William Hulme's Grammar School
Encyclopedia
William Hulme's Grammar School is an Academy (an independent school pre-September 2007) in Whalley Range, Manchester
Manchester
Manchester is a city and metropolitan borough in Greater Manchester, England. According to the Office for National Statistics, the 2010 mid-year population estimate for Manchester was 498,800. Manchester lies within one of the UK's largest metropolitan areas, the metropolitan county of Greater...

, England.

History

WHGS was founded on 26 January 1887 as a grammar school
Grammar school
A grammar school is one of several different types of school in the history of education in the United Kingdom and some other English-speaking countries, originally a school teaching classical languages but more recently an academically-oriented secondary school.The original purpose of mediaeval...

. It ceased to be a direct grant school when the Labour government abolished the scheme, and was therefore forced to become private. William Hulme, founder of the William Hulme Charity, lived 1631–1691 in Hulme Hall, Stockport
Stockport
Stockport is a town in Greater Manchester, England. It lies on elevated ground southeast of Manchester city centre, at the point where the rivers Goyt and Tame join and create the River Mersey. Stockport is the largest settlement in the metropolitan borough of the same name...

. Following the premature death of his son, he left provision for the foundation of exhibitions for four students to study for Bachelor of Arts
Bachelor of Arts
A Bachelor of Arts , from the Latin artium baccalaureus, is a bachelor's degree awarded for an undergraduate course or program in either the liberal arts, the sciences, or both...

 degrees at Brasenose College, Oxford
Oxford
The city of Oxford is the county town of Oxfordshire, England. The city, made prominent by its medieval university, has a population of just under 165,000, with 153,900 living within the district boundary. It lies about 50 miles north-west of London. The rivers Cherwell and Thames run through...

. The income for this charity was originally £64, which came from rents and dues on his many outlying properties. Over the years, this sum has so grown that it has been necessary on several occasions to change the scope of his bequest by Act of Parliament
Act of Parliament
An Act of Parliament is a statute enacted as primary legislation by a national or sub-national parliament. In the Republic of Ireland the term Act of the Oireachtas is used, and in the United States the term Act of Congress is used.In Commonwealth countries, the term is used both in a narrow...

. In 1881, the Trustees of his charity were empowered to build schools in Manchester, Oldham and Bury - they were known as the William Hulme Grammar Schools. The Manchester school, originally the Hulme Grammar School, changed its name to William Hulme's Grammar School in 1931.

Headmasters

  • Dr Joseph Hall PhD (1887–1913)
  • W.A. Parker Mason MA (1913–1921)
  • Trevor Dennis, M.A. (Clare College, Cambridge) (1921–1947)
  • James Gurth Bird MBE
    Order of the British Empire
    The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire is an order of chivalry established on 4 June 1917 by George V of the United Kingdom. The Order comprises five classes in civil and military divisions...

     MA (St Catharine's College, Cambridge) (1947–1974)
  • P.A. Filleul MA Oxon Tosser(1974–1987)
  • Peter D. Briggs MA (1987–1997)
  • Morris Loveland MA (Acting)
  • Brian Purvis MA (1997–2000)
  • Morris Loveland (Acting) 2000
  • Stephen R. Patriarca BA (2000–2008)
  • Peter Mullholand MA (Wadham College, Oxford) (2008-)

Old Building

The original part of the school was designed by A H Davies-Colley in 1886–1887 as a large, high (up to four storeys) building of red brick and yellow terracotta. There is a hall of c.1910 in the same style. Both buildings are strictly symmetrical. The building lies on top of a large tunnel network. In the original building, there is a ground floor hall surrounded by balconies on many levels. The main staircase is opposed by large stained glass windows. The basement level was refurbished on one side in 2007 in order to allow lessons to be held in two small classrooms. The tunnels, archives and CCF stores still remain, though. At the front of the school in the basement are the staff changing rooms, medical centre and store cupboard (in which the timpani, though seldom used, are kept).

