....
, and fiber connectivity.
Licensed Point to Multi Point Microwave service
Multipoint microwave licenses are generally more expensive than point to point licenses. A single point to point system could be installed and licensed for 50,000 to 200,000 USD. A multipoint license would start in the millions of dollars. Multichannel Multipoint Distribution ServiceMultichannel Multipoint Distribution Service
Broadband Radio Service formerly known as Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Service , also known as Wireless Cable, is a wireless telecommunications technology, used for general-purpose broadband networking or, more commonly, as an alternative method of cable television programming reception...
(MMDS) and Local Multipoint Distribution Service
Local Multipoint Distribution Service
LMDS is a broadband wireless access technology originally designed for digital television transmission . It was conceived as a fixed wireless, point-to-multipoint technology for utilization in the last mile....
(LMDS) were the first true multi point services for wireless local loop. While Europe and the rest of the world developed the 3500 MHz band for affordable broadband fixed wireless, the U.S. provided LMDS and MMDS, and most implementations in the United States were conducted at 2500 MHz. The largest was Sprint Broadband's deployment of Hybrid Networks equipment. Sprint was plagued with difficulties operating the network profitably, and service was often spotty, due to inadequate radio link quality.
Unlicensed Multi Point Wireless Service
Most of the growth in long range radio communications since 2002 has been in the license free bands (mostly 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz and 5.8 GHz). Global Pacific Internet and Innetix started wireless service in California in 1995 using Breezecom (Alvarion) frequency hopping radio which later became the standard 802.11.Few years later NextWeb Networks of Fremont beginning deploying reliable license free service. For Nextweb they originally deployed 802.11b equipment and later switched to Axxcelera which uses propriety protocol.
1995–2004: License-Free Equipment
Most of the early vendors of license free fixed wireless equipment such as Adaptive Broadband (Axxcelera), Trango Broadband, Motorola
Motorola
Motorola, Inc. was an American multinational telecommunications company based in Schaumburg, Illinois, which was eventually divided into two independent public companies, Motorola Mobility and Motorola Solutions on January 4, 2011, after losing $4.3 billion from 2007 to 2009...
(Orthogon), Proxim Networks, RedLine and BreezeCom (Alvarion
Alvarion
Alvarion Ltd. , is a 4G communications company. The company manufactures and exports a range of network solutions, including WiMAX, IEEE, PtMP, TD-LTE and WiFi to service providers and enterprises covering a variety of industries such as mobile broadband, residential and business broadband,...
) used proprietary protocols and hardware, creating pressure on the industry to adopt a standard for unlicensed fixed wireless. These Mac Layers typically used a 15–20 MHz channel using Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum and BPSK, CCK and QPSK for modulation.
These devices all describe the customer premises wireless system as the Subscriber Unit "SU", and the operator transmitter delivering the last mile local loop services as the "Access Point" (AP). 802.11 uses the terms AP and STA (Station).
2002–2005: Wi-Fi local loop
Originally designed for short range mobile internet
Mobile Web
The Mobile Web refers to the use of Internet-connected applications, or browser-based access to the Internet from a mobile device, such as a smartphone or tablet computer, connected to a wireless network....
and local area network
Local area network
A local area network is a computer network that interconnects computers in a limited area such as a home, school, computer laboratory, or office building...
access, IEEE 802.11
IEEE 802.11
IEEE 802.11 is a set of standards for implementing wireless local area network computer communication in the 2.4, 3.6 and 5 GHz frequency bands. They are created and maintained by the IEEE LAN/MAN Standards Committee . The base version of the standard IEEE 802.11-2007 has had subsequent...
has emerged as the de facto standard
De facto standard
A de facto standard is a custom, convention, product, or system that has achieved a dominant position by public acceptance or market forces...
for unlicensed Wireless Local Loop. More 802.11 equipment is deployed for long range data service than any other technology. These systems have provided varying results, as the operators were often small and poorly trained in radio communications, additionally 802.11 was not intended to be used at long ranges and suffered from a number of problems, such as the hidden node problem
Hidden node problem
In wireless networking, the hidden node problem or hidden terminal problem occurs when a node is visible from a wireless access point , but not from other nodes communicating with said AP. This leads to difficulties in media access control....
. Many companies such as KarlNet began modifying the 802.11 MAC to attempt to deliver higher performance at long ranges. (see Long-range Wi-Fi
Long-range Wi-Fi
Long-range Wi-Fi is used for low-cost, unregulated point-to-point computer network connections, as an alternative to other fixed wireless, cellular networks or satellite Internet access....