The stage of the main hall lies opposite the hall entrance, above which are a number of magnificent oil paintings of previous headmasters, some near to 6' in length. A portrait of Mr Patriarca was commissioned in 2008. Around the oak-panelled walls of the hall are boards bearing the names of old boys who have been awarded Scholarships or Exhibitions to Oxford or Cambridge, long serving teachers and all past headmasters. Above these are numerous house flags and shields. On the west wall is the stage staff balcony. The stage staff are appointed each year to operate and maintain lighting and sound for the school. Beneath the balcony is the organ. There is also a fairly new grand piano which is frequently used for public concerts and recitals. Beneath the main hall was originally the changing rooms but is now the music department which is equipped with an older grand piano in the rehearsal studio, along with several upright pianos and a number of computers and keyboards.

Science Block

Leaving the old building from the back, one enters the north quad. Opposite is the science block, which was built in 1927. It houses approximately 10 physics, chemistry and biology laboratories and also classrooms for mathematics and business studies, along with the studies of the heads of those subjects. There are darkroom facilities within the physics department. It has been extended twice. The first extension, in the 1940s, added 4 labs at the north end of the building. Its purpose, according to the Headmaster at the time, was to "prosecute study and further the development of truth; if that can't be done, what else is there?" The second extension was in January 1985. The gap at the back between the then-Donner library and the 'old' biology laboratory was filled to give a new biology lab and a multi-purpose large lab. The latter of these was refurbished in 2002 as the Dr Barnes Laboratory, in memory of Dr John Barnes, head of physics, who died suddenly whilst teaching in 2000.

Donner Block

On the other side of the north quad is the Donner block, named after Sir Edward Donner, a benefactor of the school. It was built as an extension to the technology building in the mid 20th century. In 2007 it was completely gutted and is currently being rebuilt. Building work is expected to finish in summer 2008, at which point the building will house a refectory-type area along with new classrooms which will house Mathematics, History, Geography, Religious Studies and Business Studies.

South Quad

On the other side of the Donner Block is the south quad. This is surrounded by the dining hall, the Donner Library and the Zochonis Centre. This is the most recent building, and is home to Modern Foreign Languages, ICT and English.

Libraries

The Donner Library moved to the previous VIth form common room in 2007. This is its third location - it has previously occupied what is now the Mathematics department and the Donner block first floor. The old Junior Library was housed in the basement of the old building underneath room 7, in what is now the CCF stores

Sports facilities

Behind the academic buildings, and backing onto Princess Road are the sports facilities. There is a sports hall with full cricket nets, gymnasium and changing rooms as well as a more modern pavilion/changing room suite. A full-size AstroTurf pitch with adjacent netball courts was built in 2002–2003. In winter the playing fields are used for hockey, rugby and soccer pitches, and in summer for rounders and cricket pitches with high quality wickets. Badminton, basketball and tennis are also played. Throughout the year there are regular inter-school and inter-House matches in all the main sports. The Corps also has an indoor rifle range on the campus.

Harris House, Hardraw

The school, through the J.G. Bird Trust, owns an ex-school and attached headmaster's house in the village of Hardraw, near Hawes, Wensleydale. School parties of up to 30 students and staff frequent this listed building known as 'Harris House' to take part in outdoor pursuits. It was built in 1875 and comprises the school teacher's house, junior and infant classrooms and the former kitchen. It closed in the 1960s and was bought by WHGS, which at the time owned several centres similar to but smaller than this. It was then converted for WHGS use. The centre was known as 'Hulme House' until 1993, when W.C. Harris, an Old Hulmeian, left £50,000 in his will for the renovation of the property. The house was hence renamed after its principal benefactor. The accommodation holds 34 people with 3 dormitories for 8 and 3 other rooms which sleep 2, 3 and 4 people; groups regularly use the centre for outdoor pursuits, field courses, Duke of Edinburgh's Award expeditions and training.

Charities

The School supports two charities, St. Ann's Hospice and Henshaw's Society for Blind People. A number of fund-raising activities are held throughout the School year, including bag-packing at local supermarkets and providing refreshments at various School activities.

The House system

The House system had operated for more than 100 years until recent changes were made. The original houses were Whitworth, Gaskell, Byrom, Fraser, Heywood and Dalton. These have now been replaced by Hulme, Jones, Bonnick and Roberts, all named after benefactors of the School. The House Masters are all senior staff. Heads of House and House Prefects are elected annually. House artifacts, namely shields, banners and portraits, can be seen at the school in the New Hall.

Origins of Houses

The Houses in the old system were named after influential Mancunians:
  • Byrom - John Byrom
    John Byrom
    John Byrom or John Byrom of Kersal or John Byrom of Manchester FRS was an English poet and inventor of a revolutionary system of shorthand. He is also remembered as the writer of the lyrics of Anglican hymn Christians Awake, salute the happy morn.- Early life :John Byrom was descended from an old...

    , Poet
  • Dalton - John Dalton
    John Dalton
    John Dalton FRS was an English chemist, meteorologist and physicist. He is best known for his pioneering work in the development of modern atomic theory, and his research into colour blindness .-Early life:John Dalton was born into a Quaker family at Eaglesfield, near Cockermouth, Cumberland,...

    , Physicist
  • Fraser - James Fraser
    James Fraser (bishop)
    James Fraser was a reforming Anglican bishop of Manchester, England. An able Church administrator and policy leader, he was active in developing the Church's approach to education and in practical politics and industrial relations...

    , reforming Anglican Bishop of Manchester
  • Gaskell - Elizabeth Gaskell
    Elizabeth Gaskell
    Elizabeth Cleghorn Gaskell, née Stevenson , often referred to simply as Mrs Gaskell, was a British novelist and short story writer during the Victorian era...

    , Author
  • Heywood - Oliver Heywood
    Oliver Heywood
    Oliver Heywood was an English banker and philanthropist.Born in Manchester, the son of Benjamin Heywood, and educated at Eton College, Heywood joined the family business, Heywood's Bank in the 1840s....

    , Banker and philanthropist
  • Whitworth- Sir Joseph Whitworth
    Joseph Whitworth
    Sir Joseph Whitworth, 1st Baronet was an English engineer, entrepreneur, inventor and philanthropist. In 1841, he devised the British Standard Whitworth system, which created an accepted standard for screw threads...

    , Engineer


New-system houses are named after influential Hulmeians/benefactors:
  • Bonnick - WHGS Teacher, 1950s-1990s
  • Hulme - William Hulme, founder
  • Jones - Samuel Jones, Old Hulmeian, donor of first of the School's shields, for the form football competition.
  • Roberts - William Roberts, benefactor. Resident of Whalley Range who donated £2000 in 1899, which was used to extend the School's grounds.

Combined Cadet Force

Towards the end of their second year (Year 8), the majority of pupils pupils join the voluntary CCF (the "Corps"). Uniform is issued and cadets accompany the Contingent on a Field Day in June and, if they wish, Summer Camp, where they take part in a wide variety of activities. They train once a week at School, following syllabuses which lead to promotion and qualifications.

Cadets join either the Army (Duke of Lancaster's Regiment) or the RAF Section, both of which are officered by teachers, whereafter a minimum of five terms' service is expected. They may then choose to continue as NCOs in the Sixth Form, during which time they undergo more advanced training and assist in instructing the younger cadets. The Corps meets weekly and takes part in a Field Day each term. In addition to Summer Camps, there are two camps at Easter, one on an RAF Station, the other adventurous training in North Wales. Membership offers many advantages, not least of which is the opportunity to apply for a wide range of residential courses offered by the services; especially popular are leadership, gliding, first aid, engineering and signals.

Music

A concert band/orchestra exists and plays in several concerts each year along with the choir and jazz band.

Note on the organ

The organ was installed in 1982 under the guidance of PJ Callaghan, Head of History. It has Great and Swell manuals and a pedal board of 2.5 octaves. By 2008 the organ had ceased to be used more regularly than in a few hymn practises and the Christmas service each year and has fallen into slight disrepair, with a few keys on the swell manual requiring work.
Great (5 octaves) Swell (5 octaves) Pedal (21/2 octaves)
Diapason 8'
Quintessential organ tone.
Hohl Flute 8'
Open flute of hollow tone
Open Diapason 16'
Octave below diapason 8'
Stopped Diapason 8'
Fluty, mellow stop with no reediness
Salicional 8'
String stop with slight horn tone
Bourdon 16'
Large stopped wooden flute similar to Gedackt
Dulciana 8'
Diminutive diapason, softer and flutier
Vox Angelica 8'
Very soft, high-pitched reed-stop
Bass Flute 8'
Soft and deep flute stop
Principal 4'
Open diapason octave above diapason 8'
Gemshorn 4'
Flute/ string hybrid, similar to Wald flute
Fagotto 16'
Imitative (of bassoon) reed stop
Wald Flute 4'
Strong, hollow tone between Gemshorn and Hohl Flute
Fifteenth 2'
Very high Principal
Twelfth 2 2/3 '
Diapason-toned mutation-stop often linked to Principal
Mixture III
Mutation stop with breaks
Fifteenth 2'
Very high Principal of fuller body than on the Swell
Oboe 8'
Unimitative solo reed stop
Krummhorn 8'
Clarinet-like sound but of deeper and fuller tone
Trumpet 8'
Fairly reedy and brilliant solo stop
Full Great Full Swell Great to Pedal
Swell to Great (Sub-) Octave Swell to Pedal
Unison off
Tremulant