)
2005–present: Maturation of the Wireless ISP market
In nearly every metropolitan area worldwide, operators and hobbyists deployed more and more unlicensed broadband point to multipoint systems. Providers that had rave reviews when they started faced the prospect of seeing their networks degrade in performance, as more and more devices were deployed using the license free U-NII (5.3/5.4 GHz) and ISM (2.4 and 5.8 GHz) bands and competitors sprung up around them.
The growing interference problem
Interference caused the majority of unlicensed wireless services to have much higher error rates and interruptions than equivalent wired or licensed wireless networks, such as the copper telephone network, and the coaxial cable network. This caused growth to slow, customers to cancel, and many operators to rethink their business model.
There were several responses to these problems.
2003: Voluntary frequency coordination (USA)
NextWeb, Etheric Networks, GateSpeed and a handful of other companies founded the first voluntary spectrum coordination body – working entirely independently of government regulators. This organization was founded in March 2003 as BANC, "Bay Area Network Coordination". By maintaining frequencies used in an interoperator database, disruptions between coordinating parties were minimized, as well as the cost of identifying new or changing transmission sources, by using the frequency database to determine what bands were in use. Because the parties in BANC comprised the majority of operators in the Bay Area, they used peer pressure to imply that operators who did not play nice would be collectively punished by the group, through interfering with the non cooperative, while striving not to interfere with the cooperative. BANC was then deployed in Los Angeles. Companies such as Deutsche Telekom joined. It looked like the idea had promise.
2005: Operators flee unlicensed for licensed
The better capitalized operators began reducing their focus on unlicensed and instead focused on licensed systems, as the constant fluctuations in signal quality caused them to have very high maintenance costs. NextWeb, acquired by Covad for a very small premium over the capital invested in it, is one operator who focused on licensed service, as did WiLine Networks
WiLine Networks
WiLine Networks is a telecommunications company and Internet service provider, headquartered in San Mateo, California, with offices in Princeton, New Jersey and in Ireland.- Service :...
. This led to fewer of the more responsible and significant operators actually using the BANC system. Without its founders active involvement, the system languished.
2005 to present: Adaptive network technology
Operators began to apply the principles of self healing networks. Etheric Networks followed this path. Etheric Networks
Etheric Networks
Etheric Networks is based in Mountain View, California and provides high speed Internet access to the greater Bay Area. It was a founding member of the first non governmental ISM and UNII band frequency coordination group , and often appears in the top 10 fastest ISPs in the world based on user...
focused on improving performance by developing dynamic interference and fault detection and reconfiguration. As well as optimizing quality based routing software, such as MANET and using multiple paths to deliver service to customers. This approach is generally called "Mesh Networking
Mesh networking
Mesh networking is a type of networking where each node must not only capture and disseminate its own data, but also serve as a relay for other nodes, that is, it must collaborate to propagate the data in the network....
" which relies on ad hoc networking Protocols, however Mesh and ad-hoc networking protocols have yet to deliver high speed low latency business class end to end reliable local loop service, as the paths can sometimes traverse exponentially more radio links than a traditional star (AP->SU) topology.
Adaptive network management actively monitors the local loop quality and behaviour, using automation to reconfigure the network and its traffic flows, to avoid interference and other failures.
Mobile Technologies
These are available in Code Division Multiple AccessCode division multiple access
Code division multiple access is a channel access method used by various radio communication technologies. It should not be confused with the mobile phone standards called cdmaOne, CDMA2000 and WCDMA , which are often referred to as simply CDMA, and use CDMA as an underlying channel access...
(CDMA), Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications
Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications
Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications , usually known by the acronym DECT, is a digital communication standard, which is primarily used for creating cordless phone systems...
– DECT (TDMA/DCA) ( See ETSI 6 EN 300 765-1 V1.3.1 (2001-04) -"Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT); Radio in the Local Loop (RLL) Access Profile (RAP); Part 1: Basic telephony services"), Global System for Mobile Communications(GSM), IS136 Time Division Multiple Access
Time division multiple access
Time division multiple access is a channel access method for shared medium networks. It allows several users to share the same frequency channel by dividing the signal into different time slots. The users transmit in rapid succession, one after the other, each using its own time slot. This...
(TDMA) as well as analog access technologies such as Advanced Mobile Phone System
Advanced Mobile Phone System
Advanced Mobile Phone System was an analog mobile phone system standard developed by Bell Labs, and officially introduced in the Americas in 1983, Israel in 1986, and Australia in 1987. It was the primary analog mobile phone system in North America through the 1980s and into the 2000s...