School productions

The concert band provides music for the annual school production. In 2007, for example, the band played the original score for 'West Side Story'- an extremely difficult musical. 3 pianists, 3 percussionists, 6 woodwind and 4 brass players combined. 2008 saw the performance of 'My Fair Lady'.

Other concerts

The Black Dyke Mills Band have strong links with the school through Master i/c Music, P. Goodwin, and therefore give a few concerts each year in the New Hall. January 17, 2008 saw a concert in which, amongst others, overtures to Rossini's William Tell and Verdi's The Force of Destiny were played alongside the 1812 Overture
1812 Overture
The Year 1812, Festival Overture in E flat major, Op. 49, popularly known as the 1812 Overture or the Overture of 1812 is an overture written by Russian composer Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky in 1880 to commemorate Russia's defense of Moscow against Napoleon's advancing Grande Armée at the Battle of...

.

In November 2007, Serhei Salov, internationally famed Ukrainian pianist, performed a piano recital. A packed hall heard him play a selection of études by Chopin and his own arrangement of Die Fledermaus
Die Fledermaus
Die Fledermaus is an operetta composed by Johann Strauss II to a German libretto by Karl Haffner and Richard Genée.- Literary sources :...

. In the afternoon before the concert, Salov gave master classes for skilled student pianists.

Cafe Wien visits the school frequently for light afternoon music, cake and coffee.

The School Song

The School Song is the William Hulme's Grammar School Song, though this has not been sung at the School for at least forty years, and has somewhat fallen out of favour due to the views expressed. It has undergone something of a revival recently. If the song is taken not literally as praise to William Hulme himself, but to the institution of 'Hulme', then it holds rather more value. The institution of Hulme is accepted as the whole ethos of the school, as started by its founder; the values of trusting, rounded, wholesome students and teachers; students who excel is sport and music to the same extent as in Mathematics and English. The Hulme Song was recorded by the Nottingham University Choir in c. 1997. It is in the key of D major (although it undergoes several modulations) and is in '12/8' time. The words are as follows:

Verse 1
'Reft of his son and his line stay'd forever,
Gen'rous in sorrow our founder then prov'd;
Freely his all he entrusted that never
Men should be held from the learning they lov'd.
Small tho' the seed, God hath granted increasing;
Manifold now are the heirs to his name.
See down the ages the line never ceasing,
Firm in affection upholding his fame.


Chorus
Sing we in chorus in praise of our founder,
In pious remembrance we honour his name;
Proudly unfurl and on high raise his banner,
Shout to the world that our trust is in Hulme
Hulme! Hulme!
Shout that our trust is in Hulme.


Verse 2
Ours be to follow his noble ambition,
Hand to the future unspotted our shield.
Single of purpose to keep Hulme's tradition,
"Trust, but beware to nought evil we yield."
When down life's pathway Time's shadow comes stealing,
And youth's early glamour before it departs,
Burn still within us old memories kindling,
The firse of Hulme's faith now a-glow in our hearts.


Chorus
Sing we in chorus in praise of our founder,
In pious remembrance we honour his name;
Proudly unfurl and on high raise his banner,
Shout to the world that our trust is in Hulme
Hulme! Hulme!
Shout that our trust is in Hulme.

  • Words by C. James
  • Music by Clive Carey
    Clive Carey
    Francis Clive Savill Carey CBE , known as Clive Carey, was a British baritone, singing teacher, composer, opera producer and folk song collector.-Biography:Clive Carey was born at Sible Hedingham, Essex in 1883...


.

Sports

Weekly fixtures are played against other local schools and also more prestigious clubs; for example, the cricket 1st XI have an annual fixture vs. the MCC. Matches in all sports against schools such as Manchester Grammar/High School are always eagerly anticipated, hard-fought affairs with a healthy dose of rivalry.

The Hulme Prayer

Though now rarely used, the school prayer is as follows:

O Lord, the resurrection and the life of them that believe, to be praised, as well as those that live as in those that are departed: we give thee thanks for William Hulme, of whose bounty this school was founded and endowed, for William Roberts, Edward Donner and others our benefactors, past and present, by whose beneficence we are here maintained for the further attaining of Godliness and learning: beseeching thee to grant that we, well using to thy glory these Thy gifts, may rise again to eternal life with those that are departed in the faith of Christ: through Christ our Lord, Amen.

Future

After years of abject decline, on 5 February 2006 it was announced that the school was to join the state sector, abolishing all tuition fees and selection. It applied for and gained City Academy
Academy (England)
In the education system of England, an academy is a school that is directly funded by central government and independent of control by local government in England. An academy may receive additional support from personal or corporate sponsors, either financially or in kind...

 status, which will make it more independent than most state schools by allowing for the selection of up to 10% of students based on aptitude in foreign languages. Parents were assured that the changes would not come at the cost of the quality of the education received by students.

It is the first member of the Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference
Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference
The Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference is an association of the headmasters or headmistressess of 243 leading day and boarding independent schools in the United Kingdom, Crown Dependencies and the Republic of Ireland...

 of 245 top independent schools to opt in to the state sector, which it joined in September 2007.

In March 2007, it was announced to parents that the plans to become an Academy had been finalised and that the United Learning Trust had signed the contract. Plans for extensive building work were revealed, backed by a 10 million pound investment. Building work, which involves a complete renovation and extension of the Donner Block, and the demolition of the Art and Design building, is currently under way.

The renamed William Hulme's Grammar School Academy is now the most oversubscribed school in Greater Manchester. All this may expound the Tu Quoque argument (c Warren Jackson) however the number of Oxbridge candidates (any?) is more a proper measure of comparison with say Manchester Grammar and and the lack of pupils from leafy affluent Cheshire.

Notable alumni

  • Andrew Bennett
    Andrew Bennett
    Andrew Francis Bennett is a British Labour Party politician, who was a member of Parliament from 1974 to 2005.-Early life:...

    , Labour MP
  • Kim Booth
    Kim Booth
    Kim Dion Booth is an Australian politician. He is a Tasmanian Greens member of the Tasmanian House of Assembly representing the Bass electorate....

    , politician
  • Peter Butterworth
    Peter Butterworth
    Peter William Shorrocks Butterworth was an English comedy actor and comedian, best known for his appearances in the Carry On series of films. He was also a regular on children's television and radio and appeared in seven early episodes of Doctor Who in 1965 as the 'The Meddling Monk'...

    , actor
  • Leslie Haden-Guest, 1st Baron Haden-Guest
    Leslie Haden-Guest, 1st Baron Haden-Guest
    Leslie Haden Haden-Guest, 1st Baron Haden-Guest MC was a British author, journalist, doctor and Labour Party politician.-Life and career:...

    , Doctor and Labour MP
  • James Hickman
    James Hickman
    James Hickman is a former swimmer from Great Britain, who became a world champion five times on the 200 m butterfly in short course , twice world record holder, Commonwealth Champion and four times European Champion. He announced his retirement from the sport in 2004...

    , swimmer
  • Andy Hinchcliffe
    Andy Hinchcliffe
    Andrew George "Andy" Hinchcliffe is a former English footballer. Formerly of Manchester City, Everton and Sheffield Wednesday, he played as a left sided defender or wing back....

    , footballer
  • Derek Leckenby
    Derek Leckenby
    Derek "Lek" Leckenby was an English musician and lead guitarist, most famous for his work with English pop group Herman's Hermits.-Early life:Leckenby was born in Leeds, West Yorkshire...

     (1943–1994), lead guitarist of Herman's Hermits
    Herman's Hermits
    Herman's Hermits are an English beat band, formed in Manchester in 1963 as Herman & The Hermits. The group's record producer, Mickie Most , emphasized a simple, non-threatening, clean-cut image, although the band originally played R&B numbers...