(AMPS), for which there will be independent standards defining every aspect of modulation, protocols, error handling, etc.
Deployment
The Wireless Local Loop market is currently an extremely high growth market, offering Internet Service Providers immediate access to customer markets without having to either lay cable through a metropolitan area MTAMail transfer agent
Within Internet message handling services , a message transfer agent or mail transfer agent or mail relay is software that transfers electronic mail messages from one computer to another using a client–server application architecture...
, or work through the ILECs
Incumbent local exchange carrier
An ILEC, short for incumbent local exchange carrier, is a local telephone company in the United States that was in existence at the time of the breakup of AT&T into the Regional Bell Operating Companies , also known as the "Baby Bells." The ILEC is the former Bell System or Independent Telephone...
, reselling the telephone, cable or satellite networks, owned by companies that prefer to largely sell direct.
This trend revived the prospects for local and regional ISPs, as those willing to deploy fixed wireless networks were not at the mercy of the large telecommunication monopolies. They were at the mercy of unregulated re-use of unlicensed frequencies upon which they communicate.
Due to the enormous quantity of 802.11 "Wi-Fi" equipment and software, coupled with the fact that spectrum licenses are not required in the ISM
ISM band
The industrial, scientific and medical radio bands are radio bands reserved internationally for the use of radio frequency energy for industrial, scientific and medical purposes other than communications....
and U-NII bands, the industry has moved well ahead of the regulators and the standards bodies.
Sprint and ClearWire were preparing to roll out massive WiMAX networks in the United States, but those talks may be stalled pending new investment.
Wireless Local Loop
- MobileMobile phoneA mobile phone is a device which can make and receive telephone calls over a radio link whilst moving around a wide geographic area. It does so by connecting to a cellular network provided by a mobile network operator...
:- CDMACode division multiple accessCode division multiple access is a channel access method used by various radio communication technologies. It should not be confused with the mobile phone standards called cdmaOne, CDMA2000 and WCDMA , which are often referred to as simply CDMA, and use CDMA as an underlying channel access...
(USA). - TDMATime division multiple accessTime division multiple access is a channel access method for shared medium networks. It allows several users to share the same frequency channel by dividing the signal into different time slots. The users transmit in rapid succession, one after the other, each using its own time slot. This...
(USA). - GSM (ITU – Worldwide).
- UMTSUniversal Mobile Telecommunications SystemUniversal Mobile Telecommunications System is a third generation mobile cellular technology for networks based on the GSM standard. Developed by the 3GPP , UMTS is a component of the International Telecommunications Union IMT-2000 standard set and compares with the CDMA2000 standard set for...
3rd Generation (World). - Personal Handy-phone SystemPersonal Handy-phone SystemThe Personal Handy-phone System , also marketed as the Personal Access System and commercially branded as Xiaolingtong in China, is a mobile network system operating in the 1880–1930 MHz frequency band, used mainly in Japan, China, Taiwan, and some other Asian countries and...
(PHS in Japan, PAS/Xiaolingtong in China)
- CDMA
- Fixed or local area network:
- DECTDigital Enhanced Cordless TelecommunicationsDigital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications , usually known by the acronym DECT, is a digital communication standard, which is primarily used for creating cordless phone systems...
, for local loop - LMDSLocal Multipoint Distribution ServiceLMDS is a broadband wireless access technology originally designed for digital television transmission . It was conceived as a fixed wireless, point-to-multipoint technology for utilization in the last mile....
- IEEE 802.11IEEE 802.11IEEE 802.11 is a set of standards for implementing wireless local area network computer communication in the 2.4, 3.6 and 5 GHz frequency bands. They are created and maintained by the IEEE LAN/MAN Standards Committee . The base version of the standard IEEE 802.11-2007 has had subsequent...
, originally designed for short range mobile internet and network access service, it has emerged as the facto standard for Wireless Local Loop. - WiMAXWiMAXWiMAX is a communication technology for wirelessly delivering high-speed Internet service to large geographical areas. The 2005 WiMAX revision provided bit rates up to 40 Mbit/s with the 2011 update up to 1 Gbit/s for fixed stations...
or IEEE 802.16IEEE 802.16IEEE 802.16 is a series of Wireless Broadband standards authored by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers . The IEEE Standards Board in established a working group in 1999 to develop standards for broadband Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks...
may become the dominant medium for wireless local loop. Currently more operators are running on the 802.11IEEE 802.11IEEE 802.11 is a set of standards for implementing wireless local area network computer communication in the 2.4, 3.6 and 5 GHz frequency bands. They are created and maintained by the IEEE LAN/MAN Standards Committee . The base version of the standard IEEE 802.11-2007 has had subsequent...
MAC at 2 and 5 GHz. 802.16 is unlikely to outperform 802.11 until at least late 2008. Intel is promoting this standard, while AtherosAtherosQualcomm Atheros is a developer of semiconductors for network communications, particularly wireless chipsets. Founded under the name Atheros in 1998 by experts in signal processing from Stanford University, the University of California, Berkeley and the private industry, it became a public company...
and BroadcomBroadcomBroadcom Corporation is a fabless semiconductor company in the wireless and broadband communication business. The company is headquartered in Irvine, California, USA. Broadcom was founded by a professor-student pair Henry Samueli and Henry T. Nicholas III from the University of California, Los...
are still focused largely on 802.11. - Satellite Internet accessSatellite Internet accessSatellite Internet access is Internet access provided through satellites. The service can be provided to users world-wide through low Earth orbit satellites. Geostationary satellites can offer higher data speeds, but their signals can not reach some polar regions of the world...
for autonomous buildingAutonomous buildingAn autonomous building is a building designed to be operated independently from infrastructural support services such as the electric power grid, gas grid, municipal water systems, sewage treatment systems, storm drains, communication services, and in some cases, public roads.Advocates of...
.
- DECT
Manufacturers
- AirspanAirspanAirspan Networks is a WIMAX U.S.-based equipment manufacturer founded in 1998 with headquarters in Boca Raton, Florida and R&D facilities in the United Kingdom and Israel....
- AlvarionAlvarionAlvarion Ltd. , is a 4G communications company. The company manufactures and exports a range of network solutions, including WiMAX, IEEE, PtMP, TD-LTE and WiFi to service providers and enterprises covering a variety of industries such as mobile broadband, residential and business broadband,...
- Cambridge BroadbandCambridge BroadbandCambridge Broadband Networks is a manufacturer of point-to-multipoint packet microwave backhaul solutions. The company's VectaStar product is designed to improve backhaul performance while reducing capital and operating expenses...
- P-ComP-ComP-Com Corporation was a manufacturer of point-to-point and point-to-multipoint radios in the late 1990s and early 2000s. The company banked on providing wireless local loop and bandwidth facilities to metropolitan and remote areas, using fixed antennae and Asynchronous Transfer Mode technology...
- Sony EricssonSony EricssonSony Ericsson Mobile Communications AB is a joint venture established on October 1, 2001 by the Japanese consumer electronics company Sony Corporation and the Swedish telecommunications company Ericsson to manufacture mobile phones....
- SR TelecomSR TelecomSR Telecom Inc. was a broadband wireless systems manufacturer headquartered in Montreal, Canada and present in over 130 countries around the world...
See also
- 8P8C (RJ-45)
- AntennaAntenna (radio)An antenna is an electrical device which converts electric currents into radio waves, and vice versa. It is usually used with a radio transmitter or radio receiver...
- Basic Exchange Telephone Radio ServiceBasic Exchange Telephone Radio ServiceThe Basic Exchange Telephone Radio Service or BETRS is a fixed radio service where a multiplexed, digital radio link is used as the last segment of the local loop to provide wireless telephone service to subscribers in remote areas...
- CableCableA cable is two or more wires running side by side and bonded, twisted or braided together to form a single assembly. In mechanics cables, otherwise known as wire ropes, are used for lifting, hauling and towing or conveying force through tension. In electrical engineering cables are used to carry...
- RF connectorRF connectorA coaxial RF connector is an electrical connector designed to work at radio frequencies in the multi-megahertz range.RF connectors are typically used with coaxial cables and are designed to maintain the shielding that the coaxial design offers. Better models also minimize the change in transmission...
- Wi-FiWi-FiWi-Fi or Wifi, is a mechanism for wirelessly connecting electronic devices. A device enabled with Wi-Fi, such as a personal computer, video game console, smartphone, or digital audio player, can connect to the Internet via a wireless network access point. An access point has a range of about 20...
- Wireless Internet service provider (WISP)
External links
- Trango Broadband
- VISIONTEK Fixed Wireless Products
- xywireless
- Powertec
- RTX Telecom A/S
- smartBridges
- Infinet Wireless (Broadband Wireless Equipment)