  • John Lee, Baron Lee of Trafford
    John Lee, Baron Lee of Trafford
    John Robert Louis Lee, Baron Lee of Trafford is a British Liberal Democrat politician.He was Conservative MP for Nelson and Colne from 1979 to 1983, and then for Pendle from 1983 until he lost his seat to the Labour candidate Gordon Prentice in 1992...

    , Conservative MP and Liberal Democrat Politician
  • Ivan Lewis
    Ivan Lewis
    Ivan Lewis is a British Labour Party politician who has been the Member of Parliament for Bury South since 1997. Lewis served in a variety of junior ministerial positions, including as Minister of State at the Foreign and Commonwealth Office.-Personal life:Lewis was born to a British Jewish...

    , Labour MP
  • Michael Lord, Baron Framlingham
    Michael Lord
    Michael Nicholson Lord, Baron Framlingham is a British politician, and was Conservative Member of Parliament for Central Suffolk and North Ipswich between 1997 and 2010...

    , Second Deputy Chairman of Ways and Means
    Chairman of Ways and Means
    In the United Kingdom, the Chairman of Ways and Means is a senior member of the House of Commons who acts as one of the Speaker's three deputies...

     and Conservative MP
  • Sir Robert Mark
    Robert Mark
    Sir Robert Mark, GBE, QPM was an English police officer who served as Chief Constable of Leicester City Police, and later as Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police from 1972 to 1977....

    , Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police
    Metropolitan police
    Metropolitan Police is a generic title for the municipal police force for a major metropolitan area, and it may be part of the official title of the force...

  • Colin Touchin
    Colin Touchin
    Colin Michael Touchin is a conductor, composer and music educator. He was educated at William Hulme's Grammar School and Keble College, Oxford.-External links:*...

    , conductor
    Conducting
    Conducting is the art of directing a musical performance by way of visible gestures. The primary duties of the conductor are to unify performers, set the tempo, execute clear preparations and beats, and to listen critically and shape the sound of the ensemble...

    , composer
    Composer
    A composer is a person who creates music, either by musical notation or oral tradition, for interpretation and performance, or through direct manipulation of sonic material through electronic media...

     and music educator
    Music education
    Music education is a field of study associated with the teaching and learning of music. It touches on all domains of learning, including the psychomotor domain , the cognitive domain , and, in particular and significant ways,the affective domain, including music appreciation and sensitivity...

  • Ashley Ward
    Ashley Ward
    Ashley Ward is an English retired footballer. He was a centre forward.-Biography:Ward was born in Middleton, Lancashire, the son of a coal mining engineer...

    , footballer
  • Thomas William Warnes
    Thomas William Warnes
    Professor Thomas Walter Warnes MD, FRCP was an English gastroenterologist. Warnes co-founded the Department of Gastroenterology at Manchester Royal Infirmary....

    , Gastroentorologist

The Old Hulmeians' Association

The School's former pupils society is the Old Hulmeians' Association (OHA), which was founded on 8 January 1913. A parallel Old Hulmeians in London Association ran from a similar time until the late 1990s, when it merged with the main OHA. Three Head Masters have held the office of President of the OHA, namely Rev. W.A. Parker-Mason, Trevor Dennis and James Bird. The current President is Prof. Ian Munro. The OHA owns, in part, the Old Hulmeians Memorial Ground playing field in Whalley Range. The ground is shared with Whalley Range Cricket and Lawn Tennis Club and is frequently used for school cricket fixtures. Sections exist within the OHA for Lacrosse, Golf and Cross-Country, and intermittently Cricket, Rugby and even a Masonic Lodge in the past. The OHA hold an annual dinner and produces an annual newsletter.

The United Learning Trust

The ULT are the sponsors of the new Academy. However, the changes they have implemented have caused great controversy. For example, the ULT logo and motto must now be on all school publications. The Headmaster is also officially now called the Principal. Additional changes include tighter controls on activities.
However, the school managed to keep its name, claiming it had a good reputation attributed to it.

Additional reading

  • K.P. Thompson, The History of William Hulme's Grammar School, 1887–1980

External links

The source of this article is wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.  The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.
 
